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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Argyle Alkema and Gilmour (1971)
Tone of voice |
Aim: tone of voice affect interpreting verbal message
Method: diff group of participants either heard friendly messages in hostile tones or hostile messages in friendly tones Results: Participants asked to interpret messages, found tone of voice 5 times more affective than message Conclusion: tone of voice extremely important how we interpret messages |
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Argyle (1968)
Eye contact |
Aim: interrupting eye contact affects conversation
Method: pairs of participants watched having convo. In half of conversations one participant wore dark glasses, in half they they didnt Results: more pauses and interruptions when when one of participants wore dark glasses than didnt Conclusion: eye contact vital to ensure smooth flow of conversation |
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Hess (1963)
Pupil Dilation |
Aim: effect pupil dilation on emotion
Method: participants shown two sets of photos of eyes. 1 set pupil been enlarged other set pupil been reduced Results: participants preferred photo with enlarged pupil, found it more attractive Conclusion:pupil dilation unconscious powerful effect on emotion |
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Sackeim (1978)
Facial expressions |
Aim: look relationship between facial expressions and hemispheres of brain
Method: pics of people faces showing different emotions cut down middle. new pictures created with each half face and its mirror image. each pair of new faces show to participants and asked which one like better Results: majority preferred left half of face and reflection as said it looks 'warmer' Conclusion: left side of face expresses more emotion than right |
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McGinley (1975)
Postural Echo |
Aim: effect of postural echo when having convo
Method:confederate approached individuals in social setting and had conversations with them. in half of meetings confederate echoed posture of person they were talking to and in half didnt. after experimenter asked them what they thought of confederate Results: people confederate used postural echo with liked confederate and had more positive views than those who didnt have postural echo who felt it was awkward Conclusion: posturual echo gives unconscious message of friendliness |
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McGinley, Lefevre, McGinley (1975)
Open and closed posture |
Aim: effect of open and closed posture in convo
Method: confederate approached individuals in special setting and had convo with them. half of conversations confederate had open posture in half had closed posture. after researcher asked individuals what they thought of confederate Results: individuals confederate had open posture with saw him as friendly and attractive. when had closed posture individuals thought wasnt as nice Conclusion: posture someone adopts makes difference to how much they are liked |
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Lynn and Mynier (1993)
Gestures |
Aim: effect of gestures used by waiters/waitresses on tipping behaviour of customers in restaurant
Method: while taking orders from seated customers waiters/tresses were told to either stand upright or squat near customer so eye level Results: when squatted larger tips than when stood upright Conclusion: gesture of squatting down near customer to take order more positive effect on tipping behaviour |
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Fisher Rytting and Heslin (1976)
Touch |
Aim: effect of touch on peoples attitude
Method: female and male students in library handed books by librarian (confederate). used different library clerks (male and female). half students briefly touched on hand by librarian when handed book and others not touched. Results: when questioned, those touched more positive attitude towards library and librarian than those who not touched. males not express same feelings as males Conclusion: touch unconscious positive effect on attitudes |
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Argyle and Dean (1965)
Sex differences on personal space |
Aim: sex differences affect personal space?
Method: 1 at time, participants asked to sit and have convo with confederate. sometimes confederate same sex as participant sometimes opposite sex. confederate sat a different distances from participants and continually looked in their eyes Results: opposite sex: participants broke eye contact and sat greater distance than when confederate was same sex. ( this was point personal space been invaded) Conclusion: prefer greater amount of personal space when having convo with opposite sex |
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Willis (1966)
Age affect on Personal space |
Aim: age affect on personal space
Method: observed almost 800 individuals in different social situations ( parks, cafes etc) Results:those he observed: stood closer to people own age and further away from those much older or younger than themselves Conclusion: age difference affects how close people stand to eachother |
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Summer (1969)
Cultural differences on personal space |
Aim: affect of cultural differences on personal space
Method: observed groups of white English people and groups of Arab people in convo Results: comfortable convo distance for white was 1-1.5 meters but for Arabs was much less than that Conclusion: use of personal space in normal convo varies with culture |
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Zahn (1991)
Status on Personal space |
Aim: status affect on personal space
Method: observed people of equal status approaching eachother to have convo and observed those of unequal status doing the same Results: found people of lower status not approach those with higher status as close as did if they were equal status Conclusion: use of personal space varies with difference in status when approaching others |
