Behavior Modification Exam 2

Front 1

Behavior Chain

Back 1

Consistent sequence of stimuli and responses that occur closely to each other in time and in which the last response is typically followed by reinforcement.\

Front 2

What is another name for a behavior chain?

Back 2

Stimulus response chain

Front 3

Explain the role of responses in an behavior chain.

Back 3

Each response produces a stimulus that serves as an Sd for the next response and a reinforcer for the previous response.

Front 4

Explain how the saying "A chain is only as strong as its weakest link" applies to behavior chains.

How do you repair the chain?

Back 4

If any response is so weak that it fails to be evoked by the Sd preceding it, the next Sd will not be produced and the rest of the chain will not occur. The chain will be broken at the point of its weakest link.

To repair the chain, strengthen the weak S-R connection by means of an effective training procedure.

Front 5

In what 2 procedural ways are escape conditioning and punishment different?

Back 5

Antecedents--In escape conditioning, the aversive stimulus must be present prior to a response. In punishment, aversive stimulus is not present prior to the response.

Consequences--Escape conditioning removes the aversive stimulus following a response. Punishment presents aversive stimulus following a response

Front 6

How are the effects of escape conditioning and punishment different?

Back 6

Punishment decreases behavior

Escape conditioning increases behavior

Front 7

In what 2 procedural ways is escape conditioning different from positive reinforcement?

Back 7

In escape conditioning, stimulus is removed; in positive reinforcement, stimulus is presented.

Front 8

How are the effects of escape conditioning and positive reinforcement similar?

Back 8

Both result in the strengthening of a response.

Front 9

What is another name for escape conditioning?

Back 9

Negative reinforcement

Front 10

Operant conditioning

Back 10

The process of strengthening a behavior by reinforcing it or weakening it by punishing

Front 11

Operant behaviors

Back 11

Behaviors that operate on the environment

Front 12

Respondent behaviors

Back 12

Reflexes

Front 13

Unconditioned response

Back 13

A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Front 14

Principle of respondent conditioning

Back 14

If a stimulus is followed closely in time by a US that elicits a UR, then the previously neutral stimulus will also tend to elicit that response in the future

Front 15

Factors influencing respondent conditioning

Back 15

1) The more the number of pairings of a CS with a US, the more likely is the ability of the CS to elicit the CR

2) Stronger conditioning occurs if the CS precedes the US by about half a second rather than by a longer time or rather than following the US

3) A CS acquires a more likely ability to elicit a CR if the CS is always paired with the US than if it is only occasionally paired withe the US

4) When several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus that is most consistently associated with the US is the one most likely to become a strong CS

5) Respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and strongly when the CS or US or both are intense rather than weak

Front 16

Higher-order conditioning

Back 16

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS by being paired with another CS instead of an US

Front 17

Counterconditioning

Back 17

A CS will lose its ability to elicit a CR if that CS is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with the CR

Front 18

Differences in operant and respondent responses

Back 18

1) Respondent behaviors are reflexive. Operant behaviors are voluntary.

2) Respondent behaviors involve smooth muscles and glands. Operant behaviors involve skeletal muscles.

Front 19

What is the difference in reinforcement in respondent and operant conditioning?

Back 19

Respondent conditioning--R comes before

Operant conditioning--R comes after

Front 20

Explain the reinforcer in respondent conditioning.

Back 20

Pair a NS with a US. The reinforcer is that the NS (now called the CS) acquires the capability to elicit the response (now the CR).

Front 21

What is the difference in respondent and operant extinction?

Back 21

Respondent extinction--Presentation of a CS w/out further pairings with the US

Operant extinction--withholding a reinforcer following a previously reinforced response.

Front 22

How do many people who are not behaviorists or behavior modifiers conceptualize motivation?

Back 22

Inner drive

Front 23

Motivating operation

Back 23

An event or operation that:

a) temporarily alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher (value-altering effect)

b) influences behavior that normally leads to that reinforcer or punishers (behavior-altering effect)

Front 24

What are the MOs of food?

Back 24

Deprivation and Satiation

Front 25

Negative punishment

Back 25

Remove stimulus, behavior decreases

Front 26

What are some examples of P+

Back 26

Slap
Electric shock
Water mist to face

Front 27

Types of R-

Back 27

Avoidance
Escape

Front 28

Avoidance

Back 28

Postpones aversive event

Front 29

Escape

Back 29

Terminates aversive event

Front 30

What maintains phobias?

Back 30

Avoidance behaviors

Front 31

What is the motivational model for autism?

Back 31

R-

Front 32

Explain the avoiding of conditioned aversives such as taunts or teasing

Back 32

R-

Front 33

Operant

Back 33

Learned

Front 34

Environment operates on organism

Back 34

Respondent

Front 35

Organism operates on environment

Back 35

Operant

Front 36

Response is elicited.

Back 36

Respondent

Front 37

Response is emitted.

Back 37

Operant

Front 38

Organism has no control over behavior.

Back 38

Respondent

Front 39

Organism has control over behavior.

Back 39

Operant

Front 40

Diagram Pavlov's experiment with dogs and salivation.

Back 40

Front 41

Explain respondent reconditioning for drug addicts.

Back 41

Front 42

Explain Watson's Little Albert experiment

Back 42

Front 43

Explain the counter conditioning of Little Albert

Back 43

Food was paired with white rabbit. White rabbit moved closer and closer ----> systematic desensitization

Front 44

Systematic desensitization

Back 44

Fear hierarchy
Progressive relaxation

Front 45

Progressive relaxation

Back 45

16 muscle groups
Tense and relax each muscle group

Front 46

Why does self-monitoring not work?

Back 46

Effects attenuate because no other reinforcer is present.