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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four main phyla of bacteria |
Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria |
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Human Digestive Tract |
Simple gastric pouch and small intestinal tract with small amounts of microbial digestion in the large intestine |
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Dog Digestive Tract |
Simple gastric pouch and intestinal tract with small amounts of microbial digestion in large intestine |
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Horse Digestive Tract |
Simple gastric pouch but large intestine has substantial microbial digestion; cecum contributes to microbial digestion |
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Rat Digestive Tract |
Simple gastric pouch but substantial microbial digestion in cecum |
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Sheep Digestive Tract |
Substantial pregastric fermentation; some potential for microbial digestion in large intestine and cecum |
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Kangaroo Digestive Tract |
Substantial pregastric fermentation; some potential for microbial digestion in large intestine and cecum |
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Pregastric Fermentor Species |
Ruminants: Cattle, sheep, deer, antelope, camel Nonruminants: Hamster, kangaroo, hippo, hoatzin(bird), colobine monkey |
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Postgastric Fermentor Species |
Cecal Digestors: Capybara, rabbit, rat, mouse Colonic Digestors: Elephant, horse, zebra, pig, human, panda, dog, cat |
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Pregastric Functions |
Mastication, Salivation, Deglutition |
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Mastication |
Physical reduction of feed, CHEWING, especially important in nonruminant herbivores |
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Salivation |
Serous- water and electrolyte rich Mucous- protein and enzyme rich Mixed- produces both serous and mucous secretions |
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Salivary Glands |
Parotid, Submaxillary, Sublingual |
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Parotid Gland |
Serous (water, enzymes, ions) |
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Submaxillary Gland |
Mucous or mixed (mucin, mucin plus enzymes, water) |
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Sublingual Gland |
Mucous or mixed (mucin, mucin plus enzymes, water) |
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Saliva functions |
To lubricate and moisten feed Starch digestion Rumen buffering Nitrogen recycling
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Deglutition |
SWALLOWING Reflex initiated by presence of food in pharnyx Propulsion of food to stomach my esophageal peristalsis |
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Rugae |
Convoluted pleats in interior lining of stomach, mechanoreceptors are used to trigger a feeling of fullness |
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Gastric pits contain: |
Exocrine cells(parietal, cheif, mucus cells): release water, HCl, enzymes, mucus, forms mucosal barrier Endocrine cells(G cells): Release hormones into blood |
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Gastrin |
Hormone Regulates gastric juice Released by G cells Stimulates release of HCl, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen |
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HCl |
Dissolves food particles Destroys bacteria Provides acidic environment for enzymes Converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
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Nursing neonate |
Rennin is produced by the gastric mucosa in calf, lamb, and kid |
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Chief cells produce |
Pepsinogen and gastric lipase |
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Parietal cells produce |
HCl: denatures proteins and assists in pepsinogen to pepsin Intrinsic factor: important for binding and absorption of vitamin B12 |
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Segments of the Small Intestine |
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
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Duodenum |
15% of SI Rich in endocrine cells and receptors Regulation of digestion and absorption Receives secretions from pancreas and liver |
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Jejunum |
Major site of absorption |
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Illeum |
Absorption Connection to large intestine |
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Sphincter of Oddi |
Regulates flow of pancreatic juice and bile into small intestine |
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Colon Cancer |
2nd leading cause of death from cancer in men and women High red meat and animal fat and low fiber and calcium |
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Role of Pancreatic Fluid |
Alkaline solution rich in buffers Neutralizes chyme as it enters duodenum Provides enzymes for starch, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid digestion |
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Role of Bile in Digestion |
Disperses fat globules into smaller droplets assisting with lipid digestion Made in liver-transported to gall bladder Reabsorbed through ileum-returned to liver via hepatic portal vein |
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Enzymatic Digestion in Small Intestine |
Pancreatic enzymes released into duodenum Intestinal enzymes mad in epithelial cells Enzymes facilitate chemical breakdown of nutrients |
