Arslp 1.2 Central Nervous System (Cns)

Front 1

Central Nervous System / CNS

Back 1

this is composed of the spinal cord and the brain

Front 2

brain

Back 2

this part acts as a "central station" that coordinates, integrates info, and command directions for action

Front 3

CNS

Back 3

this acts as a motor command center for planning, origanizing, and carrying out the transmission of messages

Front 4

spinal cord

Back 4

an elongated structure within the spinal canal of the vertebral column

Front 5

brain

Back 5

the most important structure in the body for language, speech, and hearing

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brainstem

Back 6

said to be the oldest part of the brain; it connects the spinal cord with the brain via the diencephalon

Front 7

brainstem

Back 7

this structure serves as a bridge between the cerebullum and all other CNS structures, including the spinal cord, the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and cerebrum

Front 8

brainstem

Back 8

structure where most cranial nerves originate from

Front 9

1 longitudinal fiber tracts

2 cranial nerve nuclei

3 reticular formation

Back 9

3 internal parts of the brainstem

Front 10

1 midbrain

2 pons

3 medulla oblongata

Back 10

3 external key structures of the brainstem

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mesencephalon

Back 11

other term for midbrain

Front 12

midbrain or mesencephalon

Back 12

a narrow structure that lies superior to the pons and inferior to the diencephalon

Front 13

superior peduncles

Back 13

part of the midbrain that helps connect the brainstem and cerebellum

Front 14

midbrain or mesencephalon

Back 14

part of the brain's ventricular system, the cerebral aqueduct, runs through this structure

Front 15

midbrain or mesencephalon

Back 15

this structure contains the cranial nerve nuclei for CN IV Trochlear and CN III oculomotor nerves (both not involved in speech production)

Front 16

metencephalon

Back 16

other term for pons

Front 17

pons or metencephalon

Back 17

a rounded, bulging structure that bridges the two halves of the cerebellum; directly inferior to the midbrain

Front 18

inferior and middle peduncles

Back 18

structure that allows the pons and midbrain to serve a connection point between the cerebellum and various cerebral structures

Front 19

pons or metencephalon

Back 19

structure that transmits information relative to movement from the cerebal hemispheres to the cerebellum

Front 20

pons or metencephalon

Back 20

this structure contains many descending motor fibers and is involved with hearing and balance

Front 21

pons or metencephalon

Back 21

this structure houses the nuclei for CN V trigeminal and CN VII facial nerves that are important for speech production

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myelencephalon

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other term for medulla

Front 23

medulla or myelencephalon

Back 23

structure inferior to the midbrain and pons; uppermost portion of the spinal cord

Front 24

foramen magnum

Back 24

part where the spinal cord enter the cranial cavity; it's at the base of the skull

Front 25

medulla or myelencephalon

Back 25

structure that contains all the fibers that originate in the cerebellum and cerebrum and moves downward to form the spinal cord

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medulla or myelencephalon

Back 26

structure that includes several centers that control vital, automatic bodily functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and BP

Front 27

medulla or myelencephalon

Back 27

this structure also facilitates many reflexes, including sneezing, coughing, blinking, and vomiting

Front 28

medulla or myelencephalon

Back 28

structure that is very important for speech production since it contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei

Front 29

medulla or myelencephalon

Back 29

structure that houses the nuclei of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII (which are all very important for speech and hearing)

Front 30

pyramidal tracts

Back 30

part of medulla; nerve fibers that carry commands from the motor center of the brain to various muscles

Front 31

medulla or myelencephalon

Back 31

at the level of this structure, many pyramidal tracts from the left and right side of the brain decussate to the other side

Front 32

reticular activating system / RAS

Back 32

structure that is within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord

Front 33

reticular activating system / RAS

Back 33

structure that integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it

Front 34

reticular activating system / RAS

Back 34

structure that is the primary mechanism of attention and consciousness; it arouses the cortex

Front 35

reticular activating system / RAS

Back 35

structure that responds to incoming information by affecting the state of a person's alertness or consciousness

Front 36

reticular activating system / RAS

Back 36

important in controlling sleep-wake cycles

Front 37

diencephalon

Back 37

structure that lies above the midbrain and between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres

Front 38

1 thalamus

2 hypothalamus

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the two main structures of the diencephalon

Front 39

third ventricle

Back 39

part of diencephalon; a tall and narrow space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 40

thalamus

Back 40

largest structure in the diencephalon and considered a primary sensory relay and integration center

Front 41

thalamus

Back 41

regulates the sensory information that flows into the brain and relay sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex

Front 42

thalamus

Back 42

structure that receives information about motor impulses from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia and relays this information to motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Front 43

thalamus

Back 43

structure that is critical for maintenance of consciousness and alertness. the exact role of this structure in speech and language is unclear

Front 44

basal ganglia

Back 44

are structures deep within the brain, near the thalamus and lateral ventricles

Front 45

gray matter

Back 45

the basal ganglia is mainly composed of this

Front 46

basal ganglia

Back 46

a highly complex system of neural pathways that have connections with many subcortical and cortical areas

Front 47

basal ganglia

Back 47

structure that receive input primarily from the frontal lobe and relay infromation back to the higher centers of the brain via the thalamus

Front 48

basal ganglia

Back 48

structure that is comprised of the corpus striatum

Front 49

corpus striatum

Back 49

the collective term for the globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus

Front 50

extrapyramidal system

Back 50

the basal ganglia is part of this system

Front 51

extrapyramidal system

Back 51

structure that helps regulate and modify cortically initiated motor movements, including speech

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substantia nigra

Back 52

structure that produces dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter

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dopamine

Back 53

a lack of this neurotransmitter results motor disorders, such as Parkinsonism

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basal ganglia

Back 54

lesions in this structure can result in unusual body postures

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basal ganglia

Back 55

lesions in this structure can result in dysarthria

Front 56

basal ganglia

Back 56

lesions in this structure can result in dyskinesia (uncontrolled and involuntary movements)

Front 57

basal ganglia

Back 57

lesions in this structure can interfere with a person's voluntary attempts to walks, speak, or do many other activities

Front 58

cerebellum

Back 58

stucture that is below the cerebrum and behind the brainstem

Front 59

vermis

Back 59

this structure separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Front 60

1 superior cerebellar peduncles

2 middle cerebellar peduncles

3 inferior cerebellar peduncles

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which three primary fiber bundles serve as connections between the brainstem and cerebellum

Front 61

superior cerebellar peduncles

Back 61

connects the cerebellum and midbrain

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middle cerebellar peduncles

Back 62

connects the cerebellum and the pons

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inferior cerebellar peduncles

Back 63

connect the cerebellum and medulla

Front 64

peduncles

Back 64

structures where all afferent and efferent fibers going to and from the cerebellum pass through

Front 65

afferent fibers (in the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles)

Back 65

these fibers in the cerebellum mediate almost all sensorimotor information to the cerebellum

Front 66

efferent fibers (superior cerebellar peduncles)

Back 66

these fibers transmit information from the cerebellum to the brainstem; from there, the info is transmitted to the thalamus, motor cortex, and spinal cord

Front 67

cerebellum

Back 67

not a primary motor integration or intiation center; it acts as a "mediator" of neuronal activity through its efferent and afferent circuits

Front 68

cerebellum

Back 68

structure considered as the error control device of the brain because it constantly fine-tunes movements by comparing the action to the intended movement and makes adjustments as necessary

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Purkinje cells

Back 69

large neurons found in the cerebellum that release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

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Pukinje cells

Back 70

the only output cells of the cerebellum

Front 71

cerebellum

Back 71

regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements

Front 72

cerebellum

Back 72

important for movements necessary for rapid speech

Front 73

ataxia

Back 73

neurological disorder that causes abnormal gait, disturbed balance, and speech disorder

Front 74

cerebellum

Back 74

damage in this structure causes ataxia

Front 75

cerebrum or cerebral cortex

Back 75

the biggest and most important CNS structure for language, speech, and hearing

Front 76

cerebrum or cerebral cortex

Back 76

it is a complex structure of intricate neural connections that contains approx. 10-15 billion neurons and weighs about 3 pounds

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cerebrum or cerebral cortex

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this includes that topmost portion of the brain but is actually arranged in six layers; each one consisting of a different type of cell

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gyrus

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a ridge on the cortex

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sulcus

Back 79

a shallow valley on the cortex

Front 80

fissures

Back 80

term for deeper valleys on the cortex; these are fewer in numbers compared to sulci

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fissures

Back 81

structure of the cortex that serve as boundaries between the broad divisions of the cerebrum

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longitudinal fissure

Back 82

this courses along the middle of the brain from front to back and divides the cerebrum into the left and right hemisphere

Front 83

longitudinal fissure

Back 83

a deep fissure that extends down to the corpus callosum

Front 84

fissure of Rolando / central sulcus

Back 84

a major fissure that runs laterally, downward, and forward, and arbitrarily divides the anterior from the posterior half of the brain

Front 85

Sylvian fissure or lateral cerebral fissure (sulcus)

Back 85

fissure that starts at the inferior protion of the frontal lobe at the base of the brain and moves laterally and upward

Front 86

Sylvian fissure or lateral cerebral fissure (sulcus)

Back 86

the areas of the brain surrounding this fissure are especially critical in language, speech, and hearing

Front 87

1 frontal

2 parietal

3 occipital

4 temporal

Back 87

the four lobes in each hemisphere of the brain

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frontal lobe

Back 88

located on the anterior protion of the cerebrum in front of the central fissure and above the lateral fissure

Front 89

frontal lobe

Back 89

makes up approx. 1/3 of the surface area of the cerebrum

Front 90

front lobe

Back 90

part of the cortex that is critical to the deliberate formation of plans and intentions that dictate a person's conscious behavior

Front 91

frontal lobe

Back 91

lesions to this leads to difficulty in carrying out consciously organized activity

Front 92

1 pimary motor cortex

2 supplementary motor cortex

3 Broca's area

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areas of the frontal lobe that is important for speech production

Front 93

primary motor cortex or motor strip

Back 93

part of the cortex located on the precentral gyrus that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles on the OPPOSITE side of the body

Front 94

precentral gyrus

Back 94

a large ridge that is anterior to the central sulcus

Front 95

contralateral motor control

Back 95

a neurological principle which means that each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

Front 96

pyramidal system

Back 96

a neural pathway that controls muscle movements

Front 97

extrapyramidal system

Back 97

a neural pathway that modifies motor impulses with its indirect and comlex relay stations

Front 98

supplementary motor cortex of the frontal lobe

Back 98

this structure is believed to be involved in the motor planning of speech; plays a secondary role in regulating muscle movement

Front 99

broca's area

Back 99

an important motor speech center; controls lip, tongue, jaw, and laryngeal movements

Front 100

broca's area

Back 100

also known as inferior frontal gyrus and is located in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere

Front 101

parietal lobe

Back 101

located on the upper sides of the cerebrum behind the frontal lobe

Front 102

parietal lobe

Back 102

cortex area known as the primary somatic sensory area

Front 103

parietal lobe

Back 103

part of cortex that integrates contralateral somatic sensations (eg., pressure, pain, temperature, touch)

Front 104

postcentral gyrus or sensory cortex or sensory strip

Back 104

part of parietal lobe that is the primary sensory area that integrates and controls somatic sensory impulses

Front 105

1 supramarginal gyrus

2 angular gyrus

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two specific areas of the parietal lobe that is important for speech and language

Front 106

supramarginal gyrus

Back 106

part of parietal lobe; damage to this can cause conduction aphasia and agraphia (writing disorder)

Front 107

angular gyrus

Back 107

part of parietal lobe; damage to this area can cause writing, reading, and naming naming difficulties

Front 108

angular gyrus

Back 108

part of parietal lobe; can cause transcortical sensory aphasia

Front 109

occipital lobe

Back 109

part of the cortex that lies behind the parietal lobe at the lower portion of the head, just above the cerebellum

Front 110

occipital lobe

Back 110

part of cortex that is primarily concerned with receiving and processing visual information

Front 111

primary visual cortex

Back 111

the major structure of the occipital lobe

Front 112

temporal lobe

Back 112

part of cortex that comprises that lowest 1/3 of the cerebrum

Front 113

1 superior (upper) temporal gyrus

2 middle temporal gyrus

3 inferior (lower) temporal gyrus

Back 113

three major gyri in the temporal lobe

Front 114

superior temporal gyrus

Back 114

the auditory cortex is located in which gyrus

Front 115

Heschl's gyri

Back 115

a term sometimes used in reference to the transverse convolutions that make up the auditory association cortex and primary auditory cortex

Front 116

primary auditory cortex

Back 116

part of the cortex that receives sound stimuli from the acoustic nerve bilaterally

Front 117

auditory association area

Back 117

part of the cortex that synthesizes info from the primary auditory cortex so it can be recognized as whole units

Front 118

dominant hemisphere (usually left)

Back 118

which hemisphere does auditory association area analyze speech sounds to be recognized as words and sentences

Front 119

nondominant hemisphere (typically the right)

Back 119

which hemisphere does the audtory association area analyzes nonverbal sound stimuli (e.g., noises, music, prosody)

Front 120

posterior 2/3 of the superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere

Back 120

where is Wernicke's area located

Front 121

Wernicke's area

Back 121

cortical area critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language

Front 122

arcuate fasciculus

Back 122

Wernicke's area and Broca's area is connected through this structure

Front 123

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 123

a lesion in the posterior portion of the left superior temporal gyrus causes this condition

Front 124

Wernicke's area

Back 124

condition where the patient produces fluent but meaningless speech and experiences significant language comprehension problems

Front 125

temporal lobe

Back 125

where is the hippocampus located

Front 126

hippocampus

Back 126

this structure is responsible for recalling information and storing long term memories

Front 127

anterograde or retrograde amnesia

Back 127

lesions in the hippocampus can cause these conditions

Front 128

anterograde amnesia

Back 128

inability to create new memories

Front 129

retrograde amnesia

Back 129

inabilty to remember memories prior to the lesion

Front 130

pyramidal system

Back 130

the direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement

Front 131

1 corticobulbar tract

2 corticospinal tract

Back 131

the pyramidal system is comprised of these two tracts

Front 132

corticospinal tract

Back 132

this tract terminate in the spinal cord

Front 133

corticobulbar tract

Back 133

this tract terminate in the brainstem

Front 134

cerebral cortex

Back 134

the projection fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts originate from where

Front 135

precentral gyrus > genu of internal capsule > midbrain > pons > upper medulla > pyramidal decussation at lower medulla > contalateral for lateral corticospinal tract, unilateral for anterior corticospinal tract > vertebrae foramina > muscles

Back 135

corticospinal tract steps

Front 136

80-85%

Back 136

percentage of fibers that decussate at the lower medulla level in the corticospinal tract

Front 137

anterior horn (motor gray matter) of spinal cord

Back 137

where the decussated fibers of the corticospinal tract synapse

Front 138

left cerebral cortex

Back 138

in the corticospinal tract, the right side of the body is generally controlled by nerve fibers that originate from this area

Front 139

right side

Back 139

left hemisphere stroke affects which side of the body

Front 140

corticobulbar tract

Back 140

this tract is critical to speech production since the fibers in this tract control all the voluntary movements of the speech muscles (except respiratory muscles)

Front 141

brainstem at the motor nuclei of cranial nerves III- XII

Back 141

where does the corticobulbar tract fibers terminate

Front 142

brainstem

Back 142

at which level does the corticobulbar tract decussate

Front 143

lower motor neurons (LMN)

Back 143

these are the motor neurons (efferent nerves) in the spinal and cranial nerves

Front 144

lower motor neurons

Back 144

they include nerve fibers that exit the neuraxis (spinal cord or brain) and communicate with the peripheral (cranial and spinal) nerves for innervation of muscles

Front 145

peripheral nervous system

Back 145

lower motor neurons are part of which classification of the nervous system

Front 146

upper motor neurons

Back 146

are the motor fibers (efferent nerves) within the CNS that includes all descending fibers that course through the CNS

Front 147

upper motor neurons

Back 147

these motor neurons include the pathways of both the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal systems

Front 148

extrapyramidal systems

Back 148

this system transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by those fine motor movements

Front 149

extrapyramidal systems

Back 149

this is considered a more indirect activation system that interacts with various motor sysems in the nervous system

Front 150

extrapyramidal systems

Back 150

damage to this creates motor disturbances that fall under the rubric of "involuntary movement disorders"

Front 151

extrapyramidal systems

Back 151

damage to this may result to the patient showing unusual movement patterns of various muscles and bizarre postures

Front 152

fasciculi

Back 152

these are longer fibers that connect distant areas in the brain

Front 153

intrahemispheric fibers

Back 153

this allows areas whithin each hemisphere to communicate with each other

Front 154

interhemispheric fibers

Back 154

this permit communication between hemisphere are composed mostly of myelinated axonal fibers or white matter

Front 155

projection fibers

Back 155

kind of fibers that create connections between the cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord

Front 156

internal capsule

Back 156

this contains the concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem

Front 157

internal capsule

Back 157

this transmits motor and sensory nformation to and from the cerebral cortex and between the basal ganglia and thalamus

Front 158

corona radiata

Back 158

this fiber fans out toward the upper regions of the brain; consists of both afferent and efferent fibers

Front 159

association areas

Back 159

areas that connect areas within the same hemisphere and assist in maintaining communication between the structures in a hemisphere

Front 160

superior longitudinal fibers or arcuate fasciculus

Back 160

an important association fiber that arches backward from the lower part of the frontal lobe to the posterior part of the temporal lobe

Front 161

superior longitudinal fibers or arcuate fasciculus

Back 161

these fibers connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area

Front 162

conduction aphasia

Back 162

kind of aphasia hwere there are little to no receptive and expressive language deficits but there's inability to repeaat language presented auditorily

Front 163

commissural fibers

Back 163

these fibers are interhemispheric connectors which run horizontally and connect the corresponding areas of the two hemispheres

Front 164

corpus callosum

Back 164

damage to this structure results in disconnection syndromes characterized by problems in naming, reading, movement, and other functions

Front 165

cerebral ventricles

Back 165

refers to a system of cavities deep within the brain that are filled with csf

Front 166

choroid plexus

Back 166

cerebrospinal fluid is produced in this structure

this is composed of vascular membraneous materials

Front 167

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 167

this circulates throughout the nervous system and nourishes the neural tissues, removes waste products, cushions the brain, and regulates intracranial pressure

Front 168

lateral ventricles (one on each hemisphere)

Back 168

c-shaped ventricles located immediately inferior to the corpus callosum and courses through the lobes of the cortex

Front 169

lateral ventricles (one on each hemisphere)

Back 169

this ventricles' choroid plexus produce the majority of the csf

Front 170

third ventricle

Back 170

this ventricle is behind the lateral ventricles at the top of the brainstem and looks like a broad disk

Front 171

fourth ventricle

Back 171

ventricle located between the cerebellum and the pons and is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord below and the cerebral aqueduct above

Front 172

cerebral aqueduct

Back 172

this structure connects the third and fourth ventricles

Front 173

vertebral column

Back 173

the spinal cord is protected by ths structure

Front 174

meninges

Back 174

this contain three layers of membranes (protective tissue) that cover the brain and spinal cord

Front 175

dura mater

Back 175

outermost layer of the meninges that is thick and tough

Front 176

arachnoid

Back 176

layer of membrane that vascular, semitransparent, think, delicate, and web-like

Front 177

subarachnoid space

Back 177

the space between the arachnoid and pia matter that is filled with csf

Front 178

pia mater

Back 178

layer of the membrane that adheres to the brain surface, delicate, thing, and transparent

Front 179

pia mater

Back 179

layer of the membrain which many blood vessels pentrate to enter the brain

Front 180

aorta

Back 180

main artery of the heart that carries blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lungs

Front 181

vertebral arteries

Back 181

these arteries branch out from the two subclavian arteries

supply primarily the upper extremities

Front 182

basilar artery

Back 182

artery formed from two vertebral arteries joining together at the level of the pons

Front 183

posterior cerebral arteries

Back 183

arteries formed after the basilar artery divides at the upper portion of the pons

Front 184

posterior cerebral arteries

Back 184

these arteries supply the lateral and lower portions of the temporal lobes and the lateral and middle portions of the occipital lobes

Front 185

external carotid artery

Back 185

this artery supplies blood to the muscles of the mouth, nose, forehead, and face

Front 186

internal carotid artery

Back 186

this artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain

Front 187

middle cerebral artery

Back 187

the biggest branch of the internal carotid artery and supplies the lateral surface of the cortex, including major regions of the frontal lobe

Front 188

middle cerebral artery

Back 188

this artery supplies blood to major areas involved with motor and sensory functions and language, speech, and hearing functions

Front 189

middle cerebral artery

Back 189

damage to this artery may cause strokes, causing aphasia, reading and writing deficits, contralateral hemiplegia, and impaired sense of pain, temperature, touch, and position

Front 190

anterior cerebral artery

Back 190

this artery supplies primarily the middle portion of the parietal and frontal lobes as well as the corpus callosum and basal ganglia

Front 191

anterior cerebral artery

Back 191

damage to this artery may cause cognitive deficits, such as impaired judgement, concentration, and reasoning

Front 192

anterior cerebral artery

Back 192

damage to this artery can also cause paralysis of feet and legs

Front 193

circle of willis (circulus arteriosus)

Back 193

a sequence of connections between arteries that is formed at the base of the brain where the two carotid and the two vertebral arteries join

Front 194

1 posterior cerebral artery

2 anterior cerebral artery

3 middle cerebral artery

Back 194

what three arteries branch out from the circle of willis