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226 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1st segment climb gradient |
Positive |
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2nd segment climb gross climb gradient |
2.4% |
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3rd segment gross climb gradient |
1.2% |
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4th segment gross climb gradient |
1.2% |
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Climb gradient reduction for take off |
0.8% |
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V2 must be reached by... |
Screen height |
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Screen heights on a straight take off |
Dry 35 Wet 15 |
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Screen height on a curved take off |
Dry 35 Wet 15 |
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NTOFP obstacle clearance straight climb |
Dry 35 Wet 15 |
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NTOFP obstacle clearance curved climb |
Dry 50 Wet 30 |
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NTOFP lateral dimensions |
75m either side of centreline then 12.5% increase |
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Balanced take off meams |
ASDA=TODA |
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Approach climb min gradient |
2 engines 2.1% 3 engines 2.4% 4 engines 2.7% |
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Landing climb min gradient |
3.2% |
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Approach climb speed |
1.5 vs |
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Landing climb speed |
1.3 vs |
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Approach climb configuration |
Gear up Flaps approach Thrust go around |
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Max clearway dimensions |
Not more than half TORA. 75m either side of centreline. 90m at international |
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Take off decision speed |
V1 |
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Take off safety speed |
V2 |
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Is V2 greater than or less than 1.2 vs and 1.1 vmca? |
Greater or equal too |
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Wt shifted formula |
Wt shifted=(ttl wt x c of g change) /dist wt shifted |
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C of g change formula |
C of g change=(wt shifted x dist wt shifted) /ttl wt |
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Max wt pcn formula |
Max wt = MRW - ((MRW-OEW) /(MAX ACN - MIN ACN)) x (MRW ACN - Rwy PCN) |
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ACN furmula |
ACN = ACN MAX - ((MRW- ACTUAL RAMP WT) /(MRW-OEW))x(ACN MAX - ACN EMPTY) |
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Extra 2 columns for landing dist adjustment |
Speedbrake and autoland |
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Vmca with an aft centre of gravity will |
Increase with reduced stability |
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Vr must not be less than |
1.05 vmca, v1, a speed that ensures V2 by screen height |
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When should flap be retracted? |
When within 20 kts of next recommended speed |
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How much extra must be added to landing distance for autoland? |
183 m |
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Take off flight path vertical dimensions |
35-1500 ft |
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Cost index formula |
CI= cost of time/cost of fuel |
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LRC CI |
CI60 |
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MRC CI |
CI0 |
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How much is MRC reduced by for LRC? |
1% |
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How does weight affect LRC? |
Reducing weight reduces LRC speed |
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Drift down Thrust when terrain critical |
MCT |
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Terrain clearance during OEI drift down |
2000 ft |
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OEI cruise terrain clearance after drift down |
1000 ft |
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Climb requirement when overhead destination OEI |
Must be positive. 1.1% less than gross climb gradient |
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What thrust should be used to accelerate to LRC when OEI? |
MCT |
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LDR turbofan. |
Dld x 1.67 (60%) |
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LDR turboprop |
Dld x 1.43 (70%l |
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Hydro planing formula |
9x Square root tyre psi |
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What is T/O on a TOC? |
Max take off thrust |
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TOC default Thrust |
Optimum |
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What is TO1on a TOC |
Reduced Thrust. 15% |
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What is TO2 on a TOC? |
Reduced Thrust 25% |
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How is reduced thrust selected? |
Ambient temp and BRW then select an assumed temp |
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What is takeoff derate? |
Semi permanent thrust reduction. Can reduce by up to 20%. Allows for up to 35% reduction |
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Default flap setting on TOC |
Optimum |
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What temp is entered into the FMC for takeoff? |
Assumed temp |
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Speed of sound formula |
38.94 x Square root temp |
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Mach formula |
Tas/lss |
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Constant ias in climb |
Tas and mach increase |
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Constant tas in climb |
Ias reduces, mach increases till tropopause |
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Climbing constant mach |
Tas and ias increase until tropopause |
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How does sweep back affect stability? |
Lateral increase, longitudinal decrease |
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Dutch roll is |
Roll stronger |
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Snaking |
Yawning stability is stronger |
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What systems does a yaw damper require? |
Rate gyro and accelerometer |
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Mcdr |
CD rises rapidly |
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Subsonic speed range |
Up to M1.0 |
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Transonic speed range |
M0.8 - M1.2 |
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Supersonic speed range |
M1.0+ |
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What speed (approx) is all air flow over the wing supersonic? |
M0.95 |
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At what speed will the detached shock wave attach? |
M1.5 |
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What happens to the shock waves after the bow wave attaches? |
They lean back and become oblique |
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What does an increase in a of a do to m crit? |
Decreases |
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What causes a shock stall? |
Shock wave development |
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What makes up Mach drag? |
Energy drage and wave drag |
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What causes energy drag? |
Air slowing down in engines |
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What causes mach tuck? |
Rearward (outward) movement of c of p. Boundary layer reduces effectiveness of tail plane. Causes nose to pitch down. |
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How is mach tuck countered? |
Stick puller or mach trimmer |
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What happens to lift at mcrit? |
CL increases |
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What happens to lift if speed continues to increase past mcrit? |
Increases then sharply decreases as shock waves form |
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When the shock waves reach the trailing edge, lift... |
Increases as all flow is laminar again |
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What happens to drag at mcrit? |
Slowly rises |
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What happens to drag at Mcdr? |
Sharply rises |
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What happens to drag after Mfs1.0? |
Reduces |
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What is the area rule |
Ideal shape is cigar shaped. Fuselage narrowed when appendages added to maintain average shape |
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Describe a supercritical aerofoil. |
Delays onset of wave drag. Highly cambered rear section and flattened upper surface. Larger leading edge delays shock wave separation |
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Why is sweep back used? |
Delays Mcrit |
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Disadvantages of sweep back? |
Higher angle of attack required causes more span wise flow Longitudinal stability reduced |
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What are the 3 modes of auto thrust? |
Epr Mach hold Speed control |
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When is epr mode used for auto thrust systems? |
Take off, climb, go around |
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When is mach hold used on auto thrust systems? |
Cruise |
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When is speed control used on auto thrust systems? |
Descent, approach, hold, landing stages |
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How many redundancy channels does a fadec system typically have? |
3 |
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What is the advantage of a adjustable stabiliser/variable incidence tail plane? |
Angle of stabiliser can be adjusted to maintain full authority of elevator |
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How does a frise aileron work? |
Front edge lowers into airflow to increase drag. Reduces stick force and adverse yaw |
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How does a variable rudder ratio system work? |
Reduces rudder deflection for a given pedal movement as airspeed increases |
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How does a rudder variable stop system work? |
Mechanically limits the amount of pedal movement as airspeed increases |
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What is a gust suppression system? |
Automatically moves control surfaces to dampen the vertical movement of the aircraft |
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Mechanical advantage formula |
P=force x area |
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Theory of hydraulic operation |
Small force over large distance = large force over small distance |
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Advantages of hydraulic system. |
Large actuation for minimal input More efficient than electric engine Leaks easy to detect Works under high temp |
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Disadvantages of a hydraulic system |
Fluid is corrosive Strong structure required Leaks require back up systems = weight and cost |
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Hydraulic fluid properties |
Incompressible Lubricating Low viscosity Non flammable Non toxic Low freezing point High boiling point Non foaming Stable (no decomposition or waxing) Coloured |
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3 types of hydraulic fluid |
Vegetable blue Mineral red Synthetic purple/green/amber |
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What are hydraulic seals made from? |
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber, ptfe(Teflon), silicone, polyurethane |
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Why are some hydraulic reservoirs pressurised? |
High altitude or high demand systems. Prevents cavitation and foaming |
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3 types of hydraulic pump |
Vane, gear, piston |
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When are vane pumps used? |
High volume, low pressure |
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When are gear type pumps used? |
Higher pressure than vane required (1500 psi) |
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What pressures are piston type pumps used for? |
Upwards of 3000 psi |
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When is a pressure regulater used? |
To cut off flow to system once a certain pressure is reached |
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What is a relief valve used for? |
To limit pressure within a system |
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How does a hydraulic fuse operate? |
Similar to check valve. Senses drop in pressure and closes. Used to prevent fluid loss when a leak develops |
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What redundancy is used for a hydraulic system? |
Triple redundancy |
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What is often used to power a standby hydraulic system? |
Ram ait turbine RAT |
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What colour are hydraulic warning lights? |
Amber |
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Extra components for pneumatic system. |
Moisture separator Chemical dryer Pressure reduction valve |
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What does a lead acid battery use? |
70/30 water/sulphuric acid |
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What voltage is a lead acid cell? |
2.1v per cell |
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What liquid does a nicad battery use? |
70/30 water/potassium hydroxide |
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What voltage is a nicad cell? |
1.2v per cell |
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Advantages/disadvantages of nicad over lead acid |
Lighter Better power/weight ratio Greater life span More expensive |
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Lithium ion advantages over nicad |
Higher voltage and current Smaller and lighter Longer life cycle Better charging |
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Disadvantages of lithium ion batteries |
High energy density Can ignite at high temperatures Can short circuit due vibration, shock, external force, deformation |
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Voltage of lithium ion battery |
4v per cell |
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What is a relay? |
Electrically operated switch. Usually uses an electromagnet |
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Unit for current |
Amps. A/mA |
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Unit of force (electrical) |
Volt. V |
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Unit of resistance |
Ohm. Omega |
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Unit of power (electrical) |
Watt/kilovolt-amp. W. KVA |
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Resistance formula |
Resistance = volts/amps |
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Power formula |
W=V x A |
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Calculating battery life in series |
Sum of all voltages, amps of single battery |
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Calculating battery life in parralel |
Volts of single battery. Amps, sum of all batteries. |
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Frequency = |
Cycles per second. Hz (400 Hz standard) |
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What is root mean square? |
Rms is the effective current of an ac system. Peak x 0.707 |
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How does an alternator work? |
Rotor rotates inside wire coil (stator) |
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How are more phases added to ac? |
Add more stators. Typically 3 |
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What does a tru do? |
Changes ac to dc and reduces voltage |
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Ohms law formula |
Volts = amps x resistance. V =IxR |
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Type of circuits |
Series Parallel Split |
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Calculating amperage of a series circuit |
Add all resistance. Divide voltage by total resistance |
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How do you calculate amps in a parallel circuit? |
Calculate v/r on each circuit then add all amps for total |
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How do you calculate amps on a split circuit? |
Calculate parallel circuit first then as per series calculation |
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Why are the corners on the c of g chart cut off? |
To allow for changes during flight |
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What is the reference datum? |
Point where all c of g measurements are taken from |
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How is a moment calculated? |
WAM. w x a = m |
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What is the MAC |
Mean aerodynamic chord. Average chord of swept/tapered wing |
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What is included in BEW? |
Aircraft airframe Power plants Permanent equipment Ballast Hydraulic fluid Unusable fuel Oil |
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What is included in BOM/APS? |
BEW Crew Crew baggage Catering Potable water Does not include fuel/payload |
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MZFW |
Everything without fuel |
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What can reduce MTOW/MBRW? |
C of g limits Take off performance limits Enroute/ldg weight requirements |
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What restricts landing weight? |
Field length Airport alt, temp Max ldg weight climb limits |
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LIZFW |
Loaded index ZFW |
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LITOW |
Loaded index TOW |
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How is payload calculated? |
MZFW - APS MCTOW-APS-FUEL MLW-APS-LDG FUEL Answer is the most restrictive (lowest) of the 3 |
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For what weight is a pcn valid for? |
Above 5700 kgs. Eswl for lighter |
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What application does PCN 120 have? |
Aircraft with ACN 120 or less can land subject to tyre pressure |
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What are the Rwy subgrade strength references? |
A high B medium C low D very low |
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What are the pcn tyre pressure limit references? |
W high, no limit X med, 1500 kpa, 1.5 mpa, 217 psi Y low, 1000 kpa, 1.0 mpa, 145 psi Z very low, 500 kpa, 0.5 mpa, 73 psi |
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What are the Rwy strength evaluation methods? |
T technical evaluation U using experience |
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Where are smoke detectors found? |
Cargo bays, toilets, baggage storage, equip, equipment storage |
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When is a split system usually used? |
2 engined aircraft. Allows all services together but only essential services by themselves |
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When is a parallel system used |
Usually 3-4 engined aircraft. Failure of one generator won't disrupt the system |
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Advantages of dc |
System is less complicated and smaller |
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What does a csgd do? |
Maintains constant rpm of the generator (6000 rpm) cannot be reconnected in flight once disconnected |
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How does a vscf drive work? |
Electrical components are used to maintain frequency |
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What function do over centre locks have on undercarriage? |
Keep gear locked in position without the requirement of constant hydraulic pressure |
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What does a torsion link do? |
Keeps shock strut aligned with axle |
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What is the standard fuel used for turbines? |
Jet A1. Avtur, jp5, f35 |
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What are jet pumps used for? |
Scavenger pumps |
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What is a class a fire? |
Solids. Cloth, wood, paper etc |
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What is a class b fire? |
Liquids |
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Class c fire? |
Gases |
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Class d fire? |
Metals |
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Class e fire? |
Electrical |
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Class f fire? |
Oils, fats |
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What is a water based extinguisher used for? |
Class a |
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What types of fire extinguishers are there? |
Water, co2, dry powder, foam, halon |
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What colour is a c02 extinguisher and what is it used for? |
Red, black band. Class a b f |
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What colour is a dry powder extinguisher and what is it used for? |
Red, white band. All classes. (often called abc extinguisher) |
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What colour is a foam extinguisher and what is it used for? |
Red, blue band. A, b |
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What colour is a bcfc halon extinguisher and what is it used for? |
Red, yellow band. Abc. Most common for aviation. Very toxic |
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What fixed suppression system is used for cargo or baggage compartments? |
Halon or co2 |
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What detection system is used for most likely fire areas? |
Heat detection. Engines, cargo, apus, avionics, equipment |
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How can ice be detected? |
Torque loading probe. Electric motor driving serrated rotor with cutting edge. Vibration frequency Radiation emission Optical Sound wave length |
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What components are required for the flight director? |
Mode select panel Computer Adi Hsi Nav receiver Vertical gyro Amplifier unit Magnetic compass |
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What inputs are there for the flight director? |
Baro alt Hdg Ref gyros Radio navigation aids Compass reference |
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What colour does the autopilot light flash if disengaged with autoland set? |
Red |
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How many auto pilots are required for approach mode? |
1 |
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How many auto pilots are required for autoland? |
2 |
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What are the 2 types of autoland system? |
Fail passive (fail soft) Fail-operational (fail active) |
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How many auto pilots for a fail passive system? |
2 |
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How many autopilots for a fail operational system? |
3 or more |
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What are the operational aspects of a fail passive system failure? |
No significant out of trim No significant flight path deviation Landing not automatic Pilot assumes control of aircraft |
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What are the operational aspects of a fail operational system following a failure? |
Reverts to fail passive Failure below alert height means approach flare and landing can still be completed |
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What are the 3 levels of autoland? |
Level 3 fail active Level 2 fail soft Level 1 system failure, no autoland |
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How many event sequences are there in an autoland? |
4 |
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First event of auto land |
Initial approach. 1 autopilot channel. Extra engaged by pushing appr switch |
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2nd event of autoland sequence |
1500 ft. Loc/gs captured. Offline autopilot channels armed. LAND 3 displayed. FLARE mode armed |
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3rd event of autoland sequence |
330 ft. Horizontal stabiliser trimmed nose up. At 45 ft gear alt, FLARE mode engaged. 2 ft/s descent path. Auto throttles begin retarding |
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4th event autoland sequence |
5 ft gear alt, FLARE mode disengage. TOUCH DOWN +ROLL Out modes engage. 1 ft gear alt, nose pitch to 2 degrees. On touchdown, nose pitches down and holds. Auto throttles disengaged when reverse thrust selected |
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How is the flight envelope protected? |
Several computers all monitor pitch, bank, yaw, a of a, g forces... |
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What is the primary function of a yaw damper system? |
To damp yaw/roll of Dutch roll |
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ASTS |
Automatic stabiliser trim system |
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ASTU |
Automatic stabiliser trim unit |
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How many oxygen systems are fitted? |
2. Flight crew and passengers |
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What is the passenger oxygen system? |
Oxygen generation. Auto above 14000 ft or manual by crew |
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How does aviation oxygen differ from other oxygen? |
Water has been removed |
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What chemical is used in oxygen generators? |
Sodium chlorate |
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How long does an oxygen generator last? |
15-20 mins |
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How hot can an oxygen generator get? |
250 celcuis |
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Different flow methods of oxygen distribution |
Continuous flow On demand Pressure demand Diluter demand system |
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Where are negative pressure relief valves for the pressurisation system often found? |
Fitted to undercarriage or aircraft door |
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When will negative pressure relief valves open automatically? |
When weight put on undercarriage -0.1 to - 0.5 psi |
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How does air cycle cooling work? |
Pressure of gas reduces, temp reduces Air from heat exchanger flows to acm. Air drives turbine expanding air, reducing pressure and temp. Air passes through moisture separator. Non return valve to prevent back flow |
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What liquid refrigerant is used for a vapour cooling system? |
Freon. Boils at - 3 celcius |
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What is the principal of operation of a vapour cycle system? |
Freon circulates in a closed loop system. Hot air causes freon to evaporate absorbing latent heat from air. Causes chilling of air |
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How does a vapour compression system work? |
Vaporised refrigerant moves through compressor. BP and px increase. Ram Air cools and condenses gas to to liquid by heat transfer. Expansion valve reduces px and BP. Gas passes through evaporator and cycle starts again |
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Colour of warnings |
Red |
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Colour of cautions |
Amber |
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Advisories and status message colour |
White usually. Some amber |
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Types of alerts |
Caution lights. Annunciator, EFIS, EICAS, ECAM Aural warnings. Voice, alarm, siren, wailer Aural cautions. Beeper, clacker Tactile. Stick shakes, pusher |
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What is the purpose of the csgd? |
To maintain constant generator rpm to maintain constant output and frequency |
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What extinguisher should be used on a brake fire? |
Dry powder |
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How does v1 change with an increasing weight and decreasing temp? |
Increases with weight, decreases with temp |
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What is an advantage of a dc system? |
No inverter required with the battery |
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What could be displayed on the fma when the auto throttle is engaged |
N1 |
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Current trend in hydraulic systems |
Higher pressures. Reduces component weight and system fluid weight |
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What must vmca be in relation to vs? |
Equal to or less than |
