Non-Verbal Communication

Front 1

Non-verbal communication

Back 1

Sending a message to someone without the use of speech

Front 2

Paralinguistics

Back 2

Vocal features that accompany speech such as tone of voice, emphasis or intonation

Front 3

What eye contact does

Back 3

Helps a conversation flow smoothly. Gives feedback about how you're being received and can help express emotions.

Front 4

Eye contact study description

Back 4

• Participants shown images nearly identical image of woman except size of pupils. Asked which was more attractive.

• Picture with dilated pupils was more attractive, couldn't say why

• Pupil dilation has subconscious affect on emotion

Front 5

List the universally recognised facial expressions

Back 5

• Surprise

• Happiness

• Sadness

• Anger

• Disgust

• Fear

• Interest

Front 6

Posture

Back 6

The positioning of the body as a non-verbal communication signal

Front 7

Closed posture

Back 7

• Positioning the arms so that they are folded across the body and legs crossed

• Usually signals there are shy, nervous and uncomfortable

Front 8

Open posture

Back 8

• Positioning the arms so they aren't folded across the body and legs aren't crossed

• Usually signals they are relaxed and comfortable

Front 9

Postural echo

Back 9

• Mirroring another person's posture that you are communicating with

• Usually signals they are/aren't getting on well

Front 10

Postural echo study description

Back 10

• Confederate talked to individuals in social setting and echoed posture in half, other half didn't. Experimenter asked what they thought of confederate after.

• Postural echo used - liked

Postural echo not used - awkward and not liked.

• Postural echo gives unconscious message of friendliness

Front 11

Sackheim (1978) description

Back 11

• Find relation between hemispheres and facial expressions

• People's faces cut down middle and new images created by mirroring it. Pictures shown to participants and asked which they liked better

• Majority preferred picture with left half, said it looked warmer

• Left side of the face expresses more emotion than the right side

Front 12

Gesture

Back 12

A movement of the body to convey a message

Front 13

Gesture study description

Back 13

• Waiters instructed to either squat or stand upright when taking orders

• Waiters that squatted got larger tips

• Gesture of squatting near seated customer will have a positive effect on tipping behaviour

Front 14

Touch

Back 14

Contact between two or more people as a non-verbal communication signal

Front 15

Touch study description

Back 15

• Female students handed books by confederate librarian that touched half the students hands when handing books. Asked after what they thought of librarian

• Students touched had better attitude towards librarian, weren't aware they'd been touched

• Touch has unconscious and positive effect on attitudes

Front 16

Verbal communication study

Back 16

• Different groups shown either friendly or hostile messages with either friendly or hostile tones and asked to interpret messages

• Tone had 5x the effect of the message

• Tone is important to how people interpret verbal messages

Front 17

Personal space

Back 17

Distance we keep between ourselves and others

Front 18

What cultural norms affect personal space in order

Back 18

• Intimate

• Personal

• Social

• Public

Front 19

What factors affect personal space?

Back 19

• Cultural norms

• Sex

• Class

• Age

Front 20

Argyle (1968)

Back 20

• Pairs of participants observed having conversations, half of conversations one wore sunglasses

• More pauses with conversations where one wore glasses

• Eye contact is important to flow of conversation