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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do women weave?
How do mean weave? |
women: while sitting on the ground
men: while seated in a chair or standing |
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Colours of weavings represent:
foreigners wear what colour of weavings? |
place in the community
colourless |
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Sami |
Animating essence |
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Samiyuq |
one who processes sami
-singers, storytellers, artists etc |
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Native Andeans catholic god is modelled on: |
hispanic patron (landowner) |
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You work for your landowner (god) and: |
he looks after you |
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Hanan Pacha |
Heaven -work, eat, get tired and sick just as they do on earth |
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For native andeans, there view on the processes of the earth (water, sky, earth etc.) is: |
all connected -vast circulatory system |
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Chulpas |
Towers made of stones that the dead and bones are buried in |
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Machakuna |
-a great race of giants that lived in the moonlight -escaped the sun in by building chumps and lived inside them during the day to escape the sun -Now seen as bad omens, sometimes fertility spirits |
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Andean Worlds: (3) |
3 Pachas:
1.) Ukhu Pacha 2.)Kay Pacha 3.) Hanan Pacha |
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Pacha |
"world" or "time" -series of worlds that overlap -coexist simultaneously, beings of one world can step into another |
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Ukhu Pacha |
Inner world (underworld)
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Kay Pacha
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Our world -transition world, beings that are passing from the upper and lower can appear hear |
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Hanan Pacha |
upper world |
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When are children typically given a name? |
Once they reach there first haircutting |
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When are children given there adult name? |
When they reach puberty |
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Myth: |
explains the world around us and how things came to be |
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1st mythical Inca ruler: |
Manco Capac (Manqo Qhapaq) |
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Where does the inca creation story begin? |
Tiahuanaco -ancient ruin that predates the incas that they had to explain
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What was Tiahuanaco to the Incas? |
Saw it as the place where Viracocha live
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Viracocha |
the creator god |
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Viracocha, before the sun existed, created: |
a race of giants, who upset him and then he turned to stone
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Viracocha created another world after with: |
the sun (female) and the moon (male) in it
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Where did Viracocha create the sun and the moon? |
Lake Titicaca at the Island of the sun and the moon |
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Where did the sun and the moon rise from? |
a rock outcrop |
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Viracocha then created what? |
different ethnic groups from clay, giving them each there own clothes, hairstyles and language
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What did Viracocha tell the ethnic groups to do? |
Go underground and spring up all over regions in the Andes -explains the population of the Andes |
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Who was amongst these ethnic groups? |
The Incas |
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Why were the Incas special? |
Before they went underground, Inti the Sun God told them that they were blessed children, and have dominion over everyone (were to rule) -told to go forth and civilize the world |
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Where did the Incas emerge? |
Pacariqtambo -Inn of the Dawn
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What came out of the 3 caves at Pacariqtambo? |
The 8 Royal Incas 4 brothers 4 sisters
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4 brothers |
The Ayar 1.) Manqo 2.) Kachi 3.) Uchu 4.) Aqwa |
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4 sisters: |
Mama 1.) Oqlyo 2.) Waqo 3.) Ipa Qora 4.) Rawa |
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Ayar Kachi |
Created ravines in the mountains with his sling stones -caused problems, so the rest of the siblings trapped him back in the caves they emerged from |
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Ayar Uchu |
Decided to preside over the Inca manhood rights -turned himself into a mountain peak, Huanacauri, boys would have to run up this to become a man |
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Ayar Awqa |
Turned himself into a giant boulder to become a guardian at the fields |
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Ayar Manqo |
Marries his sister, Mama Waqo |
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Mama Waqo |
Defeated the savages that were already living in Cuzco by attacking them and ripping out there heart and lungs with her teeth -Won the Valley |
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Ayar Manqo Qhapac and Mama Oqlyo gave birth to: and where: |
Zinchi Roq'a -on the journey to Cuzco |
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Zinchi Roq'a produced: |
Lloq'e Yupanki -as an old man Zinchi and his wife gave birth to him, a miracle |
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Lloq'e produced |
Mayta Qhapaq -born after only 3 months, full set of teeth Grew very quickly |
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The origins related with Lake Titicaca area justified what for the Incas? |
When later then came back and took over these areas, said they were just coming home
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What else do these origin myths justify? |
-Features on the landscapes: ravines, peaks -Inca rituals, customs: manhood rights -Brother/sister marriage -All the Inca conquests: Inti told them to rule |
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Archeological version of origins: |
Most likely originated from the Cuzco valley, one of the political groups jockeying for power
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Cuzco became: |
The Inca Capital |
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Tawantinsuyu |
"The parts that are in there four-ness make a whole" |
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Tawantinsuyu was right at its peak when: and under who: |
Right before the spanish arrived Under Wayna Qhapaq
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How did the Incas record history? |
Through narrative poems recited by royal rememberers |
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What is the problem with this way of recording history? |
New emperors could change the history to how he choose to see it |
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Who ruled the andes during the 1400 AD time period? |
Viracocha -whole series of ethnic groups around the Incas, series of political groups |
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Who were Viracocha's 2 sons? |
1.) Inca Urcon
2.) Inca Yupanqui |
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Who attacks Cuzco and the Incas during Viracochas reign? |
The Chancas
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Who stands up to them and who runs away to hide? |
Yupanqui makes a stand Viracocha and Inca Urcon run and hide in a fortress |
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Why did Yupanqui win against the Chancas? |
-He was divinely favoured by the gods -Stones on the battle ford rose up and turned into men to support him |
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What does Yupanqui do after he defeats the Chancas? |
Follows them back to there territory and conquers them, know they acknowledge him as there lord |
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Who does Yupanqui give his victory to and what does that person do in turn with it? |
To his father Viracocha who gives it to Urcon |
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Why didn't the Incas like Urcon? |
He was a womanizer, drunk, fat, given to many vices |
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What happens to urcon? |
he is murdered by Yupanqui supporters |
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What is Yupanqui called after he is declared king? |
Pachakuti (earth shaker) |
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What was the first thing Pachakuti does as emperor? |
Goes down to Lake Titicaca and conquers the Qolla and Lupaqa |
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Who does Pachakuti send North? |
One of his half brothers with an army |
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What happens to the army that is under command of Pachakutis half brother: |
The entire Chanca contingent deserts |
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What does the half brother do to make up for his loss? |
Goes farther north then instructed, past the Yanamayu River and to Cajamarca in the North
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Who does the half brother defeat at Cajamarca? |
The Chimus, a state level society, sophisticated political group |
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Why does this upset Pachakuti? |
Pachakuti didn't want to attack the Chimus yet, now he had to commit to the north earlier then he wanted to |
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What happens to his half brother |
He is executed when he returns to Cuzco after his victory |
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What did the Incas take from the Chimu after they had fully defeated them |
-There superior metalists -the concept of mass production -the concept of split inheritance |
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Who becomes emperor after Pachakuti and when? |
Topa Inca 1471 |
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Who was Topa Incas older brother and what did he do? |
Topa Carmaco Was a great administrator, kept things running in Cuzco while Topa Inca was off conquering |
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Who received the throne after an emperor died? |
the most capable son, not always the eldest
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Where does Topa Inca conquer? |
Up to Ecuador |
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How can you tell where a Runa is from? |
By there clothing |
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Capacinos: |
Modern spanish for peasants |
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Sonqo origins had: |
4 Ages: 1.) Pre-inca 2.) Inca 3.) Colonial 4.) 19th century Republic era |
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Pre Inca time: |
Time of the Machakuna -giants that built stone houses to hide from the sun
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3 Leaders of the Machakuna: |
-Alfonso -Luca -Dio |
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When do the Machakuna disappear? |
-A new sun occurs; Pachakuti |
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Inca time: |
The first Runakuna appear
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Who are the Runakuna leaders and where did they come from: |
1.) Puma-Qulqekancha
2.) Chura-Yutukalli
3.) Yukra-Uhukancha -sprang from the ground at these places |
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Colonial Spanish Time: |
Another Pachakuti occurs: Pisti Timpu |
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What was the Pisti Timpu
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-a time of plague and taxes -wage labor introduced by the Spanish, destroyed the way of life for the first Runa |
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19th Century Republic Era: |
Time of the 3 Anton Quispes -community leaders that walked around with wipes to make sure everyone was working |
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Who were the 3 Anton Quispes: |
1.) Pillikunka: senior, Rufinas grandfather
2.) Pakupuhru: wore a felt hat
3.) Ayapata: from another area, not originally an Anton Quispe |
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Patterns in stories: |
Pattern of the #3 association of landscapes |
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Time in the Andeans POV |
past and present are the same, repetitive episodes in myths |
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Ayllu |
A group united by a common focus
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Examples of focusses of an ayllu: |
-ancestor or lineage -sacred place, tirakuna -specialists in something, such as sandal making etc. |
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Whats the most common ayllu focus? |
Shared ancestors and places |
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What did the Inca nobility called their ayllu? |
Panaca |
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What is the common focus for capacino's today? |
Where you are from, where you live |
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Sayas |
Regions divided in half -a circle with a line through it, one cannot survive without the other
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Cuzco's 2 sayas: |
Hanansaya (upper)
Hurinsaya (lower) |
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Earliest kings panacas belonged to:
Later kings panacas belonged to: |
1.) Hurinsaya
2.)Hanansaya |
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What saya did waskar belong to? |
Was born into Hanansaya but then switched to Hurinsaya because he got more support there |
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Neighborhood level ayllu: |
Qhalipampa ayllu |
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Community level ayllu: |
Sonqo ayllu |
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District level ayllu: |
Colquepata ayllu |
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Provincial level ayllu |
Paucartambo ayllu |
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Department level ayllu: |
Cuzco ayllu |
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Lower level ayllus are rested: |
within larger and larger levels of ayllu |
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Saqra: |
Demonic cannibal that had a 2nd mouth on that back of its neck and eats people in the high kuna |
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Saqra Tiranda |
Demonic store, if a capacina enters it, the store will disappear and he will fall deathly ill |
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Nak'aqs or Peshtaco |
Horrible evil misti kanas (foreigners) that sucks the fat out of there victims -don't bleed! -some versions saw they use the fat to run machines, symbol for the goodness getting sucked out of the runa and being used by the foreigners
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The Varayuqkuna system in Sonqo |
4 step hierarchy: regidor alguacil -> regidor mayor -> alcalde segundor -> alcalde |
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Regidor alguacil |
Assistant town crier -young 14 year old boy -race up to a hill and blow conch shell and call out announcements |
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Regidor mayor |
18 or 19 -senior town crier |
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Alcalde Segundor
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Assistant mayor -mid 20's with family -provides labor, good worker |
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Alcade
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Mayor -30,40 or 50s -would be focus in the community -sponsors public events, work parties, rituals etc. -wife has to be wira warmi |
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Political Structure of the Chuschi |
Taksa Alguacils (12) -> Hatun Alguacils (6) -> Taksa Regidores (4) -> Hatun Regidores (2) -> Taksa Alcaldes (2) -> Hutan Alcade (1) -> Senor Cesante (retires) |
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Hatun:
Taksa: |
1.) great
2.) assistant (learning) |
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Senor Cesante: |
People who were once Hatan Alcades |
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How are people decided for each role? |
Community decides by talking about it |
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Women have great authority and power but: |
not seen on the surface |
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Women usually own the |
flocks of sheep and alpacas |
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How do women bring things up at community meetings? |
Quietly gather support from other women beforehand, then get a male to bring it forward |
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4 parts of the world: |
Chinchasuyu North Antisuyu East Cuntisuyu South Kollasuyu West |
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Where did people start to rebel against Topa Inca? |
In Antisuyu |
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What happen during the Antisuyu campaign? |
The Kollasuyu, deserted, told the people in there homeland that Topa Inca had been defeated causing a rebellion in there territory |
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How did Topa Inca handle this rebellion? |
Harshly, slaughtered entire villages |
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Who does Topa Inca marry? |
His full sister -like Manqo in the creation myths -keeps the royal bloodline true |
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Who is the next emperor and who? |
Wayna Capac 1493 |
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When did he become emperor? |
When he was very young
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What were some of the troubles Wayna Capac experienced? |
1.) Coos against him -his uncle who started to help him rule, created a coo against him, but is found out and executed
2.) Rebellion east of Cajamarca -sends an army and puts it to rest |
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What does Wayna Capac do in the Cocha Pampa Valley |
Imports 10,000 workers here for maize crops Mitmaq system!
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What happens in 1515 AD |
There is another rebellion in the Quito area -Wayna Capac tries to keep it quiet so no one else would rebel -Eventually subdues the rebellion
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What does Wayna Capac call his lineage? |
Timupampa Panaca after where he was born |
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Kusi Rimaq |
Wayana Qhapaqs full sister who he marries
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Kusi Rimaq and Wayna Capacs 2 childern: |
Ninan, Marka |
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Rahua Oqilo |
First consort of wayna capac -full sister, considered highly noble
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Oqilos and wayna capacs 3 children: |
1.) waskhar 2.) Miro 3.) Auqui |
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Tocto |
another consort of wayna capac -first cousin -ranked lower then Oqilo because she is a cousin
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Tocto and Wayna Capacs child: |
Ata Walpa |
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Why did the emperor have so many consorts? |
Because part of his job was to produce full blood Incas for administration |
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What does a childs status depend on? |
There mothers status |
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Cuzco was considered |
The center of the world, or all the world worth knowing about |
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How would the Incas takeover an area? |
Show up on the border, send in ambassadors who paid homage to the local gods "flatter the local people" -offer a gift to the local lord, if he accepts, he has to give something back, usually let the Incas in -Incas would not alter the local lifestyle much, just use there people for labor and warriors
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What would the Incas do to ensure the regions they took over didn't do something like rebel? |
They would take the local lords son to Cuzco for "education" -basically ransom -would inca-fy him |
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Hiearchy of Inca Positions |
1.) Emperor: Sapa Inca
2.) Lords of the 4 Suyus
3.) Governors: report to the lords |
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What were not disturbed when Inca takeovers happened? |
The local customs usually always stayed in place ex.) Chincas had a temple dedicated to transvestite services, Incas didn't disrupt this |
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How did the Inca Empire keep track of its people? |
Administrative units: Chief of 10,000 households Chief of 5000 households Chief of 1000 households Chief of 500 households Chief of 100 households Foreman of 50 households Foreman of 10 households
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How long would it take to deliver a message to all these ranks?
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No more then 2 weeks |
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Khipus |
How the Incas kept track of things -Long cord with knots tied on it on different layers
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What did Khipus keep track of? |
Numbers How many people lived in each province How many warriors, how many were married, how many children etc. |
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Laguna de los Condores |
Khipus that may have recorded info spanning 2 or more years |
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What were khipus made of? |
Alpaca, hair, cotton |
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Qhapaqnan |
Royal Road -road system of the empire |
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Where did the roads radiate out from? |
Cuzco |
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How many km's did the roads cover? |
40,000 |
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Why was the road system inconvenient for the spaniards? |
Didn't fit 2 horses side by side |
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Governor of Bridges |
Responsible for every bridge and maintaining roads in a province |
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why were the roads so sophisticated? |
Had water runoffs Flat and even Used paving stones |
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When were bridges renewed? |
Every year, hundreds of people came together to renew them |
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Why were the Incas so focused on maintaining there roads and bridges? |
They connected the large empire, if kept in perfect condition, they could move an army anywhere quickly |
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Chasqui |
Messengers of the Inca empire -young men, trained since boyhood -ran day and night no matter the weather
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How far apart where chasqui stations |
"every long run" or "flight of the hawk" -5 km roughly |
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What would the chasquis do to alert the others they were coming? |
Blow a conch shell |
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What are rest stations built for? |
To provide shelter and replenish an army if it passes through |
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Huanaco Pampa |
Administrative center in the Inca province of Huanaco -3500 buildings here built by the Incas, nothing here beforehand
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Ushnu |
Imperial viewing platform -placed in plazas, where nobility would appear -parades would happen around it -where leaders would make announcements |
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Aqllawasi |
-House of the Chosen women; akllakuna
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How were women chosen to live in the Aqllawasi? |
-had to be flawless, young, a virgin -could be pure inca, or from ethnic groups -could be commoners or noble |
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How long were the akllakuna in the house of the chosen |
-4 years, could only leave for important ceremonies
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What would the Akllakuna do in the house? |
-create elaborate weavings which the lord would sometimes use these as gifts |
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Mamakuna |
Esteemed mothers who look after and teach the Akllakuna -had a conference and decided what to do with the girls after there 4 years |
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What were some of the things that would happen to the girls after their 4 years |
-given as a special gift to men who have done tremendous deeds for the emperor -could be selected to become mamakunas -could become priestesses, married to gods -rarely could be chosen as human sacrifices |
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Why would Incas preform human sacrifices? |
In important situations -a region experiencing a long drought -a leader is going to war -an emperor has died |
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What happened to the Akllakuna once she has been chosen for the sacrifice? |
-She would be carried around the province for a full year and given the best of everything before she delivered a message to the gods -then killed by a sharp blow to the back of the head or strangled |
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Colcas (Colqas) |
Storehouses
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How many colcas were in Huanaco Pampa |
500 |
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What were the storehouses used for? |
Storing food, clothing, weapons and other goods |
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When were the storehouses accessed: |
when the army passed through
when there was a bad agriculture year |
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How were the colqas built? |
On a hillside, with a air duct and ventilation shaft that comes up through the floor -kept things dry, food kept for longer |
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Mit'a |
Taxes paid by labor |
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Who would provide the labor tax from a household each year? |
an adult for a couple of months in haunaco pampa |
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How much of the people did the emperor have working for him at one time? |
1/10th |
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Where would you live during your mit'a? |
in big dormitories with halls and communal kitchens in Huanaco pampa |
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What would you receive as a gift after you preform your mit'a? |
women: a shawl men: a tunic |
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What were some of the things you might be doing? |
-working on roads, bridges -look after crops -work in quarries -herding -weaving |
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Mitmaq system
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Groups of people strategically moved by the emperor around the empire |
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What were the reasons the Emperor did this? |
1.) Political
2.) Economic
3.) Religious |
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Political reasons: |
-dispersing rebellions -would move a really rebellious group out of a territory and place them in an area surrounded by loyalists |
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Economic reasons: |
Would move artisans and farmers to areas where they were needed ex.) Milliayas; Incas decided they needed more textiles and pottery in this region, moved 1000 weavers and 300 potters here |
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Religious reasons: |
To provide staff at important Inca sanctuaries that needed permanent staff ex.) Copacabana (near lake Titicaca); a pilgrimage centre that had 42 different ethinc groups that had been moved there to serve the shrines there |
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Ortiz visita discovery: |
Found a group of people moved to an area to support a nearby fortress protecting the empire from jungle people |
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What was Carmichael trying to search for? |
Visitas Ortiz went on -most importantly Ananpiua, seat of the Chief of all the Mitmaqs in the Cuzco area |
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Royal Estates belonged to: |
Individual panacas, not the state -an individual emperor would own many estates located throughout the empire |
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Where would the emperor have his estates? |
in land he conquered or close to Cuzco |
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What was Wazcars problem? |
all the land worth taking hand already been conquered, and all the land around Cuzco was taken -So he declared the area Huanaco pampa as his personal estate |
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Yanakuna |
permanent servants of a particular Inca emperor and his lineage -very well treated, not like slavery -would be chosen from all over the empire |
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Pisac: |
Pacha Kutis estate -highly productive -good irrigation system -temple there
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Yucay, Quispiguanca:
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-Wayna Capacs estate -Warm climates
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K'intu |
Ritual arrangement of coca leaves -3 or 5 leaves in a row |
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Phukuy: |
Ritual blowing -blow on coca towards the intended desitination
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Paqo: |
Diviner -someone hired to do special ritual properly |
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Sami: |
Life force (animating essence) |
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Despachos: |
Burnt offerings -a mixture of things, coca seeds, tropical seeds, incense, starfish, coloured foil paper, animal fat |
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Enqa: |
Power object -anything with power in it -shiny object, pebble, fossil, little figurines |
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Offering examples: |
seashells, coloured beans, chicha, coca |
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what are the 2 things not allowed when drinking? |
1.) boasting; never announce you are going to take on a cargo
2.) drinking alone, considered drinking with the devil |
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When do people drink in the andes? |
At public events, communal thing |
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What is the "Feeding of the Dead" |
Special ritual on All Souls Day Nov. 1st -make offerings and send food to the dead by feeding a specialist who transfers the food he eats to the dead ancestors |
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Moiety |
Dual division in society |
