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“54-40 or Fight”

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Slogan that became popular during the Polk administration and referred to the American desire to annex all of the Oregon Territory (ending at the 54-40 parallel). War was narrowly avoided with Britain through the Oregon Treaty (although the U.S. was not able to get all the land it wanted).

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92

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The symbol that came to represent colonial refusal to cancel the circular letter (based on 92

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Aaron Burr

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Politician who tied with Thomas Jefferson, resulting in run-off election that led to twelfth amendment. Became vice-president (even though the election had caused bad relations with TJ), and later ran for governor of NY as a Federalist. He had a series of disagreements with Alexander Hamilton which resulted in duel in which Hamilton was killed. He is also notable for (unsuccessfully) plotting to turn the Louisiana territory into an independent nation.

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Act for Religious Toleration of 1649

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Act that was meant to protect catholic rights in Maryland. It was not very tolerant (everyone must acknowledge divinity of Jesus or die).

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Act for The Encouragement of Officers Making Seizures

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1763, Act that set up vice-admiralty courts (annoying American merchants). It effectively ended the era of salutary neglect.

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Adam Smith

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Colonial era economist who believed economy functions best when left unregulated due to the “invisible hand of competition”.

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Adams-Onis Treaty

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1819, aka Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, In response to problems in South America and fear that America would seize Florida Spain agreed to give up Florida and its claims to the Oregon Territory for five million dollars (and the agreement that America would give up claims to Texas).

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Adena Culture

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Mississippi area culture from 1200BC to 500BC. It relied mainly of mud structures so little is known of the culture.

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Administration of Justice Act

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Part of Coercive Acts, It allowed royal officials to be tried in Britain rather than in the colonies.

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Alamo

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1836, Battle in which the Mexican government under the direction of Santa Anna killed every American defender. It resulted in the desire for revenge (“remember the Alamo”) and many Americans went to Texas. The Mexican forces were later put down in another battle and a treaty (which was later revoked) was signed recognizing Texas’s independence.

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Albany Plan

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1754, Plan that would have established a Grand Colonial Counsel with representation from each colony in order to defend against Natives, but was never agreed on (even though it was supported by Franklin). Commonly represented with snake carton.

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Alexander Hamilton

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Hamilton was the First Secretary of Treasury. He believed in a strong central government and was the leader of the Federalist party. His financial problems called for the creation of a National bank, the government assuming the war debts of the states, and high taxes on imports (his Tariff Act on imports was the largest source of revenue for U.S. until Civil War).

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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1798, A four part law that was passed by the Federalist Congress in order to hurt opponents. The acts made it more difficult to become a citizen and made it illegal to criticize the president. Parts of the law were set to expire at the end of the term.

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Alien Enemies Act

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1798, This act (part of the Alien and Sedition Acts) made it legal to arrest and deport non-citizens if they were seen as a threat during a war. It was never activated.

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Alien Law

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1798, This law said that the president could export any alien without a trial by using an executive order.

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American Colonization Society

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Society primarily led by average-middle class people that advocated for sending free slaves back to Africa. Although it founded Liberia (1821) the movement never really took off.

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“The American Scholar”

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(1837) A lecture dived by Emerson that said that Americans should strive to create their own culture not just follow that of Europe

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American System

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Henry Clay’s plan for advancing the American economy, it called for protective tariffs (to promote manufacturing), a national bank (would provide a national currency), and internal improvements (to promote growth and link the various sections of the country and help build the economy). At the time the tariff and bank were accepted but the construction of roads, etc. was not (because it was believed to be unconstitutional).

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Andreo Palladio

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An influential architect in colonies and in Britain.

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Andrew Jackson

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Seventh president from 1829 – 1837, His terms are most notable for the rise of the common man (paralleled with the fall of the elite). He is also important for vetoing the national bank and moving the national money to state banks (helping to lead to the formation of the Whig party). Also as a westerner he hated Native Americans and led their forced removal (even after the Supreme Court had ruled it unconstitutional). He successfully countered the nullification crisis in South Carolina.

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Andrew Oliver

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A very rich man who became the head stamp agent. Although his house was burned down he survived.

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Annapolis Convention

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1786, Meeting of five states (twelve delegates) where it was decided that a convention was necessary to revise the Articles the Confederation.

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Anne Hutchinson

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A religious dissident who believed she had a direct connection with God. She later formed Portsmouth (part of Rhode Island).

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Antebellum

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Period before the Civil War

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Anti-Mason Party

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The first third party, The Masons were a super secret society that many upper class people were a part of. When William Morgan was rejected from the Masons he built on the rising suspicion that the Masons were secretly running the country to spread anti-Mason propaganda and eventually form the party. Although this party was unsuccessful it is notable as the first party to hold a national convention.

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Anthony Johnson

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A black owner who owned slaves. He is important because he helps to show how slavery was not initially a completely racist thing, but was more based on economics.

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Anthony Wayne

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The man who led American troops during the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

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Anti-Federalists

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People who did not support the constitution and supported the Bill of Rights (including Patrick Henry, George Clinton, and John Hancock). They believed that a strong central government would destroy the work of the revolution.

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Archivo De Indias

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A historical archive housed in Seville that chronicles Spanish settlement of the Americas.

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Articles of Confederation

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Governing system in America from 1781 to 1787. The articles called for a one-house congress, and no separate executive or judiciary branches. It was ultimately unsuccessful because the weak U.S. government that it created could do nothing to stop Britain from restricting trade, and maintaining military outposts in the west. It also resulted in economic problems due to its inability to place taxes and the competition that it caused between states (ex. taxes across state lines)

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Aroostook War

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Aka the Potato War, This was a conflict between Maine and Canada over the disputed border between the two (but featured no combat related fatalities). It ended with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) which split the territory between them (also divided territory in Minnesota).

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Augustus Longstreet

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Author who wrote Georgia Scenes (1835) glorifying life on the frontier.

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Bacon’s Rebellion

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See Nathaniel Bacon

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Bartolome Las Casas

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A Spaniard who wrote about the Spanish brutality in the Americas and helped form “The Black Legend”.

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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The first battle of the Revolutionary War (occurred just outside Boston). Although Britain won it is considered a disaster because of the number of causalities. It was important because it firmly split America into patriots and loyalists and because it made Britain cautious (America had proved itself as a legitimate threat).

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Battle of Fallen Timbers

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1794, Anthony Wayne led American troops in a battle with Indians in the Ohio Region.

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Battle of Saratoga

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1777, This battle is often considered the turning point in the American Revolution because it convinced France to fight for America (to help take down Britain not based on ideals). French assistance would play a large role in America’s ability to win the war and the generous peace terms at the Treaty of Paris.

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Beard’s Theory

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Charles Beard’s idea that the framers of the constitution acted in their who self-interest.

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Blue Book

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The dictionary published by Noah Webster in a deliberate effort to make the American language unique.

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Boston Massacre

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In 1770 colonists taunted and threw things (snowballs, rocks, etc.) at British troops. One British soldier fired at the colonists and the rest followed his example, resulting in 5 dead, and 8 wounded. The soldiers were put on trial but there were no major punishments (infuriating everyone including Britain). This led to the repeal of the Townshend Acts.

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Boston Tea Party

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1773, After Parliament passed the Tea Act (made tea cheaper by allowing the East India company to sell directly to the colonists) colonists became upset. They said it gave East India Company a monopoly and reaffirmed that Britain could tax. Colonists (under the direction of the Sons of Liberty) boarded tea ships in the Boston harbor and threw 45 tons of tea overboard. This resulted in the intolerable acts by Great Britain.

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Cabeza de Vaca

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Spaniard who was captured by Indians. During the process of escaping he was helped and hurt by various Indian tribes causing him to eventually write about how Indians are real people too. He criticized the harsh treatment of Indians.

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Cabotage

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The term for ocean shipping stuff from one national port to another port in the same nation.

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Cahokia

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Often considered the high point of Mississippian culture.

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Cecil Calvert

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Man who founded Maryland.

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Charles Beard

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A historian who argued that the frames of the constitution acted in their own economic self interest (Beard’s Theory).

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Charles Thomson

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Man who is often described as “The Sam Adams of Philadelphia.” He was a patriot leader who acted as the secretary of the Continental Congress

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Charles Townshend

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A British leader who became dominant in 1767 following Pitt’s breakdown. He believed he could help to solve financial problems so he instituted the Townshend Acts.

Front 49

Charlotte Temple

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A seduction novel that was published by Susanna Rowson in 1794. It was very popular because it was written by a woman for women (but was also popular with men).

Front 50

Cherokee Nation V. Georgia

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(1831) Ruling in which Marshall declared that Native Americans have no real standing in court (because they aren’t a foreign country or state). It also said that the Cherokee could keep the land they already possessed.

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Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

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1807, British ship (Leopard) attack American ship (Chesapeake) killing three (four taken captive). It angered Americans and nearly led to war with Britain (and was a step towards the war of 1812).

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Chisolm vs. Georgia

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1793, The first meaningful supreme court case. Chisolm tried to sue the state of Georgia for payments he was owed for providing supplies for the revolutionary war, and the supreme court upheld that it was legal to sue the state. This led to the eleventh amendment (cannot sue state unless state allows it).

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Circular Letter

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A letter circulated in 1767 in reaction to the Townshend Act. It urged colonists to jointly sign a petition of protest and was influential in causing colonists to work together against the British.

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Citizen Genet

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A French representative who was sent to get public support for France. He broke all protocol by bypassing the American government and appealing directly to the American people for support and encouraging the attacking of English ships. He was considered foolish and was recalled by the French government.

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City on a Hill Sermon

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A speech given by John Winthrop where he told immigrants that they should try to create a city that will be a beacon for the rest of the world to emulate.

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Clipper Ships

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Extremely light and quick ships that were developed in the mid 1800s. They allowed the trade of perishable goods and helped increase trade with China and Japan.

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Coercive Acts

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1774, Aka Intolerable Acts, The four part British response to the Boston Tea Party. It closed the Boston harbor until all tea was paid for, expanded the Quartering Act, created the Massachusetts Government Act (reduced power of Massachusetts legislature), and created the Administration of Justice Act (tried British officials in England).

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Cohens V. Virginia

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1821, Marshall as Chief Justice, This case established that the Supreme Court can review state court decisions

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Columbian Exchange

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The two-way uncontrolled exchange of food, flora, fauna, microbes and technology.

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Commercial Compromise

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Compromise that settled issue of trade. It said that Congress could regulate interstate and foreign commerce and could tax imports but could not tax exports.

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Committee of Correspondence

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Committees that were first established by Sam Adams in Massachusetts (partially in response to British response to Gaspee incident) but later spread to other colonies. They were designed to share information about British actions in America and to share information about protests. They also issued a statement of rights and grievances.

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Common Sense

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A publication by Thomas Paine that was published in 1776, in which Paine argued that it was against common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small island with a corrupt king and unreasonable laws. It was very popular and read by nearly every educated person.

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Commonwealth Men, The

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A group of loosely related writers who built of Locke’s writing to justify their opposition to power

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Commonwealth V. Hunt

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1842, The Massachusetts supreme court said that unions could negotiate contracts with employers. It helped lead to some improvements such as ten hour work days, but in general employers maintained hostility towards unions.

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Connecticut Plan

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aka The Great Compromise, 1787, A compromise between large states and smaller states that helped to solve the issue of representation in congress. It called for a two-house Congress, where each state got an equal number of senators but representation in the house was based on the state’s population.

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Connecticut Writs, The

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Example of early truly American literature

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Continental Association

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System created by the first continental congress in 1774 that recommended that every county form committees to boycott British goods. It was meant to get Britain to address colonial complaints, especially on the intolerable acts.

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Continental Congress

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1774, 55 reps, 12 states (not Georgia), Issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances which said that parliament could regulate trade but could not tax without colonial consent. It also adopted the Suffolk Resolves which called for all colonists to prepare to take up arms against Britain.

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Continentals

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Included all of the various forms of paper money and IOUs issued by the continental congress and states following the revolution.

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Convention of 1800

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Meeting that ended quasi-war with France. It also resulted in America declaring neutrality in the war between France and Britain and resulted in the Treaty of Mortefontaine (all former alliances agreements between the two were null, no more capturing ships, etc.).

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Cotton Mather

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Puritan minister who was partially responsible for the Salem Witch Trials but later began to question role of witchcraft in life.

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Creole Incident

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1841, Great Britain seized an American slave ship (though they were actually illegal at the time they still existed) and freed the slaves on it. This helped to lead to the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.

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Crillos

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Spaniards who were born in the new world. Their status was inferior to that of Peninsulares (Spaniards from Spain) but higher than that of Mestizos (half-breeds).

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Crispus Attucks

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An African American who was killed in the Boston Massacre and is considered a martyr.

Front 75

Critique of Pure Reason

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(1781) An influential book by Inmanuel Kant that helped to summarize the romantic movement by describing how in areas where science couldn’t prove or disprove concepts people are justified in having faith.

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Culpepper’s Revolt

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1677 -79, Revolt that was similar to Bacon’s Rebellion but occurred in Carolinas.

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Currency Act

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1764, Act that prohibited colonists from printing money. It was repealed in 1773 in an effort to limit tension between Britain and the colonies.

Front 78

Customs Racketeering

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Tendency of British officials to ignore the first offense to navigation acts so that merchants would commit larger offenses, and the British officials could make more money from arresting.

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Dale’s Code

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In tidewater region, if you don’t work, you don’t eat.

Front 80

Daniel Boone

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Frontiersmen who led settlement in Kentucky through Cumberland gap (1769, 1773)

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Dartmouth College V. Woodward

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1819, John Marshall as Chief Justice, declared that state cannot void contract without due process, and basically said that business can’t be stopped arbitrarily

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David Wilmot

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Creator of Wilmot Proviso (saying there would be no slavery in territory acquired during Mexican America War).

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Declaration of Rights and Grievances of Colonies

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Petition by Stamp Act Congress that asked for repeal of Stamp Act. It said that parliament can regulate trade but should not tax without representation.

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Declaration of American Rights

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Declaration by first continental congress that said he Parliament has the right to regulate trade but shouldn’t tax. It also said that each colony has the right to determine need for British troops.

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Declaratory Act

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1766, Face saving measure by Britain when canceling the Stamp Act. It said that Parliament has the right to tax or make laws on anything in the colonies. It was met with little resistance.

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Deism

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A religion that became popular with leaders of the Revolutionary War era. It stressed human goodness rather than predestination to hell. Its followers believed that God had created the Earth and set it in motion but no longer played an active role in it.

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Democratic-Republicans

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(sometimes Republicans), One of the two original political factions. They were led by Thomas Jefferson and were proponents of a weak central government. In general they were farmers, and skilled workers. Most of them supported the French revolution.

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Dial, The

Back 88

Transcendentalist magazine that was edited by Margret Fuller

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Dominion of New England

Back 89

King James II forcefully put Sir Edmund Andros in charge of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Andros was very unpopular and was eventually overthrown.

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Dorothea Dix

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Worked to improve conditions for the mentally disabled by creating asylums (mid 1800s)

Front 91

Dorr Rebellion

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1841, The government in Rhode Island had become highly corrupt and an uprising led to the formation of a second government in the state. The new government was later overthrown.

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Dunmore’s Proclamation

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1775, Dunmore promised freedom for any slave that joined the royal army. Slaves who fought for Britain became known as the Ethiopian Regiment, but were very unsuccessful due to smallpox. This proclamation was one of the major factors in the south joining the revolution.

Front 93

Eaton Affair

Back 93

1829 – 31Peggy Eaton was a cabinet members wife who was accused of being a bigamist so was shunned by many upper class wives. Jackson’s dead wife had faced similar problems so he felt that Eaton should be treated well. The only one who did treat her well was Martin Van Buren and when she died Jackson blamed Calhoun. The incident helped to bring him closer to Van Buren.

Front 94

Eaton Measles

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The term applied to the shunning, and the leaving of social events that Peggy Eaton was a part of. This was a major part of the Eaton Affair.

Front 95

Edict of Nantes

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1598, Peace agreement between Spain and France that made it safer for England to settle North America.

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Edmond Randolph

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The man who was put in charge of New Hampshire immediately after it was formed. At the time he was often thought of as the most hated man in America because of his strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts.

Front 97

Edmund Andros

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The uber-governor of the Dominion of New England. He was unpopular due to the costs associated with him and because of his disregard for colonial laws and customs.

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Edmund Randolph

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Only notable for being the first attorney general.

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Edwin Sandies

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Man who tried to attract more people to colony by relaxing Dale’s Code.

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Egalitarianism

Back 100

Idea that leaders should be men who have proven their capabilities rather than their lineage.

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Eighth Amendment

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People who have been accused or convicted of crimes cannot face cruel and unusual punishment or excessive bail and fines

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Elastic Clause

Back 102

Congress can make any law that is necessary and proper

Front 103

Election of 1824

Back 103

Election in which four candidates participated leading to no majority in electoral votes. The election was then turned over to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams won in what was considered a corrupt bargain (Clay, a candidate threw his support to Adams, who later appointed him to Secretary of State).

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Eli Whitney

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Invented the cotton gin which caused cotton to become the most important crop in the south, and increased the south’s dependence on slave labor. He did not become successful because the cotton gin was so simple and easily copied.

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Eliza Lucas

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Helped agriculture in South Carolina by introducing indigo as a cash crop (the other successful crop at the time was rice). She is notable because of her success despite her gender.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Women’s rights activist who organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

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Embargo Act

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1807, Act passed by Jefferson in response to the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair prohibiting American ships from sailing to foreign ports. It backfired and hurt America’s economy more than Britain’s.

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Encomiendas

Back 108

Plantations in the American Southwest that were created by Spanish settlers moving up from Mexico. They “cared” for natives and converted them to Christianity in exchange for labor. Most were very brutal (resulting in Popes rebellion).

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Era of Good Feelings

Back 109

1816 – 1824, Term that describes Monroe’s two terms in office. His presidency was characterized by significant optimism, goodwill and nationalism. It was largely a result of the disappearance of the Federalist Party meaning the Monroe’s party controlled every section.

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Eric the Red

Back 110

Fled Norway after committing murder and led settlement in Newfoundland area (approximately 984)

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Erie Canal

Back 111

Completed in 1825, It was the only profitable canal but nonetheless sparked an increase in canal building (often leading to large amounts of state debt). It strengthened ties between New York and the west, but didn’t help the south as much.

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Ethan Allen

Back 112

Leader of the Green Mountain Boys (a group of soldiers from Vermont that fought in the American Revolution and were instrumental in taking Fort Ticonderoga, they later helped Vermont get independence from NY and become a state).

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Ethiopian Regiment

Back 113

British regiment made up of black slaves who fled their masters following Dunmore’s proclamation (slaves who fought for Britain would become free). The regiment was devastated by smallpox and was consequently unsuccessful.

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Excise Tax

Back 114

Hamilton’s tax on excess such as whiskey (it later led to the Whiskey Rebellion).

Front 115

Federalist Era

Back 115

The term often applied to the 1790s because it was dominated by two Federalist presidents.

Front 116

Federalist Papers, The

Back 116

A series of articles by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison (under the pseudonym Publius) advocating for the ratification of the constitution. They argued that a bigger government was less likely to fall into the hands of a corrupt few.

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Federalists

Back 117

This term was originally applied to those who supported ratifying the constitution (as opposed to the Anti-Federalists who didn’t support the constitution). It later became the name of one of the two original political parties (the other being the Democratic-Republicans). Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton and others such as Washington, Franklin, and Madison. They believed in a strong central government and were pro-British. They were mainly made up of businessmen and large landowners.

Front 118

Fifth Amendment

Back 118

No one can lose life, liberty, or property without due process. This includes the fact that there can be no double jeopardy (i.e. no criminal defendant can be forced to stand trial twice)

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First Amendment

Back 119

Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition

Front 120

First Barbary War

Back 120

1801 – 1805, Barbary States (coast of Africa) begin attacking U.S. merchant ships following the Revolutionary War (had previously been defended by the Royal Navy). U.S. paid bribes to stop the attacks, but refused to pay an increased bribe payment to Tripoli. Jefferson dispatched a small group of ships to eliminate the threat. When U.S. forces became pre-occupied with War of 1812 piracy resumed (but is later stopped).

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First Frame of Government, The

Back 121

1683, The framework of government in colonial Pennsylvania, it established a representative government and said that any land owning man could participate. It was an important early step towards establishing democracy in America.

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First U.S. Bank

Back 122

The first national bank was established by Alexander Hamilton. It was semi-private and seventy percent of the shares were owned by foreigners. It played a large role in dividing the dem-rep and the Federalists because it lead to large debates over the implied powers of the constitution (whether the implied powers allowed for it). It was not renewed after its twenty year charter expired.

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Fletcher V. Peck

Back 123

1810, John Marshall as Chief Justice, this case was the first time a state law had been declared unconstitutional

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Force Bill

Back 124

(1833) This bill authorized Jackson to use whatever means were necessary to enforce the tariffs in South Carolina (in response to the nullification crisis). He used this bill to put the navy on war alert and occupy the forts in South Carolina.

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Fourth Amendment

Back 125

No unwarranted searches or seizures

Front 126

Francisco de Coronado

Back 126

Spanish explorer who led expedition into the Southwest and the Great Plains

Front 127

Francisco Pizzaro

Back 127

The Spanish explorer who took over the Inca empire in 1532. It was considerably easier than the taking of the Aztec empire because disease had preceded them and the best that the Incas could muster was a three thousand person army.

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Frederick Douglass

Back 128

A former slave who published Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, (1845) which would become an important text for abolitionists.

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Freedom Dues

Back 129

A system of paying for transportation that German immigrants used to come to America that was similar to indentured servants. They were able to come for free but had to pay back their transportation costs later.

Front 130

French and Indian War

Back 130

1754 – 63, aka Seven Years War (in European countries), Britain and France both wanted to expand their empires. The war was significant because in the treaty following it France agreed to evacuate North America, causing the Indians (the real losers) to lose their middle ground position). It also convinced the colonists that they could defend themselves helping to lead to the revolution.

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French Revolution

Back 131

1790s, Revolution in France that eventually came to include England and Spain. It divided Federalists (who were pro-England) and Democratic-Republicans (who were pro-French) over who to support.

Front 132

Fries Rebellion

Back 132

1799, aka Hot Water Rebellion, An armed tax revolt by Pennsylvania farmers. It was led mainly by German immigrants who were disproportionately hurt by the property tax because it was based on the number of windows on the house. The rebellion was easily put down by the army.

Front 133

Ft. Laramic Treaty

Back 133

(1851), The United States agreed to annual payments to Native Americans on the plains to cover the consequences of westward expansion. In return the natives agreed to stop attacking American settlers. It foreshadowed the reservation system.

Front 134

Fundamental Constitution of Carolina, The

Back 134

A complex plan written by John Locke that was structured around maintaining a balance of power between the different land owning groups. It was unpopular and widely ignored.

Front 135

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, The

Back 135

1639, First written American constitution

Front 136

Galloway Plan

Back 136

1774, A plan proposed by Joseph Galloway that was similar to the Albany Plan. It would have kept the colonies under British control but would have also given them a say in the government. It was rejected by one vote and was expunged from the records.

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Gaspee Incident

Back 137

1772, Gaspee (a British ship that had been enforcing trade regulations) became stuck in shallow water. Locals boarded the ship, removed the crew, and torched it. A commission of inquiry was formed but no one was willing to testify against those involved, and no one was convicted of treason. The commission of inquiry bypassed colonial authority worrying colonists and leading to the committees of correspondence.

Front 138

George Carteret

Back 138

Co-founded New Jersey with John Berkeley

Front 139

George Clinton

Back 139

A smart and influential man who led opposition to the constitution until a Bill of Rights was added. He was governor of NY and became vice-president under TJ and Madison.

Front 140

George Greenville

Back 140

First Lord of Treasury in Britain, He tried to cover the cost of the colonies by imposing the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, etc.

Front 141

George Whitefield

Back 141

Preacher who helped to ignite the Great Awakening by preaching that God is all powerful and would save those who openly professed this belief in Jesus.

Front 142

German Immigrants

Back 142

During colonial times German immigrants tended to settle together in Pennsylvania Dutch country. They maintained their own culture, language, and religion (Lutheranism) and had little interest in English politics.

Front 143

Gibbons V. Ogden

Back 143

1821, Marshall as Chief Justice, Court rule that the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce (based on Commerce Clause of Constitution)

Front 144

Great Awakening

Back 144

1730s – 40s, A religious revival movement led by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. Many people became much more religious but there was division in the church between “Old Lights” (people who believed in a more traditional Christianity) and “New Lights” (people who advocated an emotional Christianity). It also led to an increased role of women in the church.

Front 145

Great Compromise

Back 145

see Connecticut Plan

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Great Wagon Road

Back 146

A 735 mile road that extended from Philadelphia to South Carolina and was used for internal commerce. It was generally expensive to transport goods along it because it was slow and large amounts of hay were required to feed the horses.

Front 147

Green Springs Faction

Back 147

Name for Governor Berkeley and his associates (members of the inside group) in Tidewater. They were an elite, wealthy group who began accumulate political position and began to impose unfair taxes on the less well off leading to Bacon’s rebellion.

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Half-Way Covenant

Back 148

A form of partial church membership that formed because members of the new generation were less religious. In this new version members no longer had to go through the humiliating process of publicly declaring their faith and admitting their sins.

Front 149

Hartford Convention, The

Back 149

1814, Meeting by radical Federalists that called for succession of New England, but the idea was rejected by Federalists. Soon after the meeting the Treaty of Ghent was passed and the Federalists were seen as unpatriotic (helping to lead to their demise).

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Harvard University

Back 150

University that was established in 1636 to provide training for ministers

Front 151

Headright System

Back 151

System set up in the Tidewater region where for each person you bring to America (i.e. as an indentured servant) you get fifty acres.

Front 152

Henry Clay

Back 152

Leader of the Whigs, he developed the American System (a national bank, high protective tariffs, and internal improvements). He is often described as “The Great Compromiser” for his role in helping to pass the Missouri Compromise, and developing a plan to gradually lower the protective tariff (to stop the nullification crisis). He ran for president in 1824 but turned his support to John Quincy Adams in a corrupt bargin.

Front 153

Henry Knox

Back 153

First Secretary of War

Front 154

Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg

Back 154

View as founder of Lutheran church in America. He helped to rally German immigrants for patriot cause during the revolution.

Front 155

Herman Melville

Back 155

Wrote Moby-Dick in 1851 about a man who seeks revenge on a white whale that has injured him. It was unpopular at the time but later became more widely accepted. He had a more dark view of the human soul.

Front 156

Hernan Cortez

Back 156

Spanish explorer who took over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. He was initially welcomed but overstayed his welcome, and violence broke out. He was forced back to the coast but later with the help of Indian allies was able to his fight his way back to controlling the city.

Front 157

Hernan de Soto

Back 157

Spanish explorer who led expedition into the gulf of Mexico

Front 158

Horace Greeley

Back 158

New York Times editor who popularized the phrase “Go west young man” and promoted the idea that those who are struggling in the east can make it in the west.

Front 159

Horace Mann

Back 159

Massachusetts Secretary of Education who became a leader in the educational reform movement. He pushed for more free education and created a school system that would become a model for the rest of the country.

Front 160

House of Burgesses

Back 160

Formed in 1619, it was the first form of representative government in America. It was largely created to give newcomers a sense of power.

Front 161

Hutchinson Letters

Back 161

Series of letters that showed Thomas Hutchinson was a spy for the crown and led colonists to believe that the crown was malevolent in intent, consequently increasing tension with Britain.

Front 162

Indentured Servant

Back 162

People who had their passage, food, and clothing paid for in exchange for working a set number of years (usually lower if the indentured servant had any special skills such as blacksmithing). Following that time the person became free but often struggled because they were left with nothing, many chose to move west.

Front 163

Indian Nonintercourse Act

Back 163

1790, Act that was similar to the proclamation of 1763, and meant to stop interaction with the Indians. It was impossible to enforce and consequently unsuccessful.

Front 164

Intolerable Acts

Back 164

See Coercive Acts

Front 165

Indios

Back 165

See Mestizos

Front 166

James Cooper

Back 166

Wrote The Leather-Stocking Tales (including The Last of the Mohicans) which described the “noble savage” and glorified life on the frontier. It would be the basis on later cowboy novels.

Front 167

James Davenport

Back 167

Man who preached for 24 hours to try to wear down resistance to the Great Awakening

Front 168

James Madison

Back 168

Known for being the “Father of the Constitution” and drafting the Bill of Rights. He was a Democratic-Republican who was strongly supported by TJ and later became the fourth president in 1808 (and re-elected in 1812). He attempted to keep the US out of war through bills such as the Nonintercourse Act, and Macon’s Bill No. 2 but eventually was forced to enter the War of 1812 (the war became known as Mr. Madison’s War by those who opposed it).

Front 169

James Oglethorpe

Back 169

Founded Georgia

Front 170

James Otis

Back 170

Lawyer who fought the British Writs of Assistance (search warrants that allow British officials to enter anywhere during daylight to search for illegal things) in court. Although he lost it was still considered revolutionary. He is also notable for helping to write the circular letter.

Front 171

James Polk

Back 171

Democrat who became the eleventh president in 1845 and is considered the first dark horse candidate. Once elected he pushed for to acquire all of Oregon (54, 40 or fight). He settled the issue of Oregon to avoid war with Britain allowing the U.S. to enter the Mexican-American War and acquire Texas. He also tried to lower taxes and restore the independent treasury.

Front 172

James Wilson

Back 172

Wrote pamphlet saying colonies weren’t subject to Parliament but instead just to the crown (“Considerations of the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament”).

Front 173

Jay’s Treaty, The

Back 173

1795, John Jay was sent to get Britain to stop seizing American ship. In the treaty Britain agreed to evacuate forts in the western frontier but did not mention the seizing of ships (making it unpopular). It was narrowly ratified.

Front 174

Jefferson Day

Back 174

(1830) This was an annual celebration of Thomas Jefferson birthday, with lots of important people and toasting. Calhoun gave an anti-tariff toast and Jackson responded with “to the union it must be preserved.”

Front 175

John Berkeley

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Co-founded New Jersey with George Carteret

Front 176

John Calvin

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Founder of Calvinism (sub-section of Protestantism) believed in pre-destination

Front 177

John Davenport

Back 177

Religious dissenter who founded New Haven

Front 178

John Dickinson

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Wrote Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania (criticizing Townshend Acts), He became an influential member of the second continental congress and was assigned to write the constitution

Front 179

John Hancock

Back 179

An influential merchant who owned Liberty (the ship involved in the Liberty incident). He was heavily supported by Sam Adams. (Also notable for signing the Declaration of Independence with a large signature).

Front 180

John Jay

Back 180

First became notable as president of the continental congress. Became an influential Federalist who co-wrote The Federalist Papers. He was also the diplomat who negotiated Jay’s Treaty (Britain agrees to evacuate western areas). He was later appointed as first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by George Washington.

Front 181

John Locke

Back 181

The philosopher who wrote the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina arguing that there should be a balance of power between different land owning groups. He also wrote Two Treatises of Government saying that government is a mutual agreement between the ruled and the rulers, each has obligations (1690).

Front 182

John Rolfe

Back 182

Credited with introducing tobacco to Jamestown, He also married Pocahontas to help establish more diplomatic relations with the Indians.

Front 183

John Wilkes

Back 183

Leader of opposition to British in England, He was probably less significant in what he actually did than the role he played in convincing the colonists they had support in England

Front 184

John Winthrop

Back 184

Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony who delivered the City of the Hill Sermon (should create a model city for the rest of the world to emulate)

Front 185

John Woolman

Back 185

Quaker who traveled south (1770s) and wrote about the actual lives of slaves, resulting in the freeing of many slaves

Front 186

Joint Stock Company

Back 186

Any company that sells shares to investors to raise money

Front 187

Jonathan Edwards

Back 187

Great Awakening preacher who delivered “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” speech in 1741. In the speech he declared that God was angry with human sinfulness and that people could be saved through petinence.

Front 188

Joseph Brant

Back 188

Indian leader who fought for the British during the American Revolution. He is famous for trying to regain land for the Mohawk people.

Front 189

Joseph Galloway

Back 189

Wrote Galloway Plan (similar to Albany Plan)

Front 190

Joseph Smith

Back 190

Man who believed that he had a vision and founded the church of the Latter Day Saints (aka the Mormons). His church was highly unpopular by those who were not members so when he tried to run for president he was arrested, thrown in jail, and later killed by a mob (leading him to become a saint).

Front 191

Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 191

Established a judiciary of one chief justice and five other justices on the supreme court. It was important because a separate judiciary had been controversial even after the supreme court was ratified.

Front 192

Judiciary Act of 1801

Back 192

In this act Adams reorganized the courts so that there were many more judges. He preceded to fill all of the new slots with Federalists (known as “Midnight Judges” because they were appointed at the last minute). The positions established were canceled under Jefferson but the judges remained in place for life.

Front 193

Judith Sargent Murray

Back 193

Female rights activist following the revolution who argued that the brain is not a sex organ. She wrote “On the Equality of Sexes”.

Front 194

Kentucky

Back 194

15th state to join the union in 1792

Front 195

King Charles II

Back 195

Tried to gain control of the colonies by forming New Hampshire

Front 196

King Cotton

Back 196

Phrase used to describe the rise of cotton in the south. Cotton became the most important crop because of the invention of the cotton gin (Eli Whitney), the rise in the textile industry in the north, and western expansion.

Front 197

King William’s War

Back 197

1689 – 1697, Colonial war with France. Colonies (and England) attack Quebec but are forced to retreat due to lack of leadership and smallpox

Front 198

Leisler’s Rebellion

Back 198

1689, Jacob Leisler took over NY and put himself in power (instead of the Royally appointed governor). Less than two years later the crown restored power an Leisler was beheaded for treason.

Front 199

Letters From A Farmer in Pennsylvania

Back 199

1767, Pamphlet by John Dickinson that argued against Taxation Without Representation, and that the only way that the colonies could properly be represented by the British government was if they had members in it. They were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts.

Front 200

Letters From An American Farmer

Back 200

1782, By Crevecouer (a French immigrant), They helped to show how different America had become from England by the period around the revolution.

Front 201

Liberty Incident

Back 201

1768, aka The Liberty Affair, The crown used a large show of force to punish the Liberty (a ship owned by John Hancock) for smuggling. Hancock became known as a martyr for the Patriot cause and a victim of customs racketeering. Large amounts of rioting by sailors ensued and the crown sent soldiers to calm the violence. This led to the Boston Massacre.

Front 202

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

Back 202

Description of the election of 1840 in which the Whigs tried to promote Harrison’s humble backgrounds through the image of log cabins. The election was entirely based on hoopla and not on any actual issues. Harrison (Tippecanoe) won but died soon after.

Front 203

Lord North

Back 203

Leader of Great Britain throughout much of the American Revolution

Front 204

Louisiana Purchase

Back 204

1803, The Louisiana territory had previously belonged to Spain but France had acquired it in a secret deal. France had been having slaves problems it its colony of Haiti and it was no longer profitable for it to maintain the territory, and so America was able to buy it at a low price. Although there was nothing in the constitution that allowed him to do it Jefferson acquired the land so that America would own the port of New Orleans for shipping. It also increased the possibility of an agrarian society and more than doubled the size of the U.S.

Front 205

Lowell System

Back 205

Describes a system of factory management system used in textile mills in Lowell Massachusetts. The factories relied heavily on children and unmarried women. It initially worked well because the girls were paid well, supervised and provided food and housing but conditions deteriorated as wages decreased.

Front 206

Macon’s Bill Number 2

Back 206

1810, In response to the continued economic problems under the Nonintercourse Act, it said that America would trade with either Britain or France (but not both) if that nation acknowledge America’s neutral rights at sea. It resulted in America agreeing to trade with France, but failed when France continued to attack American ships.

Front 207

Manifest Destiny

Back 207

Popular belief that it was America’s divine mission to spread west and expand its power throughout North America.

Front 208

Marbury V. Madison

Back 208

1803, First major case ruled on by John Marshall. During this case Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional because it gave the courts more power than the constitution allowed. By doing so it established Judicial Review (i.e. the ability of the Supreme Court to overrule the other two branches in the case of constitutionality).

Front 209

Martin Luther

Back 209

Founded Lutheranism (a branch in Protestantism), He believed in salvation by faith alone (not through indulgences).

Front 210

Martin V. Hunter’s Lease

Back 210

1816, John Marshall as Chief Justice, This was the first case to establish that the Supreme Court has ultimate authority over the state courts

Front 211

Massachusetts Government Act

Back 211

1774, This was the section of the Coercive Acts that reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature and increased the power of the royal governor.

Front 212

Mayflower Compact

Back 212

1620, This agreement allowed majority rule in Plymouth and helped to ease talks of separating the colony between the Pilgrims and the Separatists.

Front 213

McCulloch V. Maryland

Back 213

1819, Marshall as Chief Justice, Settled issue of whether Congress has power to create a bank even though it is not specifically called for in the constitution. Marshall ruled that the federal government has implied powers, including the power to create national bank. It also said that a state could not tax a federal institution.

Front 214

Mercantile Theory

Back 214

The idea that the power of an state depends on its wealth so it was the duty of states to build as much wealth as possible. Mercantile countries avoid importing materials from other countries and instead try to import raw materials from their colonies. This was the dominant relationship between England and the colonies.

Front 215

Mercy Otis Warren

Back 215

Warren was a puritan who anonymously published a series of satires criticizing supporters of the crown (especially Thomas Hutchinson). She wrote “A Columbian Patriot” arguing in favor of a Bill of Rights. She was not a female rights activist by modern standards but is still notable as women who spoke her mind and was respected by many male politicians.

Front 216

Mestizos

Back 216

People who were a combination of Spanish and Indian, they were below Crillos in the Spanish hierarchy

Front 217

Mexican-American War

Back 217

1846 – 48, War under Polk the occurred due to disagreement over the border of Texas. America was very successful, and superior weapons led to an easy defeat of Mexico. It ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in which the U.S. size increased by a third. It is also notable for giving many later confederate leaders experience at war, and for causing Zachary Taylor to be elected.

Front 218

Mexico

Back 218

Country that gained independence in 1821 helping to pave the way for further American westward expansion and more trade with the western coast.

Front 219

Middle Ground, The

Back 219

The social, economic, and political meeting ground between two cultures (often Indians and Europeans).

Front 220

Middle Passage

Back 220

Transportation of slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands

Front 221

Millerites

Back 221

Followers of a religious sect founded by William Miller who believed that the world was going to end in 1843 (and later other dates) with the second coming of Christ. At the time the religion was largely a reflection of the economy but it would go on to form the Seventh-Day Adventists.

Front 222

Mississippian Culture

Back 222

Natives in North America who resembled the Aztecs in the South. They were an influential culture that built temples and had death cults.

Front 223

Missouri Compromise

Back 223

1820, When Missouri tried to enter the union it triggered a massive debate as to whether it should be a free or slave state. Henry Clay proposed that Missouri would enter as a slave state, Maine would enter as a free state, and all states north of the bottom of Missouri that entered later would become free states.

Front 224

Monroe Doctrine

Back 224

(1823), In Monroe’s state of the union address he said that no foreign power should meddle with the America’s (including colonizing them); in return the United States would not meddle in Europe. It was not considered a big deal at the time but would later be used to set American policy in South America (including as late as the Kennedy presidency).

Front 225

Mormons

Back 225

aka The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, founded during Second Great Awakening after Joseph Smith Jr. claimed to have a vision, it was a popular alternative to the social turmoil of New York. The religion was heavily prosecuted for its polygamy and moved to Europe

Front 226

“Mountain Men”

Back 226

Term applied to the men who rejected society and moved west living by themselves or with Indians during the 1820s and 1830s, they were often looking for beaver.

Front 227

Nat Turner

Back 227

(1831), A Virginia slave who led a violent slave uprising that killed 60 whites. It had similar results as the Stono Rebellion (tightening of slave code), and he was executed.

Front 228

Nathaniel Bacon

Back 228

Bacon found life on the frontier difficult and he became resentful of the rich. When Indians attacked the frontier others on the frontier asked Jamestown for help, but when Jamestown refused they frontier people took matters into their own hands and killed lots of Indians. Bacon was then elected to the House of Burgess but he was soon kicked out. He led a rebellion of former indentured servants against the Green Springs Faction, were he burned downed Jamestown. When Bacon died (of natural causes) the rebellion died down.

Front 229

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Back 229

Nineteen century writer who wrote about sin and its consequences, he is famous for Twice-Told Tales and The Scarlet Letter.

Front 230

National Gazette

Back 230

First opposition newspaper

Front 231

Nativists

Back 231

People who were born in American and strongly rejected the influx of immigrants during the 1840s. They generally rejected their religion (Roman Catholics), and feared that they would take American jobs. Led to some rioting in cities.

Front 232

Naturalization Act

Back 232

1798, Part of Alien and Sedition Acts, It changed the requirements for becoming a citizen so that you now had to be in the country for fourteen years. It was target at the French and Irish who had just come, and many of whom were believed to have voted for TJ in the last election.

Front 233

New Haven

Back 233

Settlement founded by John Davenport in 1638 in order to establish a closer relationship between the church and the state

Front 234

New Jersey Plan

Back 234

A plan that was issued as a counter to the Virginia Plan on the issue of representation of the states in the constitution. It would have given each state one vote in a unicameral legislature.

Front 235

New York Suspending Act

Back 235

1767, Act that would have removed New York’s charter in response to New York’s refusal to obey the Quartering Act. It was never actually put into effect but it worried the other states because if they can do it to NY they can do it to the other colonies too.

Front 236

Nicholas Trist

Back 236

American ambassador who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. He argued against taking all of Mexico because its political problems would just lead to more problems for America in the long run.

Front 237

Ninth Amendment

Back 237

Protects the rights of citizens that are not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Front 238

Noah Webster

Back 238

Published his dictionary in 1806 in a deliberate effort to make the American language different from the British language.

Front 239

Nonintercourse Act

Back 239

1809, Madison’s scaled down version of the Embargo Act; it said that Americans could trade with any country except France and Britain.

Front 240

Norse Settlements

Back 240

Two settlements on the tip of Newfoundland that had little lasting impact on North America.

Front 241

Northwest Ordinance

Back 241

1787, Stated that any territory with 60,000 white males could apply to enter the union if it had a bill of rights and prohibited slavery. There was considerable controversy over whether the new states should allow slavery, foreshadowing the disagreement that would occur later.

Front 242

Ohio

Back 242

Seventeenth state to join the union in 1803

Front 243

Olaudah Equiano

Back 243

Wrote a very popular book about his life as a slave that led to the abolishment of slavery in the British Islands

Front 244

Old Deluder Act

Back 244

1647, Act that was the start of public education in America. It required towns with at least 50 households to pay for a school teacher and towns with at least 100 households to provide a school building.

Front 245

Olive Branch Petition

Back 245

1775, Petition by the Second Continental Congress that said the colonies were still loyal to Britain and urged Britain to return to the old way. It was an attempt to avoid full blown war but was rejected by England because it arrived after news of Lexington and Concord.

Front 246

Oliver Evans

Back 246

Invented the Columbian Steam Engine (a much more efficient version of the pre-existing steam engine). It helped encourage people to manufacture where there was cheap labor rather than just where there was water power.

Front 247

Ostend Manifesto

Back 247

1852, Secret agreement in which America attempted to purchase Cuba from Spain. The agreement (which would have further spread slavery) was leaked, and anti-slavery Americans became angry so it never went through.

Front 248

Panic of 1819

Back 248

This was the first major financial crisis since the constitution was adopted. The Second Bank of the United States tightened credit causing closure of many state banks and massive deflation. It was most severe in the west because widespread land speculation had put people in debt. Across the country there were large amounts of bankruptcies, unemployment, and imprisonment for debt.

Front 249

Patrick Henry

Back 249

Initially became famous for his give me or liberty or death speech, He also inspired the Virginia Resolves. He strongly opposed federal government and was a prominent anti-federalist who refused to take part in the writing of the constitution.

Front 250

Patriot

Back 250

Americans who supported the Revolutionary War

Front 251

Paxton Boys

Back 251

A group that was angry about the lack of frontier protection and Pontiac’s Rebellion tried to seek by revenge by murdering Indians (but ended up killing an innocent, peaceful tribe). They marched on Philadelphia in 1764 but were stopped from doing further damage.

Front 252

Peculiar Institution, The

Back 252

Term used by white southerners to describe slavery in response to uneasiness over constantly having to defend its existence. By the nineteenth century they argued that slavery was good for slave and master (it was not simply an economic necessity).

Front 253

Peninsulares

Back 253

People who immigrated from metropolitan Spain to North America, They were the highest in the Spanish hierarchy

Front 254

Pet Banks

Back 254

Term used by critics of Andrew Jackson to describe the state banks that he removed federal money from the national bank to try to bring about its demise.

Front 255

Peyton Randolf

Back 255

President of the first Continental Congress

Front 256

Philadelphia Society for the Relief of Free Negros Unlawfully Held

Back 256

Benjamin Franklin’s anti-slavery society, founded in 1775

Front 257

Pig War

Back 257

1859, Bloodless conflict that occurred because the border between Canada and America was left unsettled in the Oregon Treaty (immediate cause was shooting of a big).

Front 258

Pinckney’s Treaty

Back 258

1795, Highly unexpected, Spain misinterpreted Jay’s Treaty and believed that England and America were allying together against Spain. Spain agreed to open the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade (could now transport stuff through there without paying Spain). Spain also agreed to the American version of Florida’s boarder.

Front 259

Ponce de Leon

Back 259

Spanish explorer who led expedition to Florida seeking wealth

Front 260

Pope

Back 260

Leader of Popes Rebellion in 1680.

Front 261

Pope’s Rebellion

Back 261

This rebellion occurred because of the practical enslavement of the natives under the encomienda system and forced Catholicism in the American Southwest. The breaking point occurred when the Spanish refused to let the natives perform a key religious ceremony. Over 400 Europeans were killed as the natives drove them out in an encounter that is now celebrated by Indian Rights Activists.

Front 262

Pontiac

Back 262

Indian chief who led Pontiac’s Rebellion

Front 263

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Back 263

1763, A small war by various Indian tribes that were dissatisfied with British policies in the Northwest following the French and Indians war. They were also frustrated about having lost their middle ground position following French removal. They captured all but two forts in the Ohio/Detroit area. Although the Indians were unsuccessful in driving out the British the rebellion did result in British changing policies (ex. the proclamation of 1763)

Front 264

Potato Crop Failure

Back 264

This caused major famine throughout Ireland and led to almost two million Irish immigrants coming to America in the 1840s. The immigrants worked hard but usually struggled because they were forced to compete with African Americans for low level jobs. They generally faced heavy discrimination for their religion (Roman Catholics) and tended to congregate in cities. Also voted Democrat (because was anti-British).

Front 265

Potato War

Back 265

See Aroostook War

Front 266

Proclamation of 1763

Back 266

British rule that prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to try to stop colonist/Indian fighting. It was difficult to enforce and widely ignored.

Front 267

Proclamation of Neutrality

Back 267

1793, George Washington issued this proclamation to show that the U.S. was not allied with France or Britain. It also threatened Americans who provided assistance to either of the countries.

Front 268

Prohibitory Act

Back 268

1775, Act by Britain that said all colonists were in a state of rebellion unless they begged otherwise. It also launched a form of economic warfare through blockade against the colonies.

Front 269

Prosser’s Rebellion

Back 269

1800, A large scale slave uprising inspired by a slave revolt in the Caribbean. Prosser, a slave with blacksmith skills, had been allowed to travel extensively for work. Over the course of his traveling he organized hundreds of slaves into a coordinated uprising. It led to increased criticism of slavery in the north, and tightening of slave laws in the south.

Front 270

Public Land Act

Back 270

1796, Act that set up an orderly procedure for dividing and selling public lands

Front 271

Quakers

Back 271

Religion that is notable for its belief in an “inner light” and its refusal to take oaths or fight in wars. The society was important in early America for its disregard for distinctions of sex and class. This view would cause the Quakers to play a large role in the anti-slavery movement.

Front 272

Quartering Act

Back 272

A set of acts that required the colonists to provide housing to the British soldiers in America.

Front 273

Quebec Act

Back 273

1774, British law that expanded Quebec’s boarders, designated Roman Catholicism as the official religion, and set up a government without representation (in Quebec). It was generally accepted by French Canadians but angered Americans who feared Britain could do the same thing to them. It also angered Protestants and those who felt they had a claim to a portion of the land taken.

Front 274

Queen Anne’s War

Back 274

1702-13, part of War of Spanish Succession in Europe, It consisted of the French and Spanish vs. the English, and occurred principally in the South. It resulted in the Treaty of Utrecht where England got lots of land and sovereignty over the Iroquois.

Front 275

Quids

Back 275

Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 (even though it was started by a Republican president) because it did not follow the traditional Republican idea of limited federal government.

Front 276

Quock Walker Cases

Back 276

1781, Quock Walker was a slave who escaped and sued his master for his freedom by saying that all men were created free and equal. He won and the case was largely responsible for the abolishment of slavery in Massachusetts.

Front 277

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Back 277

The leading proponent of Transcendentalism (idea that there are some things that are above reason). He delivered an influential lecture “The American Scholar” arguing that America should create its own culture.

Front 278

Report on Public Credit

Back 278

1790, A report in which Hamilton suggested that the war debts of the states be assumed by the federal government. He also suggested the creation of a national bank that could make loans, provide national currency, and help the national government regulate finances. Furthermore it called for a tariff on imported goods.

Front 279

Republicanism

Back 279

Idea of virtue

Front 280

Revenue Act

Back 280

1764, aka Sugar, This act cut the duty on molasses in an attempt to reduce smuggling. It also set new duties on other imports such as wines, coffee, indigo, and foreign textiles.

Front 281

Revolution of 1800

Back 281

Term sometimes applied to the peaceful transition of power from federalists (under John Adams) to the Democratic-Republicans following the election of 1800. It helped to prove that the system set-up under the constitution was viable.

Front 282

Richard Henderson

Back 282

Organized Transylvania Company (short lived colony in what is now known as Kentucky). He petitioned to make it the fourteenth colony but was denied because both VA and NC had claims to the land.

Front 283

Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Proved, The

Back 283

1764, Pamphlet by James Otis arguing against taxation without representation

Front 284

Robert Keayne

Back 284

New England man accused of price gouging (making too much of a profit when selling nails).

Front 285

Rockingham

Back 285

Replaced Greenville as minister of England and advocated for the repeal of the stamp act (but did pass Declaratory Act).

Front 286

Roger Williams

Back 286

Founded Providence (1636) on the foundation of religious freedom, Providence later joined with Portsmouth to become Rhode Island (1644)

Front 287

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Back 287

1817, Agreement between America and England that limited naval armament on the Great Lakes, it would be an initial step towards creating the longest unfortified boundary in the world.

Front 288

Samuel Adams

Back 288

Extremist who believed that parliament had no right to tax without representation. He founded the Sons of Liberty and helped to instigate the committees of correspondence.

Front 289

Samuel De Champlain

Back 289

French explorer who founded Quebec (1608)

Front 290

Samuel Morse

Back 290

Developed telegraph

Front 291

Samuel Slater

Back 291

Often described as the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution”, he helped to start the Market Economy by building the first factory to turn cotton into thread (1793) forming the foundation of the textile industry. He brought entire families (including children) to work in his factories.

Front 292

Scottish-Irish Immigrants

Back 292

Immigrants who tended to settle on the frontier and had little respect for English authority.

Front 293

Second Amendment

Back 293

People have right to bear arms

Front 294

Second Continental Congress

Back 294

Meeting of delegates from American colonies beginning in 1775. It was initially divided into those who hoped to remain loyal to Britain and those who desired independence. It issued the Olive Branch petition, but after it was rejected adopted the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It acted as the de facto government during the war.

Front 295

Second Great Awakening

Back 295

Early nineteenth century religious revival movement that was concentrated on the frontier and in the north east (especially in New York’s “Burned-Over District”). It was different from the first Great Awakening in that emphasis was placed on the idea that individuals can save themselves (it did also feature the revival of the City on a Hill Philosophy). It led to the rise in new churches such as the Mormons under the direction of Joseph Smith.

Front 296

Sedition Act

Back 296

Part of Alien and Sedition Acts, it made it illegal for any newspaper editor to criticize either the congress or the President. Although only ten were every arrested under the act it was significant because of the widespread reaction it created. It led to the VA and Kentucky resolves, and arguably the election of TJ.

Front 297

Seneca Falls Convention

Back 297

1848, Convention that was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia and issued the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions demanding more rights for women. It called for women’s suffrage, equal educational opportunities, and more rights in a divorce (not equal pay).

Front 298

Serpent Prosperity, The

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As colonists became more successful (i.e. prosperous) and materialistic they lost their religious fervor

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Seventh Amendment

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In most civil cases citizens have the right to trial by jury

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Sixth Amendment

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Anyone who is accused of a crime has a right to a speedy and fair trial. They may also call witnesses.

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Society of Cincinnati

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Organization of officers and their relatives during American Revolution. It inspired widespread outrage because it was done hereditarily rather than based on merit, and helps to demonstrate change to egalitarianism.

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Sons of Liberty

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Group of men led by Samuel Adams who led opposition to the British policies during the 1760s and 1770s. They burned the tax collector in Boston in response to the Stamp Act. They also organized the Boston Tea Party.

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Spoils System

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“To the victor goes the spoils” idea that the victor of a presidential election can do whatever they want with the staff. It arose based on Jackson replacing a large number of the staff with people who had supported him during the election. It is largely still in effect today.

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Spot Resolutions

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Propositions by Abraham Lincoln to try to find the exact spot where disputes between American and Mexican troops had occurred because he suspected they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory (attempt to prevent Mexican American War).

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St. Augustine

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Large Spanish trading outpost in Florida, it is the oldest continually occupied European city in the continental United States

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Stamp Act

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1765, Act meant to help pay for the British army in America. It placed a tax on all legal documents, newspapers, etc, and unintentionally brought a temporary halt to commerce. It inspired large spread resistance (including the stamp act congress, burning of tax collectors, buildings, etc.). It was eventually repealed and replaced with the Declaratory Act.

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Stamp Act Congress

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1765, 9 colonies meet to protest Stamp Act, they stated that they were still loyal to the crown but strongly condemned the Stamp Act

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Statue of Religious Freedom

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Allowed practice of any Christian religion in Pennsylvania (1682)

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Stono Revolt

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1739, Slaves in South Carolina rebel and kill twenty whites in an attempt to escape to Florida. It was the largest slave rebellion in the eighteenth century in the colonies and resulted in much greater fear among whites, and consequently much tighter control of slaves.

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Strange State of Franklin

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The settlers of the Watuga colony tried to break away from North Carolina and form their own state that lasted from 1784 – 1788 (it was named to try to get Ben Franklin’s support). When North Carolina sent troops to stop them their leader took over as governor. The state eventually lost momentum and died out but can be used to show the problems that occurred due to lack of effective leadership under the Articles of Confederation.

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Suffolk Resolves

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1774, Declaration that declared the Intolerable Acts null and void and urged Massachusetts to arm for defense

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Sugar Act

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See Revenue Act

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Sumptuary Laws

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Puritan attempt to counter materialism, limited what people could wear

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Susanna Rowson

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Wrote Charlotte Temple (1791-2), which was the bestselling novel until Uncle Tom’s Cabin. She is an important example of a successful female writer.

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Tallmadge Amendment

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An initial possible solution for the question of whether Missouri should enter as a free or slave state. Tallmadge developed a plan that called for the gradual reduction of slavery but southerners saw it as the first step towards abolishing slavery and rejected it (the Missouri Compromise was signed a year later instead).

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Tariff Act of 1789

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Tax (about 5 to 15% of value) on imports. At this point it was meant to raise revenue for America, not to act as a protective tariff. It was the largest source of revenue for the United States until the Civil War.

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Tariff of 1816

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First major protective tariff

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Tennessee

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Sixteenth state to join the union in 1796

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Tenochtitlan

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Largest Aztec city, at the time it was six times the largest city in Spain

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Tenth Amendment

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All powers that have not been delegated to the federal government belong to the states or people

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Terrible Transformation, The

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The transition from the use of indentured servants to racial slavery in the colonies

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Third Amendment

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People can’t be required to house soldiers during peacetime

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Thomas Gage

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Replaced Thomas Hutchinson as Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he urged Britain to send more troops to help deal with the rising colonial tension

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Thomas Hobbes

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English philosopher who is remembered for writing Leviathan (1651), arguing in favor of monarchy. He argues that without government people with descend into a “war of all against all.”

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Thomas Hooker

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Religious dissenter who founded Hartford (Connecticut), and has a role in writing the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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Thomas Jefferson

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He was the primary writer of the Declaration of Independence and was one of the most influential founding fathers. He later became the first Secretary of State under Washington, and then vice president under John Adams (because of the voting system at the time, not because they agreed on policies). He was the founder of the Democratic-Republicans (pro-French, anti-bank party). He became the third president (two terms) and purchased the Louisiana Territory from France (a difficult decision for him because he favored strict interpretation of the constitution and there was nothing in the constitution about buying the land).

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Thomas Paine

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Wrote Common Sense (highly influential) arguing in favor of the complete separation from England.

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Thomas Pinckney

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U.S. minister to Spain who negotiated the Treaty of Pinckney (more based on Spanish response to Jay’s Treaty than to any special skill on his part).

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Thomsonianism

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A movement started by Samuel Thomson to use natural herbs, roots, etc. for medicine. It was especially popular because of the lack of knowledge of real medicine. It was a manifestation of the idea of the common man present in the Jackson democracy (anyone could cure health problems).

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Three-Fifths Compromise

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Temporary solution to the issue of slavery when writing the constitution. It said that each slave would count as 3/5s of a person for tax and representation purposes.

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Tonnage Fee

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Fee that applied to both foreign and American ships (but was lower for American ships) for using ports

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Tories

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Patriot name for loyalists

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Trail of Tears

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1838 -39, Cherokee Indians (and later other tribes) were forcefully marched eight hundred miles from their homeland to Oklahoma. It was a difficult journey, with lots of abuse, and neglect, and one quarter of them died along the way.

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Transylvania Company

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Beginning in 1775, A short-lived colony that formed in the now Kentucky area under the leadership of Richard Henderson. It petitioned to become the fourteenth state but was unsuccessful because of preexisting claims to the land.

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Treaty of 1818

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Treaty that improved relations between America and Britain through an agreement to share fishing rights off Newfoundland, set a boundary between the U.S. and Canada (in Louisiana Territory area), and called for joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.

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Treaty of Fort Jackson

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1814, Ended the Creek War, Following the Battle of Horseshoe Bend the Creek Indians gave up 23 million acres in the Georgia, Alabama region.

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Treaty of Ghent

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Ratified in 1815, Following the end of the Napoleonic wars in Europe many of the issues that had caused the start of the War of 1812 became unimportant. Furthermore America recognized that they could not decisively win the war so they adopted this treaty ending the war in a stalemate. It ended the fighting, called for the return of all territory taken during the war, and restored the prewar boundary between the United States and Canada.

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Treaty of Greenville

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1795, Following the Battle of Fallen Timbers twelve Indian tribes agreed to sell most of the land in the Ohio and Indiana area.

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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

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1848, Ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico gave up the American southwest including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and California. It also recognized the Rio Grande as the Southern border of Texas. America agreed to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars.

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Treaty of Mortefontaine

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1800, Ended the Quasi-War with France (that had resulted from the XYZ affair). Because the two agreed that it was in both of their best interest for America to remain neutral (in the Napoleonic Wars) France and America agreed to void all former alliances but also agreed to stop attacking each other’s ships.

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Treaty of Paris of 1763

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Ended the French and Indian War, France agreed to give up most of its territory in North America to Britain and gave Spain the Louisiana area. The real losers were the Indians who lost their middle ground position between the French and English.

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Treaty of Ryswick

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Ended King William’s War, restored pre-war boundaries

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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1494, Set a line between Portuguese and Spanish claims in the new world

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Treaty of Utrecht

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1713, Ended Queen Anne’s War, Britain gained lots of land (ex. Nova Scotia, land along Hudson Bay, etc.)

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Tuscarora War

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1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.

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Twelfth Amendment

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1804, Established following the election of 1800 (and the difficulties between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson), it made voting for president and vice-president separate.

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Two Treatises on Government

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1690, John Locke’s publication arguing that the government is a mutual obligation between the rulers and the ruled and that each has obligations.

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Unitarianism

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Religion led by William Ellery Channing that became popular near the end of the eighteenth century, it stressed that all people are inherently good and eligible for salvation

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Universalism

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A religion that became popular with the working class in the late eighteenth century, it stressed salvation for all not just a predestined few

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Vermont

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Became fourteenth state to join union in 1791, it was the first state to constitutionally abolish slavery

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Virginia Plan

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Plan that arose when writing constitution, it would have favored larger states and was countered by the New Jersey plan that would have favored smaller states.

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Walker Tariff

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1846, Bill passed under Polk that lowered the tariff. It was the first tariff to create a standardized system for paying (i.e. pay based on how much it is worth not what it is) angering some special interest groups.

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War Hawks

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(Approx. 1810) Group of men largely from frontier states who were eager to go to war with Great Britain. They argued that it was the only way to gain territory, wipe out Native American resistance, and defend the American honor.

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War of 1812

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War under Madison that was primarily a result of British interference with American trade and the British aids to Native Americans on the frontier. Attempts made to prevent it (ex. Embargo Act of 1807, Nonintercourse Act) generally hurt American economy more than that of Britain and were consequently unsuccessful. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent which re- established pre-war boundaries but didn’t mention the attacking of American ships. It is also notable for helping to bring about the downfall of the federalists, increasing nationalist feelings, and promoting industrialization.

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Webster-Asburton Treaty

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(1842) This treaty settled the Canadian border between Britain and America. Although it was largely in Britain’s favor it helped to set the stage for further westward expansion. It left the boarder in the Oregon area unsettled (under the unspoken agreement that each would take half).

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Whigs

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A political party that became prominent in the 1830s (during Jackson’s presidency) and competed with the Democratic-Republicans. They supported more government involvement, a national bank, and opposed uncontrolled western expansion. They were most popular in the North and Northeast, and were unpopular with the Southern “common man”. William Henry Harrison was a Whig but Tyler his successor wasn’t a true Whig.

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“White Indians”

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Nineteen century derogatory term by Eastern Americans for the men on the frontier

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William Gilmore Simms

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Novelist who wrote The Yamasee (similar to Georgia Scenes) glorifying life on the frontier

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William Henry Harrison

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Whig candidate for president who narrowly won the election of 1840 (log cabin election). He gave a long speech in the rain and died of pneumonia a month later (and his vice-president Tyler took over).

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William Lloyd Garrison

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Editor of The Liberator, a radical abolitionist newspaper, in which he called for the immediate release of all slaves. He did not believe in compromise.

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William Miller

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Leader of the Millerites, he started the idea that the world would end in 1843

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William Morgan

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Founder of the Anti-Mason party (first third party).

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Wilmot Proviso

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Provision by David Wilmot that said that slavery wouldn’t be continued in the territory acquired in the Mexican-American War. It was attached as a rider to many important bills. It is importantly in that it marked the first time that voting was done based on sectional (north v. south) lines rather than party (Democrat v. Whig) lines.

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Winfield Scott

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American General who became famous for leading a march on Mexico City during the Mexican American War (helping to end the war). He was later an unsuccessful Whig candidate for president.

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Worcester V. Georgia

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1832, Supreme Court case in which John Marshall declared that the Cherokee Indians were a distinct community that the laws of Georgia could not control. Jackson declared “John Marshall has made his decision

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Walker Expedition

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1853, Unsuccessful attempt made by William Walker to take Baja California from Mexico. Later (1855), in attempt to spread slavery to Central America he temporarily took over Nicaragua before being overthrown by a coalition of Central American countries.