A&p Lab - Practical 4

Front 1

Located in the vertebral foramen. It begins at the foramen magnum and ends at the corpus medullaris in the lumbar region. It conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the body.

Back 1

Sinal Cord

Front 2

Back 2

Looking for Spinal Cord

Front 3

The largest part of the brain in mammals. It is composed of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

Back 3

Cerebrum

Front 4

They have motor functions, but also deal with aggression, mood, foresight, motivation, and social judgements.These structures lie between the frontal bone and the central sulcus, and above the eye orbit.

Back 4

Frontal Lobes

Front 5

Integration of sensory information with the exceptions of vision, hearing, and smell.Between the parietal bones and the central sulcus.

Back 5

Parietal Lobes

Front 6

Receives and interprets visual signals. Between occipital bone and the patio-occipital sulcus.

Back 6

Occipital Lobe

Front 7

Functions in memory, vision, learning, hearing, and emotional behavior. between Lateral sulcus and temporal bone.

Back 7

Temporal Lobes

Front 8

Thick folds in the surface of the cerebrum.

Back 8

Gyri (Gyrus)

Front 9

Shallow groves in the surface of the cerebrum.

Back 9

Sulk (Sulcus)

Front 10

A deep groove separating the cerebrum, into right and left halves.

Back 10

Longitudinal fissure

Front 11

Divided by the Longitudinal Fissure into right and left portions called:

Back 11

cerebral hemisphere

Front 12

Second larges part of the brain in mammals largest part in birds. Involved in the regulation of posture and balance, fine motor control of skeletal muscles, and repetitive movements.

Back 12

Cerebellum

Front 13

An endocrine gland directly attached to the hypothalamus. It is divided into anterior and posterior portions. Anterior portion produces hormones which regulate other endocrine glands, and directly affects large cells. Posterior portion functions to store and release hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Back 13

Pituitary Gland

Front 14

Functions to integrate all sensory information (with the exception of smell) from the body, and channels it into proper processing regions in the cerebrum.

Back 14

Thalamus

Front 15

Major integration system between various organ system and the nervous system. It coordinates activities of both the nervous and endocrine systems, and between voluntary and autonomic activities. It is attached directly to the pituitary gland.

Back 15

Hypothalamus

Front 16

Processes olfactory information and contains centers for reflex movements involved in eating, such as chewing, licking, and swallowing.

Back 16

Mammillary Body

Front 17

The region that regulates the day/night cycle. Secretes the hormone melatonin, which effects sleepiness.

Back 17

Pineal Body

Front 18

Contains the nerve tracts and physically joins the two cerebral hemispheres.

Back 18

Corpus Callosum

Front 19

Located above the pons and is the smallest part of the brain stem. The oculomotor, trochlear, and trigeminal cranial nerves originate in this area.

Back 19

Midbrain

Front 20

Located above the medulla, on the brain stem. It works with the medulla to control respiration and helps regulate sleep. It is the origin for the trigeminal, abducens, facial , and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves.

Back 20

Pons

Front 21

Base of the brain stem. It contains nerve centers for the regulation of the heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccoughing.

Back 21

Medulla Oblongata

Front 22

Bottom-center of the brain where two optic nerves cross.

Back 22

Optic Chiasma

Front 23

Located just below the frontal lobes. They function in the sense of smell.

Back 23

Olfactory Bulbs

Front 24

A vascular layer of connective tissue which function to protect the brain and spinal cord

Back 24

Arachnoid Layer of meninges

Front 25

Space between the arachnoid and pia mater containing cerebrospinal fluid

Back 25

Subarachnoid space

Front 26

Thin, transparent layer of connective tissue on the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Contains blood vessels that nourish the spinal cord.

Back 26

Pia Matter

Front 27

Surround the gray matter. Composed of both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. It has three regions, anterior, lateral, and posterior columns.

Back 27

White matter of spinal cord

Front 28

Shaped like a butterfly or the capital letter "H" in cross-section. It is composed of neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. It has 3 regions: anterior, lateral, and posterior horns. The central canal is in the center of the gray matter.

Back 28

Gray matter of spinal cord

Front 29

These structures contain the axons of the autonomic sensory neurons.

Back 29

Dorsal Root of spinal nerve

Front 30

contains the cell bodies of somatic and autonomic sensory neurons.

Back 30

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 31

contains the cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles.

Back 31

Ventral root of spinal nerve

Front 32

nerve tracks that connect the spinal cord with various regions of the body.

Back 32

Spinal nerve

Front 33

Most superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It functions to protect the brain and spinal cord.

Back 33

Dura mater

Front 34

Originates in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and terminates in the olfactory lobe.

Back 34

Olfactory Nerve

Front 35

Originates in the retina and goes to he optic chiasma. The right nerve goes to the left hemisphere and the left nerve goes to the right hemisphere.

Back 35

Optic nerve

Front 36

A mixed nerve originating in the brain and termination at the eye.

Back 36

Oculomotor

Front 37

A mixed nerve which originated in the brain and terminates in the eye

Back 37

Trochlear nerve

Front 38

Sensory nerve functioning in the sense of smell.

Back 38

Olfactory nerve

Front 39

Sensory nerve involved in vision.

Back 39

Optic nerve

Front 40

Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the eye. Motor function include eye and eye lid movement, controlling pupil diameter, and focusing

Back 40

Oculomotor

Front 41

Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the eye. Motor functions are lateral and inferior movement of the eye.

Back 41

Trochlear nerve

Front 42

A mixed nerve dividing into three branches. The branches originate in the face, jaws, mouth, tongue, and scalp and terminate in the pons.

Back 42

Trigeminal nerve

Front 43

A mixed nerve originating in the pons and innervating the later rectus eye muscles.

Back 43

Abducens nerve

Front 44

A mixed nerve originating in the pons. It innervates the muscles of the face, scalp, neck, and salivary glands.

Back 44

Facial nerve

Front 45

A mixed nerve originating in the inner ear and terminating in the thalamus

Back 45

Vestibulocochlear

Front 46

Mixed nerve with motor fires originating in the medulla, and traveling to the pharyngeal region. Sensory fibers originate in the pharyngeal region, middle and external ear, rear of the tongue, and the carotid arteries.

Back 46

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Front 47

Sensory function is to transport information from various touch receptors on the face. Motor function is chewing.

Back 47

Trigeminal nerve

Front 48

Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the eye. Motor function is the lateral movement of the eye.

Back 48

Abducens Nerve

Front 49

Sensory functions are reception of taste stimuli from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the position of the face and scalp muscles. Motor functions include controlling facial expressions and secretion from the salivary glands.

Back 49

Facial Nerve

Front 50

Sensory nerve functioning in hearing and equilibrium. Motor functions include a response by the head and neck to changes in equilibrium.

Back 50

Vestibulocochlear

Front 51

Sensory functions are taste and touch by the tongue, the gag reflex, regulation of blood pressure, and reparation. Motor functions include the control of pharyngeal muscles in swallowing, speech, salivation, and the gag reflex.

Back 51

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Front 52

A mixed nerve with motor fibers originating in the medulla and terminating in the pharyngeal region, digestive, reparatory, and cardiovascular systems. The sensory fibers originate in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the pharyngeal region, and external ear.

Back 52

Vagus

Front 53

A mixed nerve originating in the medulla and the upper cervical portions of the spinal cord.

Back 53

Accessory nerve

Front 54

Primarily a motor nerve originating in the upper cervical portions of the spinal cord and terminating in the muscles of the tongue.

Back 54

Hypoglossal Nerve

Front 55

Sensory functions involve sensations from the respiratory tract, pharyngeal region, external ear canal, and of hunger and fullness. Motor functions include controlling swallowing, coughing, speech and smooth muscles of the respiratory and digestive systems.

Back 55

Vagus

Front 56

Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders. Motor functions include controlling those muscles and voluntary swallowing.

Back 56

Accessory nerve

Front 57

Sensory function is to provide information on the tongue movement. Motor function is to control muscles involved in food maculation, swallowing, and speech.

Back 57

Hypoglossal Nerve

Front 58

Innate responses designed to protect the body. posture maintenance. balance,

-Achilles reflex

-Patellar reflex

Back 58

Somatic Reflexes

Front 59

Reflexes controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Involuntary responses.Involve reactions such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands

Back 59

Autonomic Reflexes

Front 60

Somatic Reflex

Quadriceps Femoris

Kicked foward

Back 60

Patellar Reflex

Front 61

Somatic Reflex

Gastrocnemius

Plantar Flexion

Back 61

Achilles Reflex

Front 62

Somatic Reflex

Afferent- Trigeminal Nerve

Efferent- Facial Nerve

Blinking

Back 62

Corneal Reflex

Front 63

Autonomic Reflex

Afferent- Optic nerve

Efferent- Oculomotor Nerve

Constriction of Pupil

Back 63

Pupillary Reflex

Front 64

Autonomic

Pupil dilation

Back 64

Ciliospinal Reflex

Front 65

Widespread, superficial, found in hairy and hairless skin. Light touch, temperature, and pain.

Back 65

Free nerve endings

Front 66

A dendrite wrapped around a hair follicle. Light touch when the hair is displaced.

Back 66

Hair follicle receptors

Front 67

Found in the dermal papillae of hairless skin. Light touch and low- frequency vibration.

Back 67

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 68

Found in the stratum basal of hairy and hairless skin. pressure touch

Back 68

Merkel's nerve complex

Front 69

In the dermis, joint capsules, some viscera, genitals, and breasts. High frequency vibration. pressure, stretch, and tickling.

Back 69

Lamellate or Pacinian Corpuscles

Front 70

In the dermis and joint capsules. Pressure touch.

Back 70

Ruffini's Cylinders

Front 71

Recording the minimum distance between the jaws of the caliper at which you can feel two points.

Back 71

Two-point touch threshold

Front 72

What are the 5 different tastes?

Back 72

Salty

Sweet

Bitter

Sour

Umami

Front 73

Form capsules surrounding the taste receptor cell. These cells support and protect the receptor cells.

Back 73

Supporting Cells

Front 74

Has a microvilli, called a "taste hair", protruding through a pore on the apical surface of the taste bud. These hairs are the receptor surface for taste stimuli.

Back 74

taste receptor cells

Front 75

Found peripherally on the base of the taste bud. They develop into supporting cells and then into receptor cells which live about 10 days.

Back 75

Basal Cells

Front 76

Small, spike-like projections found all over the tongue. They are the most abundant papillae, but lack taste buds. They roughen the tongue and aid in food manipulation.

Back 76

Filiform Papillae

Front 77

These Papillae form parallel bands on the sides of the posterior 2/3 of the tongue. They have few taste buds.

Back 77

Foliate Papillae

Front 78

These papillae, as the name implies, are mushroom-shaped projections found all over the tongue, although they tend to be concentrated on the tip and sides. Each papillae has about 5 taste buds.

Back 78

Fungiform Papillae

Front 79

These are large circular papillae with a depression in the middle. There are about 12 of them arranged in a V-shaped row on the back of the tongue. They contain from 100 to 300 taste buds.

Back 79

Vallate Papillae

Front 80

Comprises the two olfactory organs in the nasal cavity.

Back 80

Olfactory Epithelium

Front 81

The connective tissue beneath the olfactory epithelium.

Back 81

Lamina Propria

Front 82

Columnar epithelia cells found in the olfactory epithelium between the olfactory receptor cells.

Back 82

Supporting cells

Front 83

Bipolar neuron found in the olfactory epithelium. The dendrite is enlarged into a bulb-shaped "olfactory vesicle" on the surface of the olfactory epithelium. Odors cause depolarization on these hairs

Back 83

Olfactory Receptor Cells

Front 84

Replace lost or damaged olfactory receptor cells at the base of the olfactory epithelium.

Back 84

Basal Cells

Front 85

Muscle glands found in the lamina propria that moisten olfactory epithelium and dissolve odor molecules

Back 85

Bowman's Glands

Front 86

The fleshy cartilaginous external ear flap located on the side of the heat. it functions to collect sound waves and direct them into the external auditory canal.

Back 86

Auricle or pinna

Front 87

The passageway that directs sound waves from the auricle to the tympanic membrane.

Back 87

External auditory canal

Front 88

Commonly call the "ear drum". It separates the outer ear and middle ear. vibrates when struck by sound wave - mechanically transfers sound to the middle ear.

Back 88

Tympanic Membrane

Front 89

secrete cerumen, or earwax, into the external auditory canal. located at the base of the hairs that line the canal. Helps prevent foreign substances from reaching the delicate tympanic membrane

Back 89

Ceruminous Glands

Front 90

Attached to inside surface of the tympanic membrane. Articulates with the incus and transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus. Hammer

Back 90

Malleus

Front 91

Articulates with the malleus and stapes and transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. Anvil

Back 91

Incus

Front 92

Articulates with the incus and the oval window and transmits vibrations from the incus to the oval window.

Back 92

Stapes

Front 93

Opening between middle and inner ear. Transfers vibrations to fluid in the inner ear.

Back 93

Oval window

Front 94

opening directly below the oval window. covered by a secondary tympanic membrane. bulges out into the middle ear to dissipate the pressure waves within the cochlea, after they have been detected by the inner ear.

Back 94

Round window

Front 95

tube connecting the inner ear and nasopharynx. equalizes air pressure in middle ear

Back 95

Eustachian Tube

Front 96

Small skeletal muscle which protects the oval window by dampening the vibration of the stapes in response to loud noises.

Back 96

Stapedius

Front 97

limits movement of ossicles and increases tension of the tympanic membrane to prevent damage in response to loud, prolonged noises.

Back 97

Tensor Tympani

Front 98

Series of interconnected passageways in the temporal bone.

Back 98

bony labyrinth

Front 99

series of interconnected fluid-filled tubes found within the bony labyrinth

Back 99

membranes labyrinth

Front 100

a part of the bony labyrinth resembling a snail shell. It contains the cochlear duct.

Back 100

Cochlea

Front 101

A part of the membranous labyrinth found within the cochlea. It contains the hearing receptor cells.

Back 101

Cochlear duct

Front 102

a part of the bony labyrinth containing the saccule and utricle.

Back 102

Vestibule

Front 103

A pair of membranous sacs found within the vestibule that contain the receptor cells for gravity and linear acceleration.

Back 103

Saccule and utricle

Front 104

A part if the bony labyrinth containing the semicircular ducts.

Back 104

semicircular canals

Front 105

series of 3 fluid-filled ducts found within the semicircular canals. they are oriented at the right angles to each other on 3 planes. the receptors in the ducts provide information on the position of the head and body in space, acceleration, and deceleration.

Back 105

Semicircular ducts

Front 106

located superior to the eye. partially shade eyes. protect from sweat.

Back 106

eyebrows

Front 107

over the eye. blink to moisten the eye and sweep foreign substances from the eye's surface.

Back 107

eyelids

Front 108

margin of the eyelids. prevent foreign substances from entering into the eye.

Back 108

eyelashes

Front 109

lacrimal gland and lacrimal ducts. secretion or tear from the gland moisten the eye and washes away foreign substances.

Back 109

lacrimal apparatus

Front 110

epithelial covering on the inside of the eyelid and the anterior surface of the eye. helps keep the cornea moist and clean.

Back 110

Conjunctiva

Front 111

superior- rotates the eye downward and medially

inferior- rotates the eye upward and medially

Back 111

Oblique eye muscles

Front 112

4 muscles are the superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles. these muscles move the eye up, down, medially, and laterally.

Back 112

Rectus eye muscles

Front 113

jelly-like fluids that fit the interior of the eye.

Back 113

Aqueous and vitreous humours

Front 114

tough, tense-like layer continuos with the dura mater of the brain around the optic nerve. shares they eye. insertion point for the 6 muscles which control eye movements. Eye White

Back 114

Sclera

Front 115

Most anterior layer of the eye the is continuos with the sclera. transparent. supplied with nerve endings for pain, reflex blinking, and to stimulate lacrimal secretions. It also lacks blood vessels.

Back 115

Cornea

Front 116

separates fibrous and sensory tunics. dens capillary bed - oxygen and nourishment for eye. many melanocytes - gives the choroid its dark appearance.

Back 116

Choroid

Front 117

beneath the cornea. eye color. 2 layers of pupillary muscles that control diameter of the pupil, and thus the amount of light entering the eye.

Back 117

Iris

Front 118

round central opening in the center of the eye.

Back 118

Pupil

Front 119

Thick ring of tissue attached to and just beneath the iris. anchored by choroid. holds lens in place. cilia muscle. changes the lens shape to focus light onto the retina.

Back 119

Ciliary Body

Front 120

Suspending ligaments extending from the ciliary body hold it in place. transparent and convex in outer and inner surfaces. focuses the image on the retina by changing shape under the influence of the ciliary muscles.

Back 120

Lens

Front 121

innermost layer of the eye. neural layer contains photoreceptors and neuron that react to light and transmit and integrate visual signals. pigmented later - absorbs light pass through neural layer to prevent the light from bouncing back and causing "visual echoes".

Back 121

Retina

Front 122

Photoreceptor cells very sensitive to light. enables visibility of shades of gray at dim light.

Back 122

Rods

Front 123

Photoreceptor cells responsible for high acuity color vision. only operate in bright light. 3 types: sensitive to red, green, blue.

Back 123

cones

Front 124

Synapse with dendrites of the rods and cones. transmit nerve impulses to the ganglion cells.

Back 124

bipolar neurons

Front 125

synapse with axons of the bipolar neurons. the axons combine to form the optic nerve, which sends nerve impulses to the brain.

Back 125

Ganglion Cells

Front 126

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Not covered by the retina. A blind spot in the eye.

Back 126

Optic disc

Front 127

Transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Back 127

Optic nerve

Front 128

responsible for sharp central vision. detailed vision including driving.

Back 128

Fovea Centralis