Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 5 major extinctions and which one was the biggest?
|
-Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Tertiary, Cretaceous
-Permian=largest |
|
|
What are the human causes of extinction?
|
-Habitat loss/fragmentation
-Pollution -Over exploitation/over harvesting -Poaching -Invasive species |
|
|
What is habitat loss and fragmentation?
|
-1/3 of each agricultural land for food
-Fragmentation= separates populations (ex. highway), which decreases genetic diversity, increases extinction and human contact |
|
|
What are examples of how pollution influences extinction?
|
-DDT= pesticide used in WWII to kill bugs, "Silent Spring", bioaccumulated affected birds (thin egg shells)
-Fossil fuels= spills, climate -PCBs= industrial coolants, in electrical cords, can cause cancer or endocrine disruption |
|
|
What is one example of how over exploitation/hunting influenced extinction?
|
Ferrits ate prarie dogs, farmers didn't like the dogs so they poisoned them, Black-Footed Ferrit population plumated
|
|
|
What is poaching and what animals have been commonly affected?
|
-Hunted protected animals (illegal)
-Rhinos, turtles, tigers -For traditional medicines or trade |
|
|
Give one example of an invasive species that has effected extinction.
|
Brown Snake in Guam introduced accidently by the US military, killed 9/12 endemic birds
|
|
|
What are the benefits of biodiversity?
|
-Ecosystem services
-Stability and resilience of ecosystem -Food security (genetic diversity) -Medicine -Tourism/economic -Aesthetic |
|
|
What is conservation biology?
|
Preserving species through science
|
|
|
What is the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography?
|
-MacArthur and Wilson
-Predicts # of species on an island based on island size and it's distance from mainland -Effects immigration and extinction rates |
|
|
Applying Wilson and MacArthur's theory, what are the rates of extinction/immigration on smaller vs. bigger islands?
|
-Smaller= higher extinction, lower immigration, less species
-Larger= less extinction, higher immigration, more species |
|
|
What is the Endangered Species Act (1973)?
|
-Enforced by FWS
-Required FWS to select critical habitats and design recovery plans |
|
|
Are zoos a good way to protect biodiversity? Why/why not?
|
No, because there is a small gene pool and they will lose their ability to survive in the wild
|
|
|
What is restoration ecology?
|
Taking disturbed lands and converting them into areas with their original biodiversity
|
|
|
What is an umbrella species?
|
By protecting an umbrella species, you protect an ecosystem/habitat and therefore protect other species
|
|
|
What is a biodiversity hot spot?
|
A spot with high endemism
|
|
|
What is CITIES?
|
A convention that banned international transport of threatened species
|
|
|
What was the Convention on Biological Diversity?
|
-Educational conference, promoting conservation of biodiversity
-US one of few countries that never ratified |
|
|
What are ICDPs?
|
-Community-based conservation projects
-Sustainable use of land, and human interaction with environment |
|
|
What are the problems with ICDPs?
|
-Nontimber= alters environment, not a great market
-Ecotourism= doesn't benefit locals, not every spot is good -Bioprospecting= medicines, $ not going to locals |
|
|
What are the conservation organizations?
|
-WWF= World Wildlife Fund, started as educational, now funds many projects
-World Conservation Union (IUCN)= maintains a data bank of world's species -Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS)= indentify list of endangered and threatened species |
|
|
What is the difference between endangered and threatened?
|
-Endangered= likely to go extinct without human intervention
-Threatened= likely to go endangered w/o human intervention |
|
|
What is the Bureau of Land Management (BLM)?
|
-Oversees grazing, mining, ect.
-Land is open to everyone |
|
|
What are National Parks and who manages them?
|
-National Park Service (NPS) managed 388 sites
-Parks scenic rivers |
|
|
What was the Antiquities Act?
|
-1906
-Allowed president to designate site as a national landmark w/o approval of congress -Stepping stone to national park |
|
|
What are National Wildlife Refuges and who manages them?
|
-Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
-Hunting/fishing |
|
|
What are/who manages National Forests?
|
-US Forest Service
-Multiple use land, not just protected |
|
|
What are/who manages Wilderness Areas?
|
-Areas in federal land, you cannot take anything from this land
-Managed by prexisting agency -Power from Wilderness Act |
|
|
What is the US Forest Service?
|
-Formed in 1906, original goal to maximize timber production by preventing forest fires (Smoky)
-Huge Yellowstone fires in 1980 (killed trees, bigger, increase in insect damage and disease) -Found out they needed the fires to reduce fuel, seed germination, and to reduce disease -1990s changed to ecosystem management (allow fires and controlled burns) |
|
|
What is clear cutting and what are problems with it?
|
-Cuts down all trees in an area (by timber companies)
-Problems= erosion, damages ecosystme |
|
|
What are the 3 methods fro timber extraction?
|
-Selective harvesting= removes a particular species, expensive
-Shelter wood= trees removed in stages, shelter for new seeds -Seed tree= only a few trees allowed to survive for seeds |
|
|
How does Maximum Sustainable Yield manage resources and what are problems with it?
|
-MSY uses fastest replacement growth (when effort and result even out)
-Problems= MSY hard to know (must go beyond it to find), K changes from year to year |
|
|
How does Ecosystem Management manage resources and what are problems with it?
|
-Thinks about effects of resource extraction on all ecosystem
-Problems= may not maximize extraction ($), difficult to see immediate effects on ecosystem |
|
|
How does Adaptive Management manage resources and what are problems with it?
|
-Recent, real time management, changed based on effects on environment
-Problems= decisions made too quickly (not enough research) |
|
|
What is SLOSS?
|
Single Large or Several Small (an approach to designing parks)
|
|
|
What is a buffer zone?
|
Limits human interaction with a park, cushion zone around park
|
|
|
What are corridors?
|
Rivers, bridges that animals can use to go from a small park to another
|
