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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_________ signaling targets neighboring cells, but is restricted to those close by. |
Paracrine. (Also called “paracrine factor”.) |
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_________ signaling takes place in the same cell that secreted the chemical/elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it. |
Autocrine. |
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________ help regulate reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, fluid balance, sleep, and many other body functions. |
Hormones. |
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______ are the secretions of an endocrine organ that travels via the bloodstream or lymphatics to induce a response in target cells or tissues in another part of the body. |
Hormones. |
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What are the two major classifications of hormones? |
1) Hormones derived from amino acids. (This includes amines, peptides, and proteins.) 2) Hormones derived from lipids. (Steroids.) |
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Hormones derived from ________ require cell membrane receptors to enter the cell. |
Amino acids. |
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Hormones derived from ________ are able to diffuse through the cell membrane, their target receptors are inside the cell. |
Lipids. |
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The _________ mechanism decreases the number of receptors on a cell due to hormones being present in excess. This helps a cell to become less responsive to the excessive hormone level. |
Down regulation. |
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The _______ mechanism increases the number of receptors on a cell to make it more sensitive to smaller quantities in hormones. |
Up regulation. |
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What are three ways that hormones interact if they are acting on the same target cell? |
1) Permissive. 2) Synergistic. 3) Antagonistic. |
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If different hormones are acting on the same target cell and the presence of one hormone enables the other hormone to act, this is called a _________ effect. |
Permissive. |
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If different hormones are acting on the same target cells and two hormones with similar effects product an amplified response, this is called a ______ effect. |
Synergistic. |
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If different hormones are acting on the same target cells and two hormones have opposing effects, this is called a(n) _______ effect. |
Antagonistic. |
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___________ is a form of regulation of hormone release that is characterized by the release of additional hormone in response to the original hormone. |
Positive feedback. |
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___________ is a form of regulation of hormone release and is characterized by the inhibition of further secretion of hormone in response to adequate levels of that hormone. |
Negative feedback. |
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___________ stimuli involves changes in blood levels of non-hormone chemicals (nutrients or ions) which can cause the release or inhibition of a hormone. |
Humoral. |
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________ stimuli involves endocrine glands secreting hormones in response to another hormone secreted by another endocrine gland. |
Hormonal. |
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_______ stimuli involves hormones being released in response to neural stimuli. |
Neural. |
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Which endocrine gland produces Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin? |
The thyroid gland. |
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The _________ gland’s structure is composed of left and right loves and the isthmus in the center. |
The thyroid gland. |
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Where is the parathyroid glands located? |
They are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. |
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What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do? |
It increases blood calcium levels. |
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The _________ glands are found attached to the top of the kidneys, connected by a fibrous capsule. |
Adrenal. |
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The adrenal gland is subdivided into... |
The suprarenal medulla and cortex. |
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What is the overall function of the adrenal glands? |
Stress response, blood pressure/volume, fluid/electrolyte balance, and inflammation. |
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The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus via the ____________. (Spell it.) |
Infundibulum. |
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The pituitary gland is divided into... |
Anterior and posterior. |
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The posterior pituitary is composed of ______ tissue. |
Neural. |
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The posterior pituitary is an extension of the neurons of the __________ of the hypothalamus. The cell bodies of those nerves are in the hypothalamus, but their axons travel down the __________ tract within the infundibulum and end in the axon terminal within the posterior pituitary gland. |
Paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei; Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal. |
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The posterior pituitary is an extension of the neurons of the __________ of the hypothalamus. The cell bodies of those nerves are in the hypothalamus, but their axons travel down the __________ tract within the infundibulum and end in the axon terminal within the posterior pituitary gland. |
Paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei; Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal. |
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What tract is utilized by the posterior pituitary gland and found within the infundibulum? |
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. |
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The _________ pituitary gland does not produce hormones, but only stores and releases hormones produced by he hypothalamus. |
Posterior. |
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True or false: both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands produce hormones. |
False. The posterior pituitary gland does not produce hormones, it only stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. |
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Regarding hormones associated with the posterior pituitary gland... The paraventricular nuclei is to _________, as supraoptic nuclei is to ___________. |
Oxytocin; ADH |
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What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland? |
Oxytocin and ADH. |
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The anterior pituitary is composed of _________ tissue. |
Glandular. |
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True or false: The anterior pituitary gland does create/produce hormones. |
True. The anterior pituitary gland both stores and produces hormones. |
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The secretion of the anterior pituitary glands hormones are regulated by two classes of hormones from the hypothalamus. What are they? |
Releasing and inhibiting. |
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Hypothalamus hormones are secreted by neurons, but enter the anterior pituitary gland though ________. |
Blood vessels. |
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The __________ is the bridge of capillaries within the infundibulum that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. |
Hypophyseal portal system. |
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The ________ pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via a capillary plexus, while the __________ pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via nerves. |
Anterior; posterior. |
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Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland exit from ________, while the hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland exit from a(n) _________. |
Axon terminals; Secondary capillary plexus. |
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Oxytocin effects what organs/part of the body? |
Uterine muscles and mammary glands. |
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Oxytocin effects what organs/part of the body? |
Uterine muscles and mammary glands. |
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Antidiuretic Hormone effects what organs/part of the body? |
Kidney tubules. |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone effects what organs/part of the body? |
Thyroid. |
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ACTH effects what organs/part of the body? |
Adrenal cortex. |
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FSH & LH (hormones) effects what organs/part of the body? |
Testes or ovaries. |
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Growth hormone effects what organs/part of the body? |
The entire body. |
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Prolactin effects what organs/part of the body? |
Mammary glands. |
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Growth hormone is also referred to as “_________”. |
Somatotropin. |
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What are three disorders associated with growth hormone? |
Gigantism, acromegaly, and pituitary dwarfism. |
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What are the effects of growth hormone? |
It regulates growth, promotes protein synthesis and tissue building. |
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What are the effects/actions of prolactin? |
Promotes lactation/milk production in women, during pregnancy it contributes to the development of mammary glands, after birth it stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk. |
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What are the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland? |
Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and lutenizing hormone. |
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What is another term for thyroid stimulating hormone? |
Thyrotropin. |
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What is another term for thyroid stimulating hormone? |
Thyrotropin. |
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What are the actions/effects of thyroid stimulating hormone? |
It triggers a secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. |
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What is another term for adrenocorticotropic hormone? |
Corticotropin. |
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What are some actions/effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone? |
It stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones. |
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_________ hormone promotes spermatogenesis. |
FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone. |
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do? |
It stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells- ova in women and sperm in men. Promotes follicular growth. |
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do? |
It stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells- ova in women and sperm in men. Promotes follicular growth. |
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__________ Hormone stimulates the production of sex cells (ova in women and spent in men) and promotes follicular growth- these follicles then release estrogens in the female ovaries. |
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do? |
It stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells- ova in women and sperm in men. Promotes follicular growth. |
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__________ Hormone stimulates the production of sex cells (ova in women and spent in men) and promotes follicular growth- these follicles then release estrogens in the female ovaries. |
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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___________ hormone triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone in the ovaries. It also stimulates the production of testosterone by the male testes. |
Luteinizing Hormone |
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_______ is an extension of the neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. |
The posterior pituitary. |
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_______ is the “tend befriend” hormone. It stimulates uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix. It’s necessary for milk ejection reflex in breastfeeding. |
Oxytocin. |
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_______ is the “tend befriend” hormone. It stimulates uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix. It’s necessary for milk ejection reflex in breastfeeding. |
Oxytocin. |
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What is another term for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? |
Vasopressin. |
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ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to.... |
High blood osmolarity detected by osmoreceptors. |
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What is the equation to find stroke volume (SV)? |
SV= EDV-ESV. |
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What is the equation to find heart rate (HR)? |
HR= contractions/minute |
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What is the equation to find cardiac output (CO)? |
CO= heart rate X stroke volume CO= HR x SV |
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What is the equation to find ejection fraction (EF)? |
EF= SV/EDV EF= stroke volume/end diastolic volume |
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________ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. |
Cardiac output |
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_______ is the amount of blood pumped by EACH ventricle. |
Stroke volume. |
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________ = contractions per minute. |
Heart rate. |
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_________ = EDV-ESV. |
Stroke volume. |
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__________ = heart rate x stroke volume. |
Cardiac output |
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_________ is the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction. |
Ejection fraction. |
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The vagus nerve ________ heart rate. |
Decreases. |
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___________ is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. This caused decreased blood flow to the heart muscles. Symptoms include shortness of breath, palpitations, faster heartbeat, nausea, and sweating. Angina is the the most common symptom. |
Coronary artery disease. |
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___________ is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. This caused decreased blood flow to the heart muscles. Symptoms include shortness of breath, palpitations, faster heartbeat, nausea, and sweating. Angina is the the most common symptom. |
Coronary artery disease. |
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_______ occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. It’s symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, tachycardia, and pallor. |
Congestive heart failure. |
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What Artery is also called the “widow maker”? |
Left anterior descending artery. |
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_________ supply blood to the myocardium and arise off the aorta. |
Coronary arteries. |
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Which side of the heart is thicker? |
The left side, because it must accommodate the systemic circulation. |
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True or false: both sides of the heart pump the same volume. |
True. |
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________ are anchored by chordae tindineae and held fast by papillary muscles. They are “trap doors” to the ventricles. |
Atrioventricular valves. |
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The bicuspid/mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are _______ valves. |
Atrioventricular. |
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________ prevent backflip into ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary arteries. |
Semilunar valves. |
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The _________ valves are responsible for heart sounds. |
Semilunar. |
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__________ is caused by carditis, any valves can be affected.... Can cause incomplete closure of a valve, allowing backflow and causing a heart murmur. |
Mitral valve regurgitation. |
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________ is when the coronary arteries are blocked and the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen, the muscle tissue dies. |
Myocardial infarction. |
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_____ occurs as the result of plaque build up in the arterial walls of the heart, resulting in obstruction of blood flow and decreased vessel flexibility. |
Coronary artery disease. |
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List the steps of the cardiac conduction system. |
1. SA node fires. 2. Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium. 3. AV node fires. 4. Excitation spreads down AV bundle. 5. Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium. |
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_____ is the pacemaker of the heart and initiates sinus rhythm. |
SA sinoatrial node. |
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The normal, slow entrance of _______ ions allow the resting membrane potential to constantly drift toward threshold, enabling for spontaneous polarization and the opening of ________ channels. |
Sodium (Na+); Calcium (Ca2+) |
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Depolarization of the cardiac muscle occurs when __________ ion channels open. |
Potassium (K+) |
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In the plateau phase (of cardiac muscle), membrane potential declines slowly due to the _________________ and a few K+ leakage channels opening. |
Slow calcium channeled opening |
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Potassium channels opening in cardiac muscle means that _________ and “resetting” will be taking place. |
Repolarization. |
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Without __________, the heart would have premature contractions and could not pump efficiently. |
Extended refractory periods. |
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The ________ node reaches 75 BPM with no help- it reaches threshold the fastest. |
Sinoatrial node. |
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The _____ node has 40-60 BPM. |
Atrioventricular |
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The __________ 30-40 BPM. (Rates of firing. Cardiac.) |
AV bundle. |
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What are the purkinje fibers rates of firing? |
15-20 BPM. |
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The _____ wave: atrial depolarization. |
P Wave. |
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The _______ complex: ventricular depolarization. Contraction begins at the peak of the R wave. |
QRS. |
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_____ wave: repolarization of the ventricles. |
T wave. |
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______ is when an area other than the SA node initiates impulse followed by premature contraction. Caused by ischemia. |
Ectopic focus. |
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Define “systole” |
Period of contraction. |
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Define “systole” |
Period of contraction. |
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Define “diastole” |
Period of relaxation as the chambers fill. |
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Define “systole” |
Period of contraction. |
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Define “diastole” |
Period of relaxation as the chambers fill. |
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The _______ is the period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation. |
Cardiac cycle. |
