Behavioral Neuroscience

Front 1

Which of the following opiates are analgesics?
morphine
codeine
amphetamine

Back 1

-morphine
-codeine

Front 2

Is amphetamine an analgesic?

Back 2

no

Front 3

Support for the theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-induced changes in neural activity rather than from drug exposure per se came from the finding in one study that tolerance did not develop to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol unless

Back 3

convulsive stimulation was administered after each alcohol injection.

Front 4

Evidence suggests that the hyperphagia of rats with large bilateral VMH lesions may be mediated by

Back 4

increases in insulin release.

Front 5

Large bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce

Back 5

aphagia and adipsia

Front 6

Evidence from the sham-eating study of Weingarten and Kulikovsky (1989) suggests that the amount that we eat at a meal is influenced by

Back 6

our previous experience of the physiological consequences of the same food.

Front 7

If you were to eliminate 500 calories from your daily diet, you would likely (weight loss pattern)

Back 7

initially lose weight, but the amount lost each day would decline until a new stable weight was reached.

Front 8

Briefly point-form leaky-barrel model of body weight regulation.

Back 8

-is a settling-point model.
-can account for the fact that body weight often remains relatively stable.
-can account for the fact that compensatory changes occur to reduce decreases or increases in body weight.
-can account for the fact that dieters tend to regain lost weight once they go off their diets.

Front 9

Mutant ob/ob mice:
-have high leptin levels.
-tend to be obese.
-are heterozygous for the mutant gene.
-all of the above
-both A and B

Back 9

tend to be obese

Front 10

Although the __________ assumption is engrained in most people's thinking, it is inconsistent with most of the evidence.

Back 10

set-point

Front 11

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are often viewed as variants of the same disorder because

Back 11

ALL OF THE ABOVE:
-both anorexic patients and bulimic patients have distorted body images.
-many patients straddle the two diagnoses.
-both anorexia and bulimia are correlated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
-both disorders display the same pattern of distribution in the general population.

Front 12

Don poured himself half a glass of milk. Because he was thirsty, he added half a glass of water to it. In doing so, Don

Back 12

halved the milk's nutritive density.

Front 13

What surgical procedure is illustrated here?

Back 13

adjustable gastric band

Front 14

Negative feedback systems in the body tend to maintain

Back 14

homeostasis.

Front 15

Weingarten's studies showed that the initiation of eating can be a consequence of

Back 15

Pavlovian conditioning.

Front 16

The various phenomena of REM sleep appear to be controlled by circuits scattered throughout the

Back 16

caudal reticular formation

Front 17

Volunteers who are allowed to sleep without interruption after several nights of REM deprivation tend to get (in reference to REM after study)

Back 17

significantly more REM sleep than usual.

Front 18

Disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness are classified as

Back 18

hypersomnia.

Front 19

How much sleep do we really need? According to the text, the evidence suggests that, if sleep is monophasic, the answer seems to be about __________ hours per night for most people.

Back 19

5.5

Front 20

Adaptation theories of sleep assume that we are programmed to sleep at night (only if/regardless)

Back 20

regardless of what we do during the day.

Front 21

Most studies and personal experiences of sleep deprivation are confounded by

Back 21

stress

Front 22

What are problems associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines to treat insomnia?

Back 22

-tolerance
-reduction of life expectancy
-distortion of normal sleep
-next-day drowsiness.

Front 23

Cataplexy is common in cases of

Back 23

narcolepsy.

Front 24

Which of the following animals spend about 14 hours per day sleeping?

Back 24

cats

Front 25

Where is the substantia nigra?

Back 25

the mesencephalon

Front 26

Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack?

Back 26

tobacco

Front 27

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces the DTs?

Back 27

none of the above (alcohol)

Front 28

Studies of electrical intracranial self-stimulation have influenced the development of biopsychological theories of addiction by indicating that

Back 28

there are particular areas of the brain that mediate the experience of pleasure.

Front 29

In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to

Back 29

make rope

Front 30

In addition to the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala are thought to play major roles in

Back 30

the initial taking of addictive drugs.

Front 31

Which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease?

Back 31

tobacco

Front 32

Modern physical-dependence theories of drug addiction attempt to account for the fact that addicts frequently relapse after lengthy drug-free periods by postulating

Back 32

that conditioned withdrawal effects are the basis of drug craving.

Front 33

The substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are mesencephalic nuclei of the

Back 33

mesotelencephalic DOPAMINE system

Front 34

What is the defining feature of addiction?

Back 34

the inability to stop using a drug despite efforts to do so

Front 35

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve in what direction?

Back 35

to the right

Front 36

_______ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less drug gets to its site of action in the brain.

Back 36

metabolic

Front 37

What is most likely to occur after the loss of a small amount of sleep?

Back 37

disturbances of vigilance

Front 38

What do eastern flights cause?

Back 38

phase advances, speed up most zeitgebers (NOT slow)

Front 39

Immediately following a meal, glucose levels in the blood do not increase as much as they otherwise might because...

Back 39

insulin promotes the use of glucose by the body (NOT glucagon promotes lipo)

Front 40

What are the two fundamentally different answers to “How much sleep do we need?”

Back 40

1. stresses the presumed health-promoting and recuperative powers of sleep and suggests that people need as much sleep as they can comfortably get (usually 8+ hours a night)
2. many of us sleep more than we need to and our consequently sleeping part of our life away

Front 41

The EEG waves that accompany sleep are generally _____ voltage and _______ EEG activity.

Back 41

-high; slow

Front 42

Rapid eye movements (REMs) occur during periods of ____voltage, _____ EEG activity.

Back 42

-low voltage, fast

Front 43

What are the three standard psychophysiological measures of sleep?

Back 43

-electroencephalogram (EEG) (brainwaves)
-electrooculogram (EOG) (eye movements)
-the neck electromyogram (EMG) (muscle movement)

Front 44

There is a loss of electromyographic activity in the neck muscles during what sleep period(s)?

Back 44

REM

Front 45

What is the “first-night phenomenon”?

Back 45

-the disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory

Front 46

What are alpha waves?

Back 46

-waving and waning bursts of 8- to 12-Hz EEG waves

Front 47

What two characteristic wave forms punctuate stage 2 sleep?

Back 47

-K complexes and sleep spindle

Front 48

What is stage 1 sleep EEG like?

Back 48

-low-voltage, high frequency signal that is similar to, but slower than, that of alert wakefulness

Front 49

What is a K complex?

Back 49

-a single large negative wave (upward deflection) followed immediately by a single large positive wave (downward deflection)

Front 50

What is a sleep spindle?

Back 50

-a 1- to 2-second waxing and waning burst of 12- to 14-Hz waves

Front 51

What is stage 2 sleep EEG like?

Back 51

-higher voltage/lower frequency than 1
-with appearance of K complexes and sleep spindles

Front 52

In what stage do sleep spindles and K complexes occur?

Back 52

-stage 2

Front 53

What is stage 3 sleep EEG like?

Back 53

-higher voltage/lower frequency than 2
-defined by the occasional presence of delta waves

Front 54

As you progress from stage 1 to stage 4, what becomes higher and what becomes lower?

Back 54

higher voltage

lower frequency

Front 55

What are delta waves?

Back 55

-the largest and slowest EEG waves, with a frequency of 1 to 2 Hz

Front 56

What is stage 4 sleep EEG like?

Back 56

- higher voltage/lower frequency than 3
-defined by a predominance of delta waves

Front 57

What is the difference between initial stage 1 EEG and emergent stage 1 EEG?

Back 57

initial stage 1 EEG) is not marked by any striking electromyographic or electrooculographic changes, whereas subsequent periods of stage 1 sleep EEG (emergent stage 1 EEG) are accompanied by REMs and by a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core.

Front 58

How long is a sleep cycle?

Back 58

tends to be about 90 minutes long

Front 59

as the night progresses, more and more time is spent in what stage of sleep? less in what stage in particular?

Back 59

emergent stage 1

-less in stage 4 in partic

Front 60

What stage is REM sleep?

Back 60

emergent stage 1

Front 61

what is NREM sleep?

Back 61

all except for emergent stage 1

Front 62

Stages 3 and 4 (sleep EEG) together are referred to as _______.

Back 62

-slow-wave sleep (SWS); after the delta waves that characterize them

Front 63

What are the physiological correlates of REM sleep?

Back 63

-REMs
-loss of core-muscle tone
-low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG
-cerebral activity (eg oxygen consumption, blood flow, and neural firing) increases to waking levels in many brain structures
-there is a general increase in the variability of autonomic nervous system activity (eg in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration)
-the muscles of the extremities occasionally twitch
-often some degree of penile erection in males

Front 64

What evidence supports the theory that REM sleep is the physiological correlate of dreaming? (Kleitman)

Back 64

-the observation that 80% of awakenings from REM sleep but only 7% of awakenings from NREM sleep led to dream recall.
-NREM = isolated (ie falling)
-REM = stories

Front 65

All set-point systems are __________ systems.

Back 65

negative feedback

Front 66

Set-point theories of hunger and eating are inconsistent with

Back 66

-eating-related evolutionary pressures as we understand them.
-the major effects on eating of taste, learning, and social factors.
-the failure of researchers to confirm that energy deficits are the usual stimulus for eating.

Front 67

Set-point, negative-feedback systems are one way of maintaining

Back 67

homeostasis

Front 68

The set-point theory of body weight regulation is designed to explain

Back 68

how the weights of adults stay constant.

Front 69

Inconsistent with set-point theories of hunger and eating is the fact that

Back 69

flavor has a major impact on hunger and eating.

Front 70

The idea that the LH is a hunger center has largely been abandoned because

Back 70

bilateral LH lesions produce severe and general motor disturbances and reduce responsiveness to all kinds of sensory input.

Front 71

Grossly obese rats with large bilateral VMH lesions often

Back 71

-are unwilling to work for food.
-will not eat food that is slightly unpalatable.

Front 72

Evidence suggests that the effects of large bilateral VMH lesions on eating are, in part, caused by damage to the __________ or its connections.

Back 72

paraventricular nuclei

Front 73

The body stores energy as

Back 73

fats, glycogen, protein

Front 74

The conversion of protein to glucose is called

Back 74

gluconeogenesis

Front 75

What is gluconeogenesis?

Back 75

the conversion of protein to glucose

Front 76

CCK, bombesin, glucagon, and somatostatin

Back 76

are peptides AND released from the gut (NOT increase food)

Front 77

__________ have been shown to reduce hunger, eating, and body weight.

Back 77

Serotonin agonists

Front 78

Many people believe that hunger is a product of

Back 78

energy deficits

Front 79

Consuming a high-calorie drink before a meal reliably

Back 79

none of the above (reduces NOTHING!)

Front 80

As a meal is consumed, what happens to PIVs?

Back 80

-rapid decline in PIV of consumed food

-gradual decline in the PIV of all foods

*nothing to do with digestion

Front 81

__________ encourages the consumption of a varied diet.

Back 81

Sensory-specific satiety

Front 82

Sham-eating procedures typically reduce caloric intake into the bloodstream during a meal by

Back 82

100%

Front 83

Insulin promotes the

Back 83

-conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat.
-use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body.
-storage of glycogen and fat.

Front 84

Immediately following a meal, glucose levels in the blood do not increase as much as they otherwise might because

Back 84

insulin promotes the use of glucose by the body.

Front 85

Receptors for insulin and leptin are particularly dense in the

Back 85

arcuate nucleus.

Front 86

The leaky-barrel model of body weight regulation is a

Back 86

-settling-point model.
-negative-feedback model.
-an improved alternative to the thermostat analogy.

Front 87

Which of the following cases can be readily accounted for by the leaky-barrel model, but not by traditional set-point models?

Back 87

A women married a cook, and her weight rapidly increased by 5 kilograms; the added weight stayed, despite her efforts to lose it.

Front 88

The level at which the various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium is called the body weight

Back 88

leaky barrel.

Front 89

The leaky-barrel model of body weight regulation

Back 89

-is a settling-point model.
-can account for the fact that body weight often remains relatively stable.
-can account for the fact that compensatory changes occur to reduce decreases or increases in body weight.
-can account for the fact that dieters tend to regain lost weight once they go off their diets.

Front 90

Leptin has proven effective in the treatment of obesity in

Back 90

those who are homozygous for the mutant ob gene

Front 91

Leptin is to insulin as subcutaneous fat is to

Back 91

visceral fat.

Front 92

Both galanin and neuropeptide Y

Back 92

-are peptides.
-increase eating.

*NOT CCK

Front 93

According to the text, anorexic patients - or anybody else who is severely undernourished - should not be fed

Back 93

meals

Front 94

The rate at which resting individuals utilize their energy resources to maintain their basic body processes is

Back 94

the basal metabolic rate.

Front 95

What is the the basal metabolic rate?

Back 95

rate at which resting individuals utilize their energy resources to maintain their basic body processes

Front 96

It seems clear that warm-blooded animals that have ready access to a variety of palatable foods eat far more than is optimal for their health. Evidence of this point comes from

Back 96

studies of the good health of ----humans who eat less than others.
-experiments on the effects of calorie restriction in many different species

*NOT BRAIN DAMAGE*

Front 97

According to the lipostatic theory,

Back 97

-each person has a body-fat set point.
-maintaining fat levels in the body at homeostatic levels is a major factor in the long-term regulation of food intake.

*fat levels nothing to do with it*

Front 98

Rats that have lived for several weeks with access to only a single laboratory chow that is devoid of thiamine

Back 98

will often learn to prefer the taste of a new diet that contains thiamine.

Front 99

Rats eat __________ when fed __________.

Back 99

more; in groups

Front 100

The transition between the absorptive and fasting phase occurs when

Back 100

the body stops deriving its energy from the fuels still circulating in the blood from the previous meal.

Front 101

Negative feedback systems in the body tend to maintain

Back 101

homeostasis.

Front 102

Which of the following dangerous effects usually occur in humans after periods of sleep deprivation longer than 24 hours?

Back 102

none of the above

Front 103

Loss of 3 or 4 hours of sleep for one night has been found to reliably

Back 103

disrupt the performance of intelligence tests.
disturb mood.
disrupt motor performance.
reduce strength.

Front 104

The apparatus illustrated here is used to study

Back 104

sleep deprivation

Front 105

The effects of the carousel apparatus are difficult to interpret because

Back 105

in addition to producing sleep deprivation, it produces confounding stress.

Front 106

The carousel apparatus has been used to study sleep deprivation in

Back 106

rats

Front 107

The finding that sleep becomes more efficient in people who regularly sleep less is a key finding because it indicates that

Back 107

sleep-deprivation studies can indicate how much sleep people need ONLY if the volunteers who are being studied are efficient sleepers.

Front 108

Slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important role in the recuperative effects of sleep. The following is major evidence for this conclusion:

Back 108

-People regain only a small portion of their lost sleep following a period of sleep deprivation, but they regain most of their lost stage 4.

-Volunteers who have reduced the amount that they sleep each night have usually accomplished this without substantially reducing the amount of stages 3 and 4 sleep.

Front 109

Which does not belong with the others?


dreaming
emergent stage 1 EEG
REM
initial stage 1 EEG
loss of core muscle tone

Back 109

initial stage 1 EEG

Front 110

Desynchronized EEG is

Back 110

low amplitude, high frequency.

Front 111

The EEG of a cerveau isolé is desynchronized only during

Back 111

intense visual or olfactory stimuli.

Front 112

A free-running rhythm is a rhythm without any external

Back 112

zeitgebers.

Front 113

The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the

Back 113

light-dark cycle.

Front 114

A good workout on the day after an east-bound flight might speed up recovery from jet lag. If the flight were from San Francisco to Toronto, a 3-hour phase advance, a good time to work out would be __________ San Francisco time.

Back 114

4:30 a.m.

Front 115

The first night-phenomenon is often experienced

Back 115

on a volunteer's first night of sleep in a laboratory.

Front 116

Sleep apnea commonly results from

Back 116

all of the above

Front 117

The practice of diagnosing people as neurotic pseudoinsomniacs stopped when it was discovered that many people

Back 117

who complain of insomnia sleep most of the night but unknowingly suffer from sleep apnea, nocturnal myoclonus, or some other sleep-disturbing disorder.

Front 118

A vivid dreamlike state during wakefulness, often just as one awakens or falls asleep, is

Back 118

a hypnagogic hallucination.

Front 119

What is a hypnagogic hallucination.?

Back 119

a vivid dreamlike state during wakefulness, often just as one awakens or falls asleep

Front 120

Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as

Back 120

recuperation theories.

Front 121

slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important _____ role.

Back 121

recuperative

Front 122

Research has shown that naps have recuperative powers out of proportion with their

Back 122

brevity

Front 123

The fact that most people sleep almost exactly the same amount each day under free-running conditions, despite large day-to-day variations in physical and mental activity provides strong support for the dominance of

Back 123

recuperative factors in the regulation of sleep.

Front 124

The association of REM sleep and dreaming was discovered in the early 1950s in the laboratory of

Back 124

Kleitman

Front 125

According to the default theory, REM sleep and

Back 125

wakefulness are similar.

Front 126

The default theory is a theory of

Back 126

REM sleep.

Front 127

In view of the evidence, the widespread practice of taking melatonin to promote sleep is

Back 127

likely to be of no more than minor benefit.

Front 128

Melatonin appears to be effective in treating

Back 128

-insomnia that results from a melatonin deficiency.

-insomnia that results from the failure of light to serve as a zeitgeber in blind patients.

NOT hypersomnia.

Front 129

Evidence suggests that melatonin functions as a

Back 129

chronobiotic.

Front 130

The encephale isolé preparation is produced by transecting the

Back 130

caudal brain stem.

Front 131

Studies of encephalitis lethargica suggested that the __________ promotes wakefulness

Back 131

posterior hypothalamus

Front 132

K complexes and sleep spindles

Back 132

-occur during stage 2 sleep
-are EEG waves

Front 133

Sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of

Back 133

stage 2 sleep

Front 134

Each cycle of sleep during the night tends to be about

Back 134

90 minutes long

Front 135

During REM sleep, there

Back 135

is an absence of EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.

no muscles or bursts!

Front 136

One neuropsychological patient had virtually no REM sleep following a brain injury, and he

Back 136

did not seem to be adversely affected.

Front 137

In the initial report of the relation between dream recall and REM sleep, what proportion of awakenings from REM sleep led to dream reports?

Back 137

80%

Front 138

In one study, volunteers gradually reduced the number of hours that they slept each night, until they felt that they had reached their limit. On the average, this limit was

Back 138

5 hours.

Front 139

Microsleeps are usually about __________ long.

Back 139

3 seconds

Front 140

During REM sleep, there

Back 140

is an absence of EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.

*NO MUSCLE BURSTS*

Front 141

In one study, 8 volunteers reduced their sleep by 30 minutes per night until they did not want to reduce it further. A major finding was that

Back 141

all of above

Front 142

Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as

Back 142

recuperation theories.

Front 143

There is more than one circadian clock. Early evidence for this was that bilateral lesions of the

Back 143

suprachiasmatic nuclei do NOT abolish circadian rhythms.

Front 144

The diurnal light-dark cycle entrains the sleep-wake cycle via the

Back 144

retinohypothalamic tracts.

think eyes!!

Front 145

Following the completion of one week of REM-sleep deprivation, volunteers

Back 145

have a greater than usual proportion of REM sleep for 2 or 3 nights.

Front 146

Professor Bland sometimes falls asleep while she is having a discussion. She would likely be diagnosed as having

Back 146

narcolepsy

Front 147

Eastern flights

Back 147

cause phase advances and SPEED up zeitgebers (not slow!!)

Front 148

Delta waves occur in stage

Back 148

3 and 4

Front 149

Which of the following is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness?

Back 149

stage 1

Front 150

Which of the following is a causal factor in some cases of insomnia?

Back 150

sleeping pills
sleep apnea
nocturnal myoclonus
restless legs

Front 151

The 8-to-12 Hz EEG waves that are often associated with relaxed wakefulness are called

Back 151

alpha waves

Front 152

Circadian means

Back 152

lasting about 1 day

Front 153

Evidence suggests that melatonin functions as a

Back 153

chronobiotic.

Front 154

The EOG is a measure of

Back 154

eye movement (NOT tension)

Front 155

Several large-scale studies documented the sleep patterns and health of healthy volunteers for several years. They found that people who slept __________ hours per night tended to live the longest.

Back 155

5-7

Front 156

Many sleep-deprivation studies have assessed its impact on human

Back 156

physiological function.

mood.

cognition.

Front 157

The first mammalian circadian gene to have its structure characterized was

Back 157

"clock"

Front 158

The various phenomena of REM sleep appear to be controlled by circuits scattered throughout the

Back 158

caudal reticular formation.

Front 159

Interest in the efficiency of polyphasic sleep was stimulated by stories of

Back 159

Leonardo da Vinci.

Front 160

Originally, the nucleus accumbens was thought to mediate the experience of reward, but some current evidence suggests that increases in extracellular dopamine occur in the nucleus accumbens when the

Back 160

subject expects the reward.

Front 161

Wich drug is currently an alternative to methadone as a treatment for heroin addiction?

Back 161

buprenorphine

Front 162

Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)?

Back 162

alcohol

Front 163

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions?

Back 163

alcohol

Front 164

Although __________ is extremely addictive, there are few serious withdrawal symptoms when a characteristic binge is terminated.

Back 164

cocaine

Front 165

"Song of Praise" to cocaine was written by

Back 165

Freud

Front 166

Like alcohol, cocaine is frequently consumed in

Back 166

binges

Front 167

The main psychoactive ingredient of coca paste is

Back 167

cocaine hydrochloride.

Front 168

Opiates likely exert their psychoactive effects by binding to

Back 168

opiate receptors.

Front 169

Restlessness, watery eyes, running nose, yawning, and sweating are all early signs of withdrawal from

Back 169

opiates

Front 170

The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal.

Back 170

opiate

Front 171

Which of the following is not an effect of chronic opiate exposure?

Back 171

hypersexuality

Front 172

In 1644, the Emperor of China banned tobacco smoking. This law contributed to an increase in __________ addiction.

Back 172

opium

Front 173

Dr. William Stewart Halsted, a brilliant surgeon and one of the founders of Johns Hopkins Medical School, is considered by many to be the father of modern surgery. Surprisingly, he was addicted to __________ throughout most of his brilliant career.

Back 173

morphine

Front 174

Which of the following is the strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium?

Back 174

morphine

Front 175

Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug?

Back 175

tobacco

Front 176

In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to

Back 176

make rope

Front 177

Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, and difficulties in sleeping and concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms.

Back 177

nicotine

Front 178

Many researchers believe that a major cause of drug relapse is

Back 178

priming.
stress.
drug-related cues.

Front 179

Which of the following seem to share some brain mechanisms with drug addiction?

Back 179

kleptomania
overeating
compulsive shopping

Front 180

The lack of strong support for early physical-dependence theories of addiction lent indirect support to the notion that the primary factors in drug addiction are

Back 180

the drug's positive-incentive properties.

Front 181

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, all addictive drugs produce

Back 181

sensitization to the effects that influence the positive-incentive value of the drug.

Front 182

Which of the following is a finding about addiction that is currently influencing the study of its brain mechanisms?

Back 182

ALL

Front 183

According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is

Back 183

the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.

Front 184

Support for the theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-induced changes in neural activity rather than from drug exposure per se came from the finding in one study that tolerance did not develop to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol unless

Back 184

convulsive stimulation was administered after each alcohol injection.

Front 185

The early physical-dependence theories of drug addiction were discredited by the observation that

Back 185

detoxified addicts almost always return to their drug-taking habits.

Front 186

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

Back 186

cross-tolerance

Front 187

Siegel's conditioning theory of drug tolerance is based heavily on demonstrations of

Back 187

the situational specificity of tolerance.

Front 188

Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be

Back 188

physically dependent.

NOT addicted or psychol

Front 189

After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects, that are usually

Back 189

opposite to the initial effects of the drug.

Front 190

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called

Back 190

drug tolerance.

Front 191

Many early studies of intracranial self-stimulation focused on the stimulation of the

Back 191

lateral hypothalamus or septum.

Front 192

Some animals will not begin a session of lever pressing for rewarding brain stimulation unless they are given a few free stimulations. This is called

Back 192

priming

Front 193

Evidence indicates that one common health hazard of chronic marijuana smoking is

Back 193

respiratory dysfunction.

Front 194

The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal.

Back 194

opiate

Front 195

Illustrated here is a paradigm that is used to study addictive drugs: the

Back 195

drug self-administration paradigm.

Front 196

Modern physical-dependence theories of drug addiction attempt to account for the fact that addicts frequently relapse after lengthy drug-free periods by postulating

Back 196

that conditioned withdrawal effects are the basis of drug craving.

Front 197

According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is

Back 197

the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.

Front 198

Which country has taken a novel approach to the problem of heroin addiction, an approach that is proving to be an unqualified success?

Back 198

Switzerland

Front 199

The Harrison Narcotics Act, which was passed in the U.S. in 1914, unintentionally encouraged the use of

Back 199

heroin

Front 200

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

Back 200

cross tolerance

Front 201

A hangover is a

Back 201

mild withdrawal symptom

Front 202

Cocaine hydrochloride

Back 202

A B (agonist + reduces reuptake of dopamine)

Front 203

The mesotelencephalic dopamine system comprises two pathways: The

Back 203

nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

NEGROMESO

Front 204

According to the text, addicts are drug users who

Back 204

continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop.

Front 205

Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation.

Back 205

alcohol

Front 206

Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop?

Back 206

marijuana

Front 207

According to Siegel, heroin users are more likely to die from an overdose when they

Back 207

take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before.

Front 208

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is

Back 208

functional tolerance

Front 209

The "high" experienced by cocaine users was found in one study to be related to the degree of binding of the cocaine to

Back 209

dopamine TRANSPORTERS

trainspotting?

Front 210

The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the

Back 210

ALL

Front 211

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, all addictive drugs produce

Back 211

sensitization to the effects that influence the positive-incentive value of the drug.

Front 212

Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from

Back 212

alcohol

Front 213

In the United States, about __________ million people are addicted to nicotine, alcohol, or both.

Back 213

60