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194 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Central Nervous System / CNS

this is composed of the spinal cord and the brain

brain

this part acts as a "central station" that coordinates, integrates info, and command directions for action

CNS

this acts as a motor command center for planning, origanizing, and carrying out the transmission of messages

spinal cord

an elongated structure within the spinal canal of the vertebral column

brain

the most important structure in the body for language, speech, and hearing

brainstem

said to be the oldest part of the brain; it connects the spinal cord with the brain via the diencephalon

brainstem

this structure serves as a bridge between the cerebullum and all other CNS structures, including the spinal cord, the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and cerebrum

brainstem

structure where most cranial nerves originate from

1 longitudinal fiber tracts


2 cranial nerve nuclei


3 reticular formation

3 internal parts of the brainstem

1 midbrain


2 pons


3 medulla oblongata

3 external key structures of the brainstem

mesencephalon

other term for midbrain

midbrain or mesencephalon

a narrow structure that lies superior to the pons and inferior to the diencephalon

superior peduncles

part of the midbrain that helps connect the brainstem and cerebellum

midbrain or mesencephalon

part of the brain's ventricular system, the cerebral aqueduct, runs through this structure

midbrain or mesencephalon

this structure contains the cranial nerve nuclei for CN IV Trochlear and CN III oculomotor nerves (both not involved in speech production)

metencephalon

other term for pons

pons or metencephalon

a rounded, bulging structure that bridges the two halves of the cerebellum; directly inferior to the midbrain

inferior and middle peduncles

structure that allows the pons and midbrain to serve a connection point between the cerebellum and various cerebral structures

pons or metencephalon

structure that transmits information relative to movement from the cerebal hemispheres to the cerebellum

pons or metencephalon

this structure contains many descending motor fibers and is involved with hearing and balance

pons or metencephalon

this structure houses the nuclei for CN V trigeminal and CN VII facial nerves that are important for speech production

myelencephalon

other term for medulla

medulla or myelencephalon

structure inferior to the midbrain and pons; uppermost portion of the spinal cord

foramen magnum

part where the spinal cord enter the cranial cavity; it's at the base of the skull

medulla or myelencephalon

structure that contains all the fibers that originate in the cerebellum and cerebrum and moves downward to form the spinal cord

medulla or myelencephalon

structure that includes several centers that control vital, automatic bodily functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and BP

medulla or myelencephalon

this structure also facilitates many reflexes, including sneezing, coughing, blinking, and vomiting

medulla or myelencephalon

structure that is very important for speech production since it contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei

medulla or myelencephalon

structure that houses the nuclei of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII (which are all very important for speech and hearing)

pyramidal tracts

part of medulla; nerve fibers that carry commands from the motor center of the brain to various muscles

medulla or myelencephalon

at the level of this structure, many pyramidal tracts from the left and right side of the brain decussate to the other side

reticular activating system / RAS

structure that is within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord

reticular activating system / RAS

structure that integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it

reticular activating system / RAS

structure that is the primary mechanism of attention and consciousness; it arouses the cortex

reticular activating system / RAS

structure that responds to incoming information by affecting the state of a person's alertness or consciousness

reticular activating system / RAS

important in controlling sleep-wake cycles

diencephalon

structure that lies above the midbrain and between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres

1 thalamus


2 hypothalamus

the two main structures of the diencephalon

third ventricle

part of diencephalon; a tall and narrow space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

thalamus

largest structure in the diencephalon and considered a primary sensory relay and integration center

thalamus

regulates the sensory information that flows into the brain and relay sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex

thalamus

structure that receives information about motor impulses from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia and relays this information to motor areas of the cerebral cortex

thalamus

structure that is critical for maintenance of consciousness and alertness. the exact role of this structure in speech and language is unclear

basal ganglia

are structures deep within the brain, near the thalamus and lateral ventricles

gray matter

the basal ganglia is mainly composed of this

basal ganglia

a highly complex system of neural pathways that have connections with many subcortical and cortical areas

basal ganglia

structure that receive input primarily from the frontal lobe and relay infromation back to the higher centers of the brain via the thalamus

basal ganglia

structure that is comprised of the corpus striatum

corpus striatum

the collective term for the globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus

extrapyramidal system

the basal ganglia is part of this system

extrapyramidal system

structure that helps regulate and modify cortically initiated motor movements, including speech

substantia nigra

structure that produces dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter

dopamine

a lack of this neurotransmitter results motor disorders, such as Parkinsonism

basal ganglia

lesions in this structure can result in unusual body postures

basal ganglia

lesions in this structure can result in dysarthria

basal ganglia

lesions in this structure can result in dyskinesia (uncontrolled and involuntary movements)

basal ganglia

lesions in this structure can interfere with a person's voluntary attempts to walks, speak, or do many other activities

cerebellum

stucture that is below the cerebrum and behind the brainstem

vermis

this structure separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

1 superior cerebellar peduncles


2 middle cerebellar peduncles


3 inferior cerebellar peduncles

which three primary fiber bundles serve as connections between the brainstem and cerebellum

superior cerebellar peduncles

connects the cerebellum and midbrain

middle cerebellar peduncles

connects the cerebellum and the pons

inferior cerebellar peduncles

connect the cerebellum and medulla

peduncles

structures where all afferent and efferent fibers going to and from the cerebellum pass through

afferent fibers (in the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles)

these fibers in the cerebellum mediate almost all sensorimotor information to the cerebellum

efferent fibers (superior cerebellar peduncles)

these fibers transmit information from the cerebellum to the brainstem; from there, the info is transmitted to the thalamus, motor cortex, and spinal cord

cerebellum

not a primary motor integration or intiation center; it acts as a "mediator" of neuronal activity through its efferent and afferent circuits

cerebellum

structure considered as the error control device of the brain because it constantly fine-tunes movements by comparing the action to the intended movement and makes adjustments as necessary

Purkinje cells

large neurons found in the cerebellum that release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

Pukinje cells

the only output cells of the cerebellum

cerebellum

regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements

cerebellum

important for movements necessary for rapid speech

ataxia

neurological disorder that causes abnormal gait, disturbed balance, and speech disorder

cerebellum

damage in this structure causes ataxia

cerebrum or cerebral cortex

the biggest and most important CNS structure for language, speech, and hearing

cerebrum or cerebral cortex

it is a complex structure of intricate neural connections that contains approx. 10-15 billion neurons and weighs about 3 pounds

cerebrum or cerebral cortex

this includes that topmost portion of the brain but is actually arranged in six layers; each one consisting of a different type of cell

gyrus

a ridge on the cortex

sulcus

a shallow valley on the cortex

fissures

term for deeper valleys on the cortex; these are fewer in numbers compared to sulci

fissures

structure of the cortex that serve as boundaries between the broad divisions of the cerebrum

longitudinal fissure

this courses along the middle of the brain from front to back and divides the cerebrum into the left and right hemisphere

longitudinal fissure

a deep fissure that extends down to the corpus callosum

fissure of Rolando / central sulcus

a major fissure that runs laterally, downward, and forward, and arbitrarily divides the anterior from the posterior half of the brain

Sylvian fissure or lateral cerebral fissure (sulcus)

fissure that starts at the inferior protion of the frontal lobe at the base of the brain and moves laterally and upward

Sylvian fissure or lateral cerebral fissure (sulcus)

the areas of the brain surrounding this fissure are especially critical in language, speech, and hearing

1 frontal


2 parietal


3 occipital


4 temporal

the four lobes in each hemisphere of the brain

frontal lobe

located on the anterior protion of the cerebrum in front of the central fissure and above the lateral fissure

frontal lobe

makes up approx. 1/3 of the surface area of the cerebrum

front lobe

part of the cortex that is critical to the deliberate formation of plans and intentions that dictate a person's conscious behavior

frontal lobe

lesions to this leads to difficulty in carrying out consciously organized activity

1 pimary motor cortex


2 supplementary motor cortex


3 Broca's area

areas of the frontal lobe that is important for speech production

primary motor cortex or motor strip

part of the cortex located on the precentral gyrus that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles on the OPPOSITE side of the body

precentral gyrus

a large ridge that is anterior to the central sulcus

contralateral motor control

a neurological principle which means that each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

pyramidal system

a neural pathway that controls muscle movements

extrapyramidal system

a neural pathway that modifies motor impulses with its indirect and comlex relay stations

supplementary motor cortex of the frontal lobe

this structure is believed to be involved in the motor planning of speech; plays a secondary role in regulating muscle movement

broca's area

an important motor speech center; controls lip, tongue, jaw, and laryngeal movements

broca's area

also known as inferior frontal gyrus and is located in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere

parietal lobe

located on the upper sides of the cerebrum behind the frontal lobe

parietal lobe

cortex area known as the primary somatic sensory area

parietal lobe

part of cortex that integrates contralateral somatic sensations (eg., pressure, pain, temperature, touch)

postcentral gyrus or sensory cortex or sensory strip

part of parietal lobe that is the primary sensory area that integrates and controls somatic sensory impulses

1 supramarginal gyrus


2 angular gyrus

two specific areas of the parietal lobe that is important for speech and language

supramarginal gyrus

part of parietal lobe; damage to this can cause conduction aphasia and agraphia (writing disorder)

angular gyrus

part of parietal lobe; damage to this area can cause writing, reading, and naming naming difficulties

angular gyrus

part of parietal lobe; can cause transcortical sensory aphasia

occipital lobe

part of the cortex that lies behind the parietal lobe at the lower portion of the head, just above the cerebellum

occipital lobe

part of cortex that is primarily concerned with receiving and processing visual information

primary visual cortex

the major structure of the occipital lobe

temporal lobe

part of cortex that comprises that lowest 1/3 of the cerebrum

1 superior (upper) temporal gyrus


2 middle temporal gyrus


3 inferior (lower) temporal gyrus

three major gyri in the temporal lobe

superior temporal gyrus

the auditory cortex is located in which gyrus

Heschl's gyri

a term sometimes used in reference to the transverse convolutions that make up the auditory association cortex and primary auditory cortex

primary auditory cortex

part of the cortex that receives sound stimuli from the acoustic nerve bilaterally

auditory association area

part of the cortex that synthesizes info from the primary auditory cortex so it can be recognized as whole units

dominant hemisphere (usually left)

which hemisphere does auditory association area analyze speech sounds to be recognized as words and sentences

nondominant hemisphere (typically the right)

which hemisphere does the audtory association area analyzes nonverbal sound stimuli (e.g., noises, music, prosody)

posterior 2/3 of the superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere

where is Wernicke's area located

Wernicke's area

cortical area critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language

arcuate fasciculus

Wernicke's area and Broca's area is connected through this structure

Wernicke's aphasia

a lesion in the posterior portion of the left superior temporal gyrus causes this condition

Wernicke's area

condition where the patient produces fluent but meaningless speech and experiences significant language comprehension problems

temporal lobe

where is the hippocampus located

hippocampus

this structure is responsible for recalling information and storing long term memories

anterograde or retrograde amnesia

lesions in the hippocampus can cause these conditions

anterograde amnesia

inability to create new memories

retrograde amnesia

inabilty to remember memories prior to the lesion

pyramidal system

the direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement

1 corticobulbar tract


2 corticospinal tract

the pyramidal system is comprised of these two tracts

corticospinal tract

this tract terminate in the spinal cord

corticobulbar tract

this tract terminate in the brainstem

cerebral cortex

the projection fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts originate from where

precentral gyrus > genu of internal capsule > midbrain > pons > upper medulla > pyramidal decussation at lower medulla > contalateral for lateral corticospinal tract, unilateral for anterior corticospinal tract > vertebrae foramina > muscles

corticospinal tract steps

80-85%

percentage of fibers that decussate at the lower medulla level in the corticospinal tract

anterior horn (motor gray matter) of spinal cord

where the decussated fibers of the corticospinal tract synapse

left cerebral cortex

in the corticospinal tract, the right side of the body is generally controlled by nerve fibers that originate from this area

right side

left hemisphere stroke affects which side of the body

corticobulbar tract

this tract is critical to speech production since the fibers in this tract control all the voluntary movements of the speech muscles (except respiratory muscles)

brainstem at the motor nuclei of cranial nerves III- XII

where does the corticobulbar tract fibers terminate

brainstem

at which level does the corticobulbar tract decussate

lower motor neurons (LMN)

these are the motor neurons (efferent nerves) in the spinal and cranial nerves

lower motor neurons

they include nerve fibers that exit the neuraxis (spinal cord or brain) and communicate with the peripheral (cranial and spinal) nerves for innervation of muscles

peripheral nervous system

lower motor neurons are part of which classification of the nervous system

upper motor neurons

are the motor fibers (efferent nerves) within the CNS that includes all descending fibers that course through the CNS

upper motor neurons

these motor neurons include the pathways of both the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal systems

extrapyramidal systems

this system transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by those fine motor movements

extrapyramidal systems

this is considered a more indirect activation system that interacts with various motor sysems in the nervous system

extrapyramidal systems

damage to this creates motor disturbances that fall under the rubric of "involuntary movement disorders"

extrapyramidal systems

damage to this may result to the patient showing unusual movement patterns of various muscles and bizarre postures

fasciculi

these are longer fibers that connect distant areas in the brain

intrahemispheric fibers

this allows areas whithin each hemisphere to communicate with each other

interhemispheric fibers

this permit communication between hemisphere are composed mostly of myelinated axonal fibers or white matter

projection fibers

kind of fibers that create connections between the cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord

internal capsule

this contains the concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem

internal capsule

this transmits motor and sensory nformation to and from the cerebral cortex and between the basal ganglia and thalamus

corona radiata

this fiber fans out toward the upper regions of the brain; consists of both afferent and efferent fibers

association areas

areas that connect areas within the same hemisphere and assist in maintaining communication between the structures in a hemisphere

superior longitudinal fibers or arcuate fasciculus

an important association fiber that arches backward from the lower part of the frontal lobe to the posterior part of the temporal lobe

superior longitudinal fibers or arcuate fasciculus

these fibers connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area

conduction aphasia

kind of aphasia hwere there are little to no receptive and expressive language deficits but there's inability to repeaat language presented auditorily

commissural fibers

these fibers are interhemispheric connectors which run horizontally and connect the corresponding areas of the two hemispheres

corpus callosum

damage to this structure results in disconnection syndromes characterized by problems in naming, reading, movement, and other functions

cerebral ventricles

refers to a system of cavities deep within the brain that are filled with csf

choroid plexus

cerebrospinal fluid is produced in this structure


this is composed of vascular membraneous materials

cerebrospinal fluid

this circulates throughout the nervous system and nourishes the neural tissues, removes waste products, cushions the brain, and regulates intracranial pressure

lateral ventricles (one on each hemisphere)

c-shaped ventricles located immediately inferior to the corpus callosum and courses through the lobes of the cortex

lateral ventricles (one on each hemisphere)

this ventricles' choroid plexus produce the majority of the csf

third ventricle

this ventricle is behind the lateral ventricles at the top of the brainstem and looks like a broad disk

fourth ventricle

ventricle located between the cerebellum and the pons and is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord below and the cerebral aqueduct above

cerebral aqueduct

this structure connects the third and fourth ventricles

vertebral column

the spinal cord is protected by ths structure

meninges

this contain three layers of membranes (protective tissue) that cover the brain and spinal cord

dura mater

outermost layer of the meninges that is thick and tough

arachnoid

layer of membrane that vascular, semitransparent, think, delicate, and web-like

subarachnoid space

the space between the arachnoid and pia matter that is filled with csf

pia mater

layer of the membrane that adheres to the brain surface, delicate, thing, and transparent

pia mater

layer of the membrain which many blood vessels pentrate to enter the brain

aorta

main artery of the heart that carries blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lungs

vertebral arteries

these arteries branch out from the two subclavian arteries


supply primarily the upper extremities

basilar artery

artery formed from two vertebral arteries joining together at the level of the pons

posterior cerebral arteries

arteries formed after the basilar artery divides at the upper portion of the pons

posterior cerebral arteries

these arteries supply the lateral and lower portions of the temporal lobes and the lateral and middle portions of the occipital lobes

external carotid artery

this artery supplies blood to the muscles of the mouth, nose, forehead, and face

internal carotid artery

this artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain

middle cerebral artery

the biggest branch of the internal carotid artery and supplies the lateral surface of the cortex, including major regions of the frontal lobe

middle cerebral artery

this artery supplies blood to major areas involved with motor and sensory functions and language, speech, and hearing functions

middle cerebral artery

damage to this artery may cause strokes, causing aphasia, reading and writing deficits, contralateral hemiplegia, and impaired sense of pain, temperature, touch, and position

anterior cerebral artery

this artery supplies primarily the middle portion of the parietal and frontal lobes as well as the corpus callosum and basal ganglia

anterior cerebral artery

damage to this artery may cause cognitive deficits, such as impaired judgement, concentration, and reasoning

anterior cerebral artery

damage to this artery can also cause paralysis of feet and legs

circle of willis (circulus arteriosus)

a sequence of connections between arteries that is formed at the base of the brain where the two carotid and the two vertebral arteries join

1 posterior cerebral artery


2 anterior cerebral artery


3 middle cerebral artery

what three arteries branch out from the circle of willis