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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did many Americans view WWII as a positive experience?
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Because it ended the Great Depression.
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What movement began to emerge in Europe in the 1920s?
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fascism
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In 1936, what was the American public opinion on war?
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Public opinion was against war.
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What and when was the first act of aggression in WW2?
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The Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931, and a full-scale occupation of China in 1937.
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How did the League of Nations respond to Japanese aggression, and what was the effect of this response?
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The League of Nations condemned Japan's aggression, but was unable to stop it. Japan withdrew from the league.
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What was the name of Italy's fascist dictator?
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Benito Mussolini
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What aggressive action did Italy take during the 1930s, and during which years?
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Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 and completely dominated Ethiopia by 1936.
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How did the League of Nations respond to Italian aggression in the 1930s, and what was the effect of this response?
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The League of Nations condemned the invasion and imposed sanctions. These actions had little effect.
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In what year did Hitler become chancellor of Germany?
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1933
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What goal did Hitler have for Germany?
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He wanted to overturn territorial settlements of the Versailles treaty, restore all European Germans to a single greater German fatherland, and annex large areas of Easter Europe.
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What was the appeasement policy?
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France and Britain took no action against German aggression in order to avoid war.
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What was the Anti-Comintern Pact, and when and by which countries was it signed?
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Germany and Japan signed it in 1936. It was a precursor to their future military alliance.
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What was the Good Neighbor Policy?
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A policy adopted by the United States which voluntarily renounced the use of military force and armed intervention in the Western Hemisphere.
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What was the Platt Amendment, and what happened with it during the 1930s?
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The Platt Amendment asserted the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs. It was repealed by Congress in 1934, but the U.S. retained a base at Guantanamo Bay.
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What foreign policy grew in influence in the 1920s, and why?
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Isolationism grew popular because of disillusionment with American participation in World War I.
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Who was Gerald P. Nye, and what did he do?
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He was a Republican senator from North Dakota who began a congressional investigation that concluded that war profiteers maneuvered the nation into WWI.
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What was the Neutrality Act of 1935, and what influenced its passing?
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The act imposed an embargo on arms trading with countries at war and declared that American citizens traveled on the ships of belligerent nations at their own risk.
Gerald P. Nye's investigation which determined that war profiteers maneuvered the U.S. into WWI influenced the passing of this act. |
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What amendments where made to the Neutrality Act of 1935, and when?
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In 1936, Congress expanded it to ban loans to belligerents.
In 1937, a "cash-and-carry" provision was added. Countries at war, in order to buy nonmilitary goods, would have to pay in cash and pick up the goods with their own ships. |
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When did WWII begin?
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September 1, 1939
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What was the United States' immediate response to the outbreak of WWII?
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Two days after the war started, the United States officially declared its neutrality.
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By what year was Britain the only remaining force opposing the Axis powers?
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1940
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Who (and which group) lead the interventionists?
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the journalist William Allen White and his Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
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Which group lead the isolationists, and who supported them.
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The "America First Committee" was supported by conservative publications
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In 1940, how did the United States move closer to involvement in the war? (4 points)
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-Roosevelt set up national defense by creating the National Defense Advisory Commission and the Council of National Defense
-traded ships to Great Britain in exchange for the right to build bases on their possessions in the Atlantic; this circumvented the neutrality law -defense spending was increased -the first peacetime draft registration and conscription in American History was instituted |
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Who ran versus whom in the 1940 election, and who won?
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F.D.R. and Henry A. Wallace (a liberal; secretary of agriculture)
Wendell Willkie (a former democrat who supported many New Deal policies) Roosevelt won, but not by as much as he had in his two previous elections. |
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What is the Lend-Lease Act and when was it passed?
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The act authorized the president to lease/lend/dispose of arms and other equipment to any country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the United States. It applied to Great Britain, and Russia after it was attacked. It was passed in 1941.
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What were Roosevelt's "four points"?
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-freedom of speech and expression
-freedom of worship -freedom from want -freedom from fear |
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What marked the unofficial entrance of the United States into WWII?
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the implementation of lend-lease
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What was the Atlantic Charter?
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A joint press release by F.D.R. and Winston Churchill which provided the ideological foundation of the Western cause and of the peace to follow.
It supported free trade, national self-determination, and collective security. |
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How did the Germans respond to the United States supplying the Allies?
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Germany attacked American and Allied ships, which caused an undeclared naval war in the Atlantic which the American public did not know about.
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What were some actions taken by the Japanese against the United States before Pearl Harbor, and was the American response?
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-in 1937 they sunk an American boat while invading China. Japan apologized and paid over $2 milllion in damages
-Japanese troops occupied Indochina. U.S. responded first with an embargo on airplane gas and scrap metal, and next by freezing Japanese assets in the U.S. and placing a full embargo on Japan |
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When was the attack on Pearl Harbor?
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December 7, 1941
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What was the American response to the attack on Pearl Harbor?
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Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war on Japan, which was voted for unanimously by the Senate and with only one dissenter in the House.
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What was the War Powers Act, and when was it passed?
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It was passed December 18, 1941 and it gave Roosevelt unprecedented authority over all aspects of the conduct of war.
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What did the Revenue Act of 1942 do?
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It began taxing average citizens, instead of only wealthy people and corporations. Americans were told it would be a way to express their patriotism.
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How did the federal bureaucracy change during WWII? (two points)
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-the number of citizens working for the federal government increased fourfold
-federal agencies began to be run by business executives instead of reformers |
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What did the Office of Price Administration do?
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It supervised the domestic economy by allocating resources and trying to keep inflation down.
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What was the OPA?
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The Office of Price Administration.
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What did the War Production Board do?
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It awarded defense contracts, evaluated military and civilian requests for scarce resources, and oversaw the conversion of industry to military production.
The WPB encouraged businesses to convert to war production with tax write-offs and cost-plus provisions |
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What were cost-plus provisions?
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Contracts between the federal government and factories producing war goods that guaranteed a profit to the businesses.
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What was the WPB?
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The War Production Board
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What business size did the War Production prefer to deal with, why, and what was the outcome of this preference?
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The WPB preferred to deal with major corporations instead of small businesses due to wanting efficiency and maximum production.
This promoted the growth of large corporate structures. It also caused the military-industrial complex, which linked the federal government, corporations, and the military in an interdependent relationship. |
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Who was responsible for increased shipyard production, and how was this accomplished?
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Henry J. Kaiser, a shipbuilder, did this by using the mass-production techniques of the automobile industry.
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How did the U.S. military treat black soldiers?
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Black soldiers were in segregated units and were assigned to menial duties.
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How did the U.S. military treat Mexican-American soldiers?
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They were never officially segregated, were welcomed into combat units, and several earned the Congressional Medal of Honor.
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How did the U.S. military treat Native American soldiers?
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They were not segregated, and their native languages were used to send military messages.
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How did women get involved with the U.S. military?
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Many women enlisted in women's military services. A third of the nation's registered nurses volunteered for military duty.
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How did the U.S. military treat female soldiers?
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Women were barred from combat, had strictly regulated personal lives, and were given stereotypical women's jobs.
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How were female wartime workers treated?
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They were considered temporary, they were not offered daycare or flexible hours to take care of their children, and they were paid much less than men were.
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What was the NWLB?
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The National War Labor Board
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What was the National War Labor Board?
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The NWLB established wages, hours, and working conditions and had authority to order government seizure of noncomplying plants.
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Why were many union members upset during WWII?
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They felt that their wages weren't high enough in proportion to corporate profits.
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What was the Smith-Connally Labor Act of 1943, and how was it passed?
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The act was passed by Congress overriding Roosevelt's veto.
The act required a thirty-day cooling-off period before a strike and completely prohibited strikes in defense agencies. |
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How did unions change during WWII?
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Union membership increased dramatically.
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Who planned the "March on Washington", and what was it?
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The march was planned by A. Philip Randolph, a black-union leader. The march would have protested the government's refusal to force defense contractors to racially integrate their workforces.
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How did Roosevelt respond to the planned "March on Washington"?
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In exchange for the event's cancellation, he:
-issued Executive Order 8802, which declared that workers in defense industries or government would not be discriminated against for their race -established the Fair Employment Practices Commission |
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What was Executive Order 8802?
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It declared that workers in defense industries or government would not be discriminated for their race.
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What was the FEPC?
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The Fair Employment Practices Commission.
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What was the LULAC?
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The League of United Latin American Citizens
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What was the League of United Latin American Citizens?
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A group that protested the segregation and exclusion of Latin Americans. They built on their community's patriotic defense and war contributions.
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What happened with African American groups during WWII?
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Groups such as the NAACP grew and began to use direct tactics. These factors lead to the resurgence of African American militancy.
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During WWII, how involved was Roosevelt with social reform?
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He spoke more of social reform than he accomplished, in part because of his preoccupation with the was as well as the lack of congressional support.
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What did the Servicemen's Readjustment Act do, and what was it's a.k.a.?
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Also known as the GI Bill of Rights, it provided education, job training, medical care, pensions, and mortgage loans for people who had served in the armed services during the war.
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What was the biggest outcome of the GI Bill of Rights?
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Higher education became more widely available.
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Who ran in the 1944 elections, and who was elected?
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F.D.R. ran with Harry S Truman
Republicans ran Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York F.D.R. won the election by a narrow margin with the support of ethnic minorities and organized labor. |
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What was the OWI?
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The Office of War Information
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What did the Office of War Information do?
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They worked to spread information and promote patriotism. They worked with advertisers to make advertisements more patriotic.
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What was going on with movies during WWII?
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Movie theatre attendance increased. Movies had patriotic themes.
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How did Americans get news about the war?
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Through newsreel broadcasts accompanying the feature films and through radio broadcasts.
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Economically, what was the biggest concern for most Americans during WWII?
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Rationing and regulation of goods by the Office of Price Administration.
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What sort of migration occurred during WWII?
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People moved to find work, and the most affected state was California.
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How were leftists and communists treated during WWII?
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They faced little repression due to the United States' alliance with the Soviet Union.
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What did Executive Order 9066 do?
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It gave the War Department the authority to evacuate Japanese Americans from the West Coast and intern them in relocation camps for the rest of the war.
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How were German-,Italian-, and Japanese-Americans treated during the war? Why?
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German and Italian Americans did not face much hostility. Hostility was directed towards the Japanese Americans because they stood out more, and due to the west coast's vulnerability to attack.
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In what areas were Japanese Americans most affected by internment?
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California, Oregon, Washington
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Why weren't Hawaiian Japanese Americans interned?
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Hawaii was less suspicious of Japanese Americans due to their multiracial heritage. Hawaii would not have been economically able to intern Japanese Americans due the fact that they made up a significant portion of the unskilled workforce.
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How did the United States justify internment of Japanese Americans?
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The Supreme Court legitimized internment through a series of three cases. They did not expressly rule on the constitutionality of internment.
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When and how did the United States "make up" for the internment camps?
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In 1988, Congress issued a public apology and gave $20,000 to surviving internees.
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Which countries was the Allied coalition composed of, and which countries most notably contributed to them with lesser roles?
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Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union
smaller: China and France |
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What strategy did the Soviet Union want used in WWII, and how did the allies respond?
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The Soviet Union wanted a second front versus Germany from France to draw German troops away from Russian soil.
The other allies took a long time before they agreed to open up a second front in exchange for the Soviet Union agreeing to help fight Japan after the war in Europe ends. |
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What was the effect of the Allies delay to create a second front?
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The Soviet Union was most hurt by the land battle against Germany, and Stalin grew suspicious of British and American intensions.
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What, and when, was the major turning point of WWII?
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The winter of 1942 to 1943, when the Soviets halted the German advance in the Battle of Stalingrad.
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What and when was D-Day?
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June 6, 1944
The long-promised invasion of France started. |
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When and what was V-E day?
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Victory in Europe Day was on May 8, 1945. It was the day that Germany surrendered.
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What was the American response to Jews trying to leave Germany during WWII?
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The United States did not let many of them in, and allowed only a limited number of Jews to enter the country.
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What was the Battle of Coral Sea?
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The first major sea battle; American naval forces halted the Japanese offensive against Australia
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What happened during the Battle of Midway?
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Americans were able to drop bombs on Japanese aircraft carriers which destroyed much of their fleet. It marked the beginning of a series of American offensive victories.
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Who ran the military during WWII? (2 people)
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General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
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What actions by the Japanese suggested that they would keep fighting despite overwhelming losses?
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Kamikaze pilots and the Japanese military leadership's refusal to surrender.
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What did Stalin and Roosevelt disagree about at Yalta?
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Stalin wanted Soviet-controlled satellite states around the Soviet Union border. This clashed with the Atlantic Charter's principle of self-determination. Roosevelt hoped there would be democratic states in those areas.
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What was established at Yalta?
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the United Nations
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When did Roosevelt die?
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April 12, 1945
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When and where were the atomic bombs dropped in Japan?
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Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9
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Why were American policymakers convinced they needed to use the atomic bomb?
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They believed that Japan's military leaders would never surrender unless their country was utterly devastated.
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When did Japan surrender?
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They offered to surrender on August 10, 1945, and signed a formal treaty of surrender on September 2, 1945.
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