Art History Test 3

Front 1

Northern Renaissance

Back 1

the Renaissance in northern Europe beginning in the late 15th century including famous artists such as Leonardo da Vinci.

Front 2

Regional style

Back 2

stylistic traits that persist in a geographic region

Front 3

Period style

Back 3

the common traits detectable in works of art and architecture from a particular historical era

Front 4

Personal style

Back 4

The common traits detectable in works created by one artist

Front 5

Composition

Back 5

The overall arrangement, organizing design, or structure of a work of art.

Front 6

Formal elements

Back 6

point, line, shape, form, color, texture, space, perspective, proportion and scale

Front 7

Stylistic analysis

Back 7

the process of comparing/ contrasting and identifying and grouping together certain works due to shared elements and various characteristics

Front 8

Social context

Back 8

who made it, when and where it was made, its patronage and/or social purpose, and its cultural meaning and significance

Front 9

Flying buttresses

Back 9

External buttresses; reinforcement of the walls by putting the weight on buttresses on the outside of the building.

Front 10

Dome construction

Back 10

Pendentives and squinches are two methods of supporting a round dome or its drum over a square space. Pendentives are spherical triangles between arches that rise upward and inward to form a circular opening on which the dome sits. Squinches are diagonal lintels supported on bracket-like constructions placed across the walls’ upper corners.

Front 11

Constantine

Back 11

The first Christian emperor. Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.

Front 12

Mannerism

Back 12

an anti-Classical movement in which artificiality,
grace, and elegance took priority over the ordered balance
and lifelike references that were hallmarks of High Renaissance art

Front 13

Vitruvius

Back 13

first-century BCE Roman architect and engineer

Front 14

Pope Julius II

Back 14

Worked to create a "golden age". Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Front 15

Oil painting

Back 15

Any painting executed with the pigments suspended in a medium of oil. Oil paint has particular properties that allow for greater ease of working (among others, a slow drying time, which allows for corrections, and a great range of relative opaqueness of paint layers, which permits a high degree of detail and luminescence).

Front 16

Books of Hours

Back 16

private prayer books owned by wealthy patrons. Called Books of Hours because they contain special prayers to be recited at the eight canonical devotional “hours” between morning and night, these books included everything a lay person needed for pious practice—psalms, offices of the Virgin and other saints, a calendar of feast days, and prayers for the dead.

Front 17

Synagogue

Back 17

any large room where the Torah scrolls are kept and read

Front 18

Constantinople

Back 18

Capitol of the Roman Empire after 330 CE. Founded at the port city Byzantium by Constantine.

Front 19

Ionic order

Back 19

the column of the Ionic order has a base, a fluted shaft, and a capital decorated with volutes. The Ionic entablature consists of an architrave of three panels and moldings, a frieze usually containing sculpted relief ornament, and a cornice with dentils.

Front 20

Octavian/Augustus Caesar

Back 20

19-year-old great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. Succeeded Caesar as emperor of the Roman Republic. The Senate eventually gave him the title of Augustus.

Front 21

Edict of Milan

Back 21

313 CE law by Constantine which granted freedom to all religious groups, including Christians

Front 22

Verism

Back 22

A style in which artists concern themselves with describing
the exterior likeness of an object or person, usually
by rendering its visible details in a finely executed,
meticulous manner.

Front 23

Republican Rome

Back 23

the period of the ancient Roman civilization when the government operated as a republic; beginning in 509 BC

Front 24

Triumphal arch

Back 24

A freestanding, massive stone gateway with a large central arch, built as urban ornament and/or to celebrate military victories (as by the Romans).

Front 25

Byzantine empire

Back 25

The eastern half of the roman empire which fell to the Ottoman Turks. Capitol was called Byzantium or Constantinople.

Front 26

Pendentives

Back 26

a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. The pendentives, which are triangular segments of a sphere, taper to points at the bottom and spread at the top to establish the continuous circular or elliptical base needed for the dome.

Front 27

Ribbed vaults

Back 27

ribs (extra masonry) demark the junctions of a groin vault. Ribs may function to reinforce the groins or may be purely decorative.

Front 28

Limbourg Brothers

Back 28

three brothers, Pol, Herman, and Jean Limbourg. Their most famous surviving work, the so-called TRÈS RICHES HEURES (Very Sumptuous Hours).

Front 29

Squinches

Back 29

An arch or lintel built over the upper corners of a square space, allowing a circular or polygonal dome to be more securely set on top of the walls.

Front 30

Iconic imagery

Back 30

A picture that expresses or embodies an intangible concept or idea.

Front 31

Narrative imagery

Back 31

Art that tells a story

Front 32

Renaissance

Back 32

The power and potential of human beings for great individual accomplishment. A cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.

Front 33

Pilgrimage culture

Back 33

The culture and economy that arose along a route that believes of a religion could make to view religious relics or locations.

Front 34

Historiated capitals

Back 34

lively narrative scenes within the geometric confines of capitals. An important innovation in Romanesque architectural sculpture.

Front 35

Romanesque representational art

Back 35

the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century

Front 36

Romanesque architecture

Back 36

an architectural style of Medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches, thick walls, sturdy piers, barrel and groin vaults, simple, symmetrical plan, portal and portal sculpture, Architectural sculptures include

Front 37

Justinian and Theodora

Back 37

Emperors of the Byzantine Empire

Front 38

Portal architecture

Back 38

Lintel, the tympanum (the semicircular area above the door lintel), the archivolts (the moldings or blocks that follow the contour of the arch), the trumeau (the central supporting post), and jambs (side posts) of the door

Front 39

Eucharist/Altar/Altarpieces

Back 39

The central rite of the Christian Church, from the Greek word for “thanksgiving.” Also known as the Mass or Holy Communion, it commemorates Christ’s Last Supper with his apostles. According to traditional Catholic Christian belief, consecrated bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ; in Protestant belief, bread and wine symbolize the body and blood.