Arrt Section 1: Radiation Protection, Biological Aspects Of Radiation

Front 1

What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by an early response to a high-dose exposure?

Back 1

Deterministic (nonstochastic)

Front 2

What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by a late response to low-dose exposure(s)?

Back 2

Stochastic (probabilistic)

Front 3

What is described as a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue?

Back 3

LET (linear energy transfer)

Front 4

What are three examples of radiation-induced conditions that follow a linear nonthreshold dose-response relationship?

Back 4

Genetic effects

Radiation-induced cancer

Leukemia

Front 5

Skin effects that result from fluoroscopic exposure follow what type of dose-response relationship?

Back 5

Nonlinear (sigmoid), threshold dose response

Front 6

What type of effects are described as: "those biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases"?

Back 6

Nonstochastic (deterministic) effects

Front 7

What is the cellular component having the greatest radio biological significance?

Back 7

DNA

Front 8

What effect does the presence of oxygen have on radiosensitivity?

Back 8

Oxygen increases radiosensitivity

Front 9

Which of the following ionizing radiation has the highest LET? alpha, beta, gamma

Back 9

Alpha

Front 10

What is the term used to describe the human sequence of events following high-level radiation exposure, and leading to death in a short time?

Back 10

Acute radiation syndrome

Front 11

List the three major types of acute radiation syndrome.

Back 11

Hematological

Gastrointestinal

CNS

Front 12

Back 12

1

1

20

Front 13

Describe the energy and LET of occupational radiation.

Back 13

Low energy and low LET

Front 14

Give two examples of common local tissues that can be affected by ionizing radiation.

Back 14

Skin

Eye lens

Front 15

Erythema can be an effect of excessive ionizing radiation exposure to what body part?

Back 15

Skin

Front 16

List the following in order of decreasing radiosensitivity: skin, lungs, gonads, liver

Back 16

Gonads

Lungs

Liver

Skin

Front 17

Radiation-induced biologic damage to living organisms is termed __________ effects.

Back 17

Somatic

Front 18

Nonstochastic effects may also be referred to as __________ effects.

Back 18

Deterministic

Front 19

Back 19

Front 20

Somatic effects that occur within minutes, hours, days, or weeks after initial irritation are termed __________.

Back 20

Early, or short-term, effects

Front 21

What minimum radiation dose is required in order for acute radiation syndrome to occur?

Back 21

1 Gy

Front 22

The latent period in acute radiation syndrome decreases as radiation exposure __________.

Back 22

Increases

Front 23

How does oxygenation affect cell/tissue radiosensitivity?

Back 23

Increases radiosensitivity

Front 24

What is the LD 50/30 for adult humans?

Back 24

3-4 Gy

Front 25

A dose of 2 Gy to the skin can cause a radiation-induced reddening, termed __________.

Back 25

Erythema

Front 26

Ionizing radiation-induced hair loss is termed __________.

Back 26

Epilation or alopecia

Front 27

What is the name of the particularly radiosensitive male sex cell?

Back 27

Spermatogonia

Front 28

What is the target organ believed responsible for radiation-induced leukemia?

Back 28

Bone marrow

Front 29

What radiation exposure dose to ovaries will result in temporary infertility?

Back 29

2 Gy

Front 30

In which portion of pregnancy is the embryo/fetus most radiosensitive?

Back 30

The first trimester

Front 31

What is defined as: "the estimated dose to the gonads that, if received by the total population gene pool, would produce the total genetic effect on the population as the sum of the individual doses actually received"?

Back 31

Genetically significant dose (GSD)

Front 32

What are the three guidelines for determining when the gonads should be shielded?

Back 32

When the gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated primary beam

When the patient is of reproductive age

When the clinical objectives permit

Front 33

What three parts of the body should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible?

Back 33

Lens of the eye

Breasts

Reproductive organs

Front 34

When a 1-mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield female reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by about how much?

Back 34

50%

Front 35

When a 1-mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield male reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by about how much?

Back 35

90% to 95%

Front 36

List four types of late effects of ionizing radiation exposure.

Back 36

Carcinogenesis

Cataractogenesis

Embryological effect

Lifespan shortening

Front 37

What skin layer is most radiosensitive?

Back 37

Basal cell

Front 38

Which are the two interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells that occur most often?

Back 38

Compton scatter and photoelectric effect

Front 39

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells occurs with high-energy photons?

Back 39

Compton scatter

Front 40

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is most likely to occur with tissues having high atomic number?

Back 40

Photoelectric effect

Front 41

Which of the major attractions between x-ray photons and tissue cells results in total absorption of the incident photon?

Back 41

Photoelectric effect

Front 42

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is a major contributor to patient dose?

Back 42

Photoelectric effect

Front 43

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells predominates in the diagnostic x-ray range?

Back 43

Compton scatter

Front 44

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is responsible for scattered radiation fog?

Back 44

Compton scatter

Front 45

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells poses a radiation hazard to personnel?

Back 45

Compton scatter

Front 46

The diagram illustrates which interaction between x-ray photons and matter?

Back 46

Compton scatter

Front 47

What kind of incident photon energy is involved in this diagram?

Back 47

High energy

Front 48

With what frequency does this interaction occur in comparison to other types of interactions between x-ray photons and matter?

Back 48

Compton scatter occurs most frequently

Front 49

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves an outer shell electron and only partial transfer of energy?

Back 49

Compton scatter

Front 50

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a low-energy incident photon?

Back 50

Photoelectric effect

Front 51

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most damaging to the diagnostic image?

Back 51

Compton scatter

Front 52

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves the greatest patient dose?

Back 52

Photoelectric effect

Front 53

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter occurs least often and is the only a direction that does not cause ionization?

Back 53

Coherent scatter/unmodified scatter

Front 54

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a recoil electron?

Back 54

Compton scatter

Front 55

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most likely to occur in high-density tissues like bone?

Back 55

Photoelectric effect

Front 56

What name is given to the ejected electron in the interaction pictured here?

Back 56

Recoil electron

Front 57

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves most potential radiation hazard to personnel?

Back 57

Compton scatter

Front 58

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter produces a characteristic ray?

Back 58

Photoelectric effect

Front 59

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is more likely to produce short-scale contrast?

Back 59

Photoelectric effect

Front 60

What component of personal dosimeter functions to evaluate radiation quality?

Back 60

Filters

Front 61

Which of the following three types of personal radiation monitoring devices is most sensitive?

Thermoluminescent dosimeter

Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter

Film badge

Back 61

Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter

Front 62

What are the two weighting factors that are used to determine the Sievert?

Back 62

Wt and Wr