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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines
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land grants
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The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha
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Union Pacific
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The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford
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Central Pacific
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The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by James J. Hill
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Great Northern
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Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds
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stock watering
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Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other forms of interstate commerce
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"Wabash"
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Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition
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Interstate Commerce Commission
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Late 19th century invention that revolutionized communication
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telephone
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First great industrial trust organized by "horizontal integration"
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Standard Oil
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First billion dollar American corporation, organized by J. P. Morgan after he bought if from Carnegie
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US Steel Corporation
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Term that identified southern promoters' belief in a technologically advanced industrial South
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New South
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Black labor organization that briefly flourished in the late 1860s.
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Colored National Labor Union
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Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers; collapsed after the Haymarket Square bombing.
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Knights of Labor
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Skilled labor organizations, such as those of carpenters and printers, that were most successful in conducting strikes and raising wages
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craft unions
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the conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out
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American Federation of Labor
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Inventive genius of industrialization who invented electric light and the phonograph
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Thomas Edison
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The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Carnegie
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J. P. Morgan
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Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists
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John Altgeld
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Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South
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Henry Grady
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Aggressive energy industry monopolist who used horizontal integration
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John D. Rockefeller
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Magazine illustrator who created a romantic image of the new, independent woman
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Charles Dana Gibson
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Aggressive eastern railroad builder who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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Pro-business clergyman who gave "Acres of Diamonds" speech criticizing the poor
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Russell Conwell
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Scottish immigrant who used vertical integration
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Andrew Carnegie
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Former CA governor who organized the Central Pacific Railroad
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Leland Stanford
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Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of "more" wages for skilled workers
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Samuel Gompers
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Leader of a secretive labor organization that collapsed in the 1880s
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Terence Powderly
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Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rails
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James J. Hill
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Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed "nothing" to the poor
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William Graham Sumner
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Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking the Democrats with reminders of the Civil War
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Bloody shirt
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Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and others created a major Grant administration scandal
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Crédit Mobilier
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Short lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption
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Liberal Republicans
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Precious metal that "soft-money" advocates demanded be coined again
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silver
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"Soft-money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected fourteen congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation
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Greenback Labor Party
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Mark Twain's sarcastic name for the post-Civil War era, which emphasized its atmosphere of greed and corruption
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"Gilded Age"
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Civil War Union veterans' organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican party in the late 19th century
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Grand Army of the Republic
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Republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling
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Stalwarts
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Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine
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Half-Breeds
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The complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876
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Compromise of 1877
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Asian immigrant group that experienced discrimination on the West Coast
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Chinese
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System of choosing federal employees on the basis of merit rather than patronage introduced by the Pendleton Act of 1883
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Civil Service Commission
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Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the Midwest and the South
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McKinley Tariff Act
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Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s
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Populists or People's Party
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Notorious clause in southern voting laws that exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes anyone whose ancestors had voted in 1860, thereby excluding blacks
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grandfather clause
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Heavyweight New York political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail
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Boss Tweed
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Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the US gold market nearly succeeded in 1869
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Jim Fisk
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Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s
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Jim Crow Laws
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Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free silver" in the early 1890s
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William Jennings Bryan
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President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-device law
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James Garfield
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Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in CA
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Denis Kearney
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Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist
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Tom Watson
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Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression
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Jay Cooke
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Imperious New York senator and leader of the "Stalwart" faction
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Roscoe Conkling
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First Democratic president since the Civil War' defender of laissez-faire economic and low tariffs
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Grover Cleveland
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Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger
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J. P. Morgan
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Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal Republican and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872
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Horace Greeley
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Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884
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James G. Blaine
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High-rise urban buildings that provided barracks like housing for urban slum dwellers
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dumbbell tenements
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Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe
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New Immigrants
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Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land
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birds of passage
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The religious doctrines preached by those who believed the churches should directly address economic and social problems
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social gospel
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Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s
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American Protective Association
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The church that became the largest American religious group, mainly as a result of the "New Immigration"
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Roman Catholicism
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Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington
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Tuskegee institute
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Organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality
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NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
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Henry George's best selling book that advocated social reform throughout the imposition of a "single tax" on land
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"Progress and Poverty"
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Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents
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Comstock Law
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the work force and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers
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"Women and Economics"
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Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women
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NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association |
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Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption
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WCTU
Women's Christian Temperance Union |
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Settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform
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Hull House
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Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems
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Social worker
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Controversial reformer whose book "Progress and Poverty" advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land
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Henry George
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Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor
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Mark Twain
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Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past
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Henry Adams
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Author and founder of a popular new religion based on principles of spiritual healing
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Mary Baker Eddy
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Leading protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems
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Walter Rauschenbusch
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Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks
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Booker T. Washington
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Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy
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William James
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Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s
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Victoria Woodhull
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Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child-care arrangements to promote women's economic independence and equality
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women
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Jane Addams
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Vigorous 19th century crusader for sexual "purity" who used federal law to enforce his moral views
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Anthony Comstock
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Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality
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W. E. B Du Bois
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Chicago-based architect whose high-rise innovation allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space
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Louis Sullivan
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Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old-time revivalism to the industrial city
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Dwight L. Moody
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Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death
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Emily Dickinson
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Major northern Plains Indian nation
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Sioux
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Southwestern Indian tribe led by Geronimo
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Apache
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Generally poor areas where vanquished Indians were eventually confined under federal control
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reservations
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Indian religious movement, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance that the federal government attempted to stamp out in 1890
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Ghost Dance
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Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal landholding and establish Indians as individual farmers
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Dawes Severalty Act
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Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth to NV
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Comstock Lode
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General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals
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Long Drive
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Federal law that offered generous land opportunities to poorer farmers
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Homestead Act
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Improved type of fencing that enabled farmers to enclose land of the treeless plains
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Barbed wire
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Former "Indian Territory" where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers"
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Oklahoma
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Third political party that emerged in the 1890s to express rural grievances and mount major attacks on the Democrats and Republicans
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Populists
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Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors
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"Coin's Financial School"
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Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought federal intervention and the jailing of union leader Eugene Debs
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Pullman Strike
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Spectacular convention speech by a young pro-silver advocate that brought him the Democratic presidential nominee
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"Cross of Gold" speech
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Popular term for those who favored the "status quo" in metal money and opposed the pro-silver Bryanites in 1896
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Gold Bugs
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Ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896
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Mark Hana
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Leader of the Nez Percé tribe who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful military campaign in 1877
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Chief Joseph
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Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School"
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William Hope Harvey
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Former Civil War general and Granger who ran as the Greenback Labor party candidate for president in 1880
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James B. Weaver
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Leader of the Sioux during wars of 1876-1877
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Sitting Bull
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Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian
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John Wesley Powell
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Leader of the Apaches of Arizona in their warfare with the whites
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Geronimo
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Site of the Indian massacre by militia forces in 1864
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Sand Creek, CO
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Massachusetts writer whose books aroused sympathy for the plight of the Native Americans
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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Site of major US Army defeat in the Sioux War of 1876-1877
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Little Big Horn
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Railway union leader who converted to socialism while serving jail time during the Pullman strike
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Eugene V. Debs
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Eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell"
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Mary E. Lease
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Remote Pacific site of a naval clash between the US and Germany in 1889
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Somoan Island
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South American nation that nearly came to blows with the US in 1892 over an incident involving the deaths of American sailors
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Chile
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The principle of American foreign policy invoked by Secretary of State Olney to justify American intervention in the Venezuelan boundary dispute
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Monroe Doctrine
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Term for the sensationalistic and jingoistic prewar journalism practiced by W. R. Hearst and Pulitzer
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yellow journalism
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American battle ship sent on a "friendly" visit to Cuba that ended in disaster and war
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USS Maine
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Site of the dramatic American naval victory that led to US acquisition of rich, Spanish-owned Pacific islands
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Manila Bay
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Colorful volunteer regiment of the Spanish-American War led by a militarily inexperienced but politically influential colonel
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Rough Riders
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The Caribbean island conquered from Spain in 1898 that became an important American colony
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Puerto Rico
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Supreme Court cases that determined that the US Constitution and Bill of Rights did not apply in colonial territories under the US flag
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Insular Cases
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John Hay's clever diplomatic efforts to preserve Chinese territorial integrity and maintain American access to China
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Open Door Notes/Policy
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Antiforeign Chinese revolt that brought military intervention by Western troops, including Americans
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Boxer Rebellion
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Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the US to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement
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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
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Nation whose senate in 1902 refused to ratify a treaty permitting the US to build a canal across its territory
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Columbia
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Questionable extension of a traditional American policy; declared an American right to intervene in Latin American nations under certain circumstances
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Diplomatic understanding of 1907-1908 that ended a Japanese American crisis over treatment of Japanese immigrants to the US
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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Imperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Rider
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Harvard philosopher and one of the leading anti-imperialists opposing US acquisition of the Philippines
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William James
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Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion
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"Butcher" Weyler
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Native Hawaiian ruler overthrown in a revolution led by white planters and aided by US troops
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Queen Liliuokalani
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Scheming French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the new country's "instant" foreign minister
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Philippe Bunau-Varilla
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American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Naval commander whose spectacular May Day victory in 1898 opened the doors to American imperialism in Asia
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George E. Dewey
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Vigorous promoter of sensationalistic anti-Spanish propaganda and eager advocate of imperialistic war
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William R. Hearst
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New York politician who successfully schemed to get TR out of New York and into the vice presidency in Washington
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Thomas Platt
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American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger US missionary effort overseas
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Josiah Strong
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Filipino leader of a guerrilla war against American rule from 1899 to 1901
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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President who initially opposed war with Spain but eventually supported US acquisition of the Philippines
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William McKinley
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Leading Democratic politician whose intervention narrowly tipped the Senate vote in favor of acquiring the Philippines in 1899
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William Jennings Bryan
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American president who refused to annex Hawaii on the grounds that the native ruler had been unjustly deposed
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Grover Cleveland
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American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China
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John Hay
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