Apush Vocab Ch. 6-9

Front 1

General William Howe

Back 1

Commander-in-Chief of the British army in America at the beginning of the Revolutionary War. Hesitated to crush Washington in New York and failed to take Saratoga.

Front 2

George Washington

Back 2

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental army. First President of the United States.

Front 3

War of Attrition

Back 3

Washington's military strategy to wear down British will to fight instead of directly confronting superior army.

Front 4

The American Crisis

Back 4

Pamphlet penned by Common Sense author Thomas Paine, containing the famous line "These are the times that try men's souls."

Front 5

Hessians

Back 5

German soldiers paid to fight for the British in the Revolutionary War.

Front 6

Whigs

Back 6

Another name for revolutionary Patriots.

Front 7

Tories

Back 7

Loyalists whose OVERESTIMATED presence was central to British strategy. Mistreatment and emancipation alienated them from joining Brits.

Front 8

Trenton

Back 8

First American victory, Washington daringly crosses Delaware River to take camp of Hessians.

Front 9

Battle of Saratoga

Back 9

Major American victory, convinced the French to join US side.
Gates defeated Burgoyne while Howe was in Philadelphia looking for Tories who weren't there.

Front 10

Nathaniel Green

Back 10

Used guerilla tactics to drive Cornwallis out of the South by baiting them inland, away from coastal resupply.

Front 11

French Contributions

Back 11

Convinced to join American cause after Saratoga proved possibility of British defeat.
Supplied US with ammunition, resources, training, and broke British naval blockade.

Front 12

Horatio Gates

Back 12

American General whose troops defeated the British forces at Saratoga.

Front 13

Henry Clinton

Back 13

Commander-in-Chief of the British army in American replacing General Howe after the Battle of Saratoga.

Front 14

Baron von Steuben

Back 14

Prussian soldier of fortune who trained and inspired Washington's troops at Valley Forge.

Front 15

George Rogers Clark

Back 15

Young American General who is credited with having won the West for the new nation.

Front 16

Lord Cornwallis

Back 16

British General who surrendered his troops at Yorktown.

Front 17

Benedict Arnold

Back 17

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Front 18

John Paul Jones

Back 18

American privateer who helped to disable the British fleet. Credited with the famous words, "I have not yet begun to fight."

Front 19

Battle of Yorktown

Back 19

Last battle of the Revolutionary War, Cornwallis defeated by Washington's army + French navy.

Front 20

Peace of Paris

Back 20

Signed on September 3, 1783, the treaty ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing American independence from Britain also established the border between Canada and the United States, fixed the western border at the Mississippi River, and ceded Florida to Spain.

Front 21

Robert Morris

Back 21

In charge of Finance department in Confederation government, tried unsuccessfully to alleviate postwar depression.

Front 22

coup d'etat

Back 22

A sudden, often violent overthrow of the government.

Front 23

Newburgh Conspiracy

Back 23

Would-be coup d'etat talked down by George Washington.

Front 24

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 24

American plan of how to colonize the west, dividing land into affordable uniform sections.

Front 25

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 25

Created Northwest Territory (Great Lakes region) and set parameters for statehood including abolition of slavery, bill of rights, and equality of new states.

Front 26

Writ of habeas corpus

Back 26

Citizens may not be imprisoned without due process of law; prevents arbitrary arrest.

Front 27

Shays's Rebellion

Back 27

Mass. Daniel Shay's led debt-ridden farmers in raid on Federal arsenal in protest to heavy taxes and seeking paper money/stay laws to alleviate debt.

Front 28

Federalists

Back 28

One of the two first national political parties, it favored a strong central government.

Front 29

Constitutional Convention

Back 29

Meeting in Philadelphia, May 25-September 17, 1787, of representatives from twelve colonies-excepting Rhode Island-to revise the existing Articles of Confederation; convention soon resolved to produce an entirely new constitution.

Front 30

Patrick Henry

Back 30

Foe of centralized government, Antifederalist leader, and representative from the state of Virginia.

Front 31

New Jersey Plan

Back 31

Failed plan to keep the Articles of Confederation but strengthen Congress by letting it levy taxes and create plural executives + supreme court.

Front 32

Virginia Plan

Back 32

Would evolve into Constitution, suggested dividing gov't into the 3 branches and make a bicameral Congress.

Front 33

Great Compromise

Back 33

Reconciled New Jersey + Virginia Plans by making bicameral legislature with equal representation in Senate and population-based representation in House of Representatives.

Front 34

Antifederalists

Back 34

Forerunners of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party; opposed the Constitution as a limitation on individual and states' rights, which led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document.

Front 35

The Federalist

Back 35

Essays by Framers designed to support power of Constitution and reassure the masses that the new gov't wouldn't overstep its bounds.

Front 36

Alexander Hamilton

Back 36

New York Congressman and Federalist leader. Hamilton was the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury.

Front 37

Hamiltonian Policy

Back 37

First Treasury's policy of economic nationalism. Since independence benefitted everyone, everyone had to help foot the bill.

Front 38

Compromise of 1790

Back 38

Created National bank, moved capital south to DC.
National bank overcame worries over constitutionality, regulated economy.

Front 39

Tonnage Act

Back 39

Hamilton economic act that raised money for the government by promoting domestic manufacturing.

Front 40

Bill of Rights

Back 40

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

Front 41

Report on Manufactures

Back 41

Hamilton accurately foretold the future of American industry and proposed tariffs and subsidies to promote it.

Front 42

implied powers

Back 42

Federalists argued that the "elastic clause'' of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution implicitly gave the federal government broad powers, while the Antifederalists held that the federal government's powers were explicitly limited by the Constitution.

Front 43

Republicans

Back 43

Succeeded the Anti-Feds, led by Jefferson + Madison. Supported France, individual + state freedoms.

Front 44

excise tax

Back 44

A tax on the manufacture, consumption or sales of a commodity within a country.

Front 45

John Jay

Back 45

Federalist leader, and first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Front 46

Jay's Treaty

Back 46

Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.

Front 47

Anthony Wayne

Back 47

United States Army General appointed by President Washington to defend the Northwest Territory against Indians.

Front 48

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 48

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on whiskey, crushed by Pres. Washington.

Front 49

Pinckney's Treaty

Back 49

Opened Mississippi River to trade, Spain gave US lands down to 31st parallel.

Front 50

Treaty of Greenville

Back 50

Secured all of Northwest Territory by paying off Indians.

Front 51

Land Act of 1796

Back 51

Doubled the price of an acre of federal land to $2, and reduced the time to pay, making land less accessible to ordinary settlers.

Front 52

Wilderness Road

Back 52

Popular path for immigrants headed westward to Kentucky in the last quarter of the eighteenth century.

Front 53

Daniel Boone

Back 53

Pioneer leader, who helped settlers find their way over the Wilderness Road to the fertile lands of Kentucky.

Front 54

John Adams

Back 54

Federalist and second President of the US.

Front 55

XYZ Affair

Back 55

French foreign minister Tallyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe led to two years of sea war with France (1798-1800).

Front 56

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 56

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens in the US.

Front 57

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Back 57

Passed in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, the resolutions advanced the state-compact theory that held states could nullify an act of Congress if they deemed it unconstitutional.

Front 58

Judiciary Act of 1801

Back 58

Enacted by the lame duck Congress to allow the Federalists, the losing party in the presidential election, to reorganize the judiciary and fill the open judgeships with Federalists.

Front 59

"Revolution of 1800"

Back 59

First time that an American political party surrendered power to the opposition party; Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, had defeated incumbent Adams, a Federalist, for president.

Front 60

Marbury v. Madison

Back 60

US Supreme Court declared Judiciary Act unconstitutional and ESTABLISHED PRECEDENT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW.

Front 61

Barbary pirates

Back 61

Pirates off of Mediterranean who demanded bribes to leave US ships alone, US defeated them in naval war.

Front 62

Louisiana Purchase

Back 62

Jefferson bought Louisiana territory from Napoleon III, doubling nation's size at a bargain price.

Front 63

Lewis and Clark

Back 63

Explorers who, with the help of Sacagawea, mapped the entirety of the Louisiana Territory.

Front 64

Essex Junto

Back 64

Under the leadership of Senator Thomas Pickering, a group of ardent Massachusetts Federalists who considered seceding from the Union.

Front 65

Aaron Burr

Back 65

Asshole vice president to Jefferson. Killed Madison in a duel, and was involved in conspiracy to get Louisiana to secede.

Front 66

The Paper Blockade

Back 66

British blockade of Europe that prohibited trade from any country into continental Europe.

Front 67

Berlin/Milan Decrees

Back 67

France's version of Paper Blockade, restricted neutral trade to Britain and seized all ships that complied with British rules.

Front 68

Embargo Act of 1807

Back 68

Nominally stopped all US exports to foreign ports to avoid war with Britain or France. Loosely enforced and ineffective.

Front 69

Nonintercourse Act

Back 69

Continuation of Jefferson's isolationist Neutrality by president Madison.

Front 70

James Madison

Back 70

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Front 71

War of 1812

Back 71

Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.

Front 72

Tecumseh

Back 72

Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Indians to defend their land.

Front 73

Battle of Tippecanoe

Back 73

William Henry defeated the British-supported Shawnee Indians at the Tippecanoe River.

Front 74

William Henry Harrison

Back 74

Governor of the Indiana Territories who became a national hero after the Battle of Tippecanoe. The last Whig President, he was also the first to die in office (of pneumonia).

Front 75

Sacking of DC

Back 75

DC burned by British troops in War of 1812.

Front 76

Battle of Baltimore

Back 76

Turning Point in War of 1812, American victory.

Front 77

Fort McHenry

Back 77

Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British, inspired "The Star-spangled Banner."

Front 78

Andrew Jackson

Back 78

The ninth President of the United States. He represented Tennessee as a Congressman and Senator, and as a major-general he defeated the British at New Orleans in the War of 1812.

Front 79

Battle of New Orleans

Back 79

Last battle of the War of 1812, General Andrew Jackson led the victorious American troops.

Front 80

Treaty of Ghent

Back 80

Official end to War of 1812, returns states to pre-war climate.

Front 81

Hartford Convention

Back 81

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812, but the war ended before Congress could respond.

Front 82

Rousseau

Back 82

Enlightenment thinker who contributed the idea of CHECKS AND BALANCES.

Front 83

Montesquieu

Back 83

Enlightenment thinker who contributed the idea of SEPARATION OF POWER.

Front 84

John Stuart Mill

Back 84

Enlightenment thinker who contributed the idea of INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY.

Front 85

Voltaire

Back 85

Enlightenment thinker who contributed the idea of FREEDOM OF SPEECH.

Front 86

Adam Smith

Back 86

Enlightenment thinker who contributed the idea of FREE MARKET CAPITALISM.

Front 87

Hobbes

Back 87

Enlightenment thinker who contributed the idea of POPULAR CYNICISM, PROTECTION FROM THE MASSES.