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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, c. 1550
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Considered the first art historian. He knew Michaelangelo.
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style
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The recognizable design of a work of art.
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altarpiece
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A piece of artwork which is placed above and either on or behind an altar in a Christian church or other religious platform. Usually it is a votive painting, a set of painted and/or carved panels (often a triptych), or a decorative screen.
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Italo-Byzantine style
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The art of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Christian empire whose capital was Constantinople (now known as Istanbul), which endured from c. 330 CE following the Roman Empire in the east, until it was conquered by the Turks c. 1450.
The term, however, refers more to a style associated with Byzantium than to its area. Byzantine paintings and mosaics are characterized by a rich use of color and figures which seem flat and stiff. The figures also tend to appear to be floating, and to have large eyes. Backgrounds tend to be solidly golden or toned. Intended as religious lessons, they were presented clearly and simply in order to be easily learned. Early Byzantine art is often called "Early Christian art." |
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attribute
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An identifying feature in art (keys, stigmata, Mary's blue robe etc.)
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tempera
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A paint and process involving an emulsion of oil and water. It was in use before the invention of oil paints. Traditionally it involves an egg emulsion; thus the term egg tempera. The pigments or colors are mixed with an emulsion of egg yolks (removed from their sacs) or of size, rather than oil, and can be thinned and solved with water. Also known as egg tempera and temper.
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perspective
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The technique artists use to project an illusion of the three-dimensional world onto a two-dimensional surface. Perspective helps to create a sense of depth — of receding space. Fundamental techniques used to achieve perspective are: controlling variation between sizes of depicted subjects, overlapping some of them, and placing those that are on the depicted ground as lower when nearer and higher when deeper.
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fresco
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A method of painting on plaster, either dry (dry fresco or fresco secco) or wet (wet or true fresco). In the latter method, pigments are applied to thin layers of wet plaster so that they will be absorbed and the painting becomes part of the wall.
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Netherlandish painting; Flemish painting
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refers to the work of artists, also known as the Flemish Primitives, active in the Low Countries during the 15th- and 16th-century Northern Renaissance, especially in the flourishing Burgundian cities of Tournai, Bruges, Ghent and Brussels. The period begins approximately with the careers of Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck.
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illuminated manuscript
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is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations.
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tempera/gouache
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A heavy, opaque watercolor paint, sometimes called body color, producing a less wet-appearing and more strongly colored picture than ordinary watercolor. Also, any painting produced with gouache.
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parchment; vellum
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is derived from the Latin word “vitulinum” meaning "made from calf", leading to Old French “Vélin” ("calfskin").[1] It is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books. It is a near-synonym of the word parchment, but "vellum" tends to be the term used for finer-quality parchment.
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Book of Hours
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is an illuminated, Christian devotional book that was popular among the Christians of Northern Europe during the Middle Ages. A typical book of hours contains: A calendar of the liturgical year (feast days etc.)
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diptych; triptych; polyptych
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Multipanel works of art defined by the number of panels determine if the work is diptych; triptych; polyptych.
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disguised symbolism
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Something would be normally be there in the context, but has an additional meaning.
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donor portraits
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a larger painting or other work showing the person who commissioned and paid for the image, or a member of his, or (much more rarely) her, family. Donor portrait usually refers to the portrait or portraits of donors alone, as a section of a larger work.
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oil paint, glazes
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Oil paint introduced opaque color capabilities in paintings. Oil glaze is a transparent wash of pigment.
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relief print
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Printing methods in which a block of wood, linoleum or some other material's surface is carved so that an image can be printed from it — un-carved areas receiving ink which transfers to another surface when the block is pressed against it. Block printing.
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woodcut
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A print made by cutting a design in side-grain of a block of wood, also called a woodblock print. The ink is transferred from the raised surfaces to paper.
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intaglio print
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is the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface, and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink.[1] It is the direct opposite of a relief print.
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engraving
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A method of cutting or incising a design into a material, usually metal, with a sharp tool called a graver. One of the intaglio methods of making prints, in engraving, a print can be made by inking such an incised (engraved) surface. It may also refer to a print produced in this way. Most contemporary engraving is done in the production of currency, certificates, etc.
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Early Renaissance—Italy, 15th century
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Early Renaissance, mostly in Italy, bridges the art period during the fifteenth century, between the Middle Ages and the High Renaissance in Italy. It is generally known that Renaissance matured in Northen Europe later, in 16th century.
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Filippo Brunelleschi
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was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his discovery of perspective and for engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design. His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy.
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all’ antica
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In the manner of the ancients.
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contrapposto
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The position of a human figure in painting or sculpture in which the hips and legs are turned in a different direction from that of the shoulders and head; the twisting of a figure on its own vertical axis. Especially a way of sculpting a human figure in a natural pose with the weight of one leg, the shoulder, and hips counterbalancing each other. Thus it is sometimes called "weight shift." This technique was developed late in the ancient Greek period.
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the Medici
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was a political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th century. The family originated in the Mugello region of the Tuscan countryside, gradually rising until they were able to found the Medici Bank. The bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, seeing the Medici gain political power in Florence — though officially they remained simply citizens rather than monarchs.
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chiaroscuro
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A word borrowed from Italian ("light and shade" or "dark") referring to the modeling of volume by depicting light and shade by contrasting them boldly.
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tromp l’oeil
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A French term literally meaning "trick the eye." Sometimes called illusionism, it's a style of painting which gives the appearance of three-dimensional, or photographic realism. It flourished from the Renaissance onward. The discovery of linear perspective in fifteenth-century Italy and advancements in the science of optics in the seventeenth-century Netherlands enabled artists to render object and spaces with eye-fooling exactitude.
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linear perspective
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A system of drawing or painting in which the artist attempts to create the illusion of spatial depth on a two-dimensional surface. It works by following consistent geometric rules for rendering objects as they appear to the human eye. For instance, we see parallel lines as converging in the distance, although in reality they do not. Stated another way, the lines of buildings and other objects in a picture are slanted inward making them appear to extend back into space.
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Leon Battista Alberti
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"Universal Man". Promoted teh rise of the renaissance. Was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer and general Renaissance humanist polymath. Although he is often characterized as an "architect" exclusively, as James Beck has observed,[2] "to single out one of Leon Battista's 'fields' over others as somehow functionally independent and self-sufficient is of no help at all to any effort to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts."
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the “Albertian window”
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was a conceptual method for renaissance artists to understand perspective (“fenestra aperta”, the “window to the outside”), which has since become internalised within visual culture.
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Humanism
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Any attitude that gives priority to human endeavors, their values, capacities, worth, interests, needs, and welfare, rather than to those of the gods, the spirits, the animals, or any other non-human thing. Also, the study of the humanities. The term is frequently qualified, as in "Renaissance humanism," which is characterized by a love of the achievements of the Greco-Roman world, an optimism that humans are inherently endowed with the skills necessary to reshape the world according to their own needs, and a belief in inherent human dignity. While the Renaissance humanists did not see their enlightened self-interest as a contradiction of their Christianity, a few recent demagogues identify "secular humanism" as a tacitly atheistic preoccupation with human affairs. Example art: Leonardo da Vinci Study of proportions.
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Neo-Platonism
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"New Plato-ism" term for a school of mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists, with its earliest contributor believed to be Plotinus, and his teacher Ammonius Saccas.
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allegory
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When the literal content of a work stands for abstract ideas, suggesting a parallel, deeper, symbolic sense. Art example: Garden of Earthly Delights.
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di sotto in sù
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A technique of representing perspective in ceiling painting. Literally, "from below upwards."
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sfumato
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In painting, the technique of blurring or softening sharp outlines by subtle and gradual blending (feathering) of one tone into another. The smokelike haziness of this effect slightly lessens the perception that a still image is entirely still, instead lending a vague sense of movement. It is best known in the paintings of the Italian Renaissance artists Leonardo da Vinci and Correggio.
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cartoon
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A kind of drawing done to get people thinking, angry, laughing, or otherwise amused, often accompanied by a caption. A cartoon usually has simple lines, uses basic colors, and tells a story in one or a series of pictures called frames or panels.
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Vitruvius
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Famous Roman architect, engineer, and author of the celebrated treatise De architectura (On Architecture), a handbook for Roman architects.
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Classical orders: Doric order
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Classical orders: Ionic Order
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Classical orders: Corinthian Order
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putto/putti
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is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually nude and sometimes winged. Putti are distinct from cherubim. In the plural, "the Cherubim" refers to the biblical angels. While "cherubs" represent the second order of angels,[2] putti are secular and present a non-religious passion
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High Renaissance
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The climax of Renaissance art, from c. 1500-1525. This was the period when painting especially reached its peak of technical mastery. Italian art attained the High Renaissance ideal of harmony and balance within the framework of classical realism, most notably in the work of artists Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), and Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) (1483-1520), along with the great Venetian masters, Titian (c. 1485/90-1576) and Tintoretto (1518-1594).
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Pope Julius II
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His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts - he commissioned the destruction and rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, plus Michelangelo's decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
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St. Peter’s Basilica
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is a Late Renaissance church located within Vatican City. Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture.
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iconography
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Iconography is the pictorial representation of a subject, or the collected images (or icons) illustrating a subject — pictures, diagrams, etc. Iconography can mean the description of representational works of art.
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The three mains methods of art history are the analysis of the:
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formal elements, iconography, social & historical context
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The Vatican
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an independent state forming an enclave in Rome, with extraterritoriality over 12 churches and palaces in Rome: the only remaining Papal State; independence recognized by the Italian government in 1929; contains St Peter's Basilica and Square and the Vatican; the spiritual and administrative centre of the Roman Catholic Church. Languages: Italian and Latin.
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Venetian painting
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The Venetian painting technique of artists like Titian and Giorgione during the Italian Renaissance was derived from the painting technique of Northern Renaissance artists. Strongly influencing Venetian artists were the oil painting techniques developed by the Van Eyck brothers, Flemish painters working around 1400. The Van Eyck's painting technique combined the use of egg tempera and oil painting. The underpainting was done in a grisaille technique of tempera, with pure colored oil glazes applied on top. This combination painting technique worked well for their small panel paintings, producing the luminous, jewel-like tones for which they are so famous.
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1527 Sack of Rome
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was a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles and the League of Cognac (1526–1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.
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Maniera
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meaning "style" or "manner". Like the English word “style,” maniera can either be used to indicate a specific type of style (a beautiful style, an abrasive style) or be used to indicate an absolute that needs no qualification (someone ‘has style’).[2] In the second edition of his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1568), Giorgio Vasari used maniera in three different contexts: to discuss an artist's manner or method of working; to describe a personal or group style, such as the term maniera greca to refer to the Byzantine style or simply to the maniera of Michelangelo.
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Mannerism
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is a period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about 1580 in Italy, when the Baroque style began to replace it, but Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century.[1]
Stylistically, Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting to, the harmonious ideals and restrained naturalism associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and early Michelangelo. |
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Kunstkammer or Wunderkammer
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Most literally, the German word Kunstkabinett means a "cabinet of curiosities," and a Kunstkammer is a "chamber of curiosities,"
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