Ap Integumentary

Front 1

What major groups does the integumentary system include?

Back 1

Skin (derma & cutaneous membrane) - Epidermis & Dermis / Hypodermis below the dermis / Hair & Nails / Cutaneous Glands

Front 2

What percentage of the body weight does skin account for?

Back 2

15%

Front 3

Two layers of derma? (Their order & tissue type)

Back 3

Epidermis - outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium / Derma - deeper connective tissue

Front 4

Hypodermis

Back 4

the subcutaneous layer that skin rests on

Front 5

Three things functional things that are in the skin?

Back 5

Hair follicles, Sudoriferous Glands & Sebaceous Glands

Front 6

How thick is the skin?

Back 6

1-2mm generally. THIN = 0.5mm (eyelids) THICK = up to 6mm (palms & soles - has no follicles or glands)

Front 7

Epidermis (where, tissue type, general characteristics)

Back 7

* Superficial to the dermis
* Keratinized stratified squamous
* Surface is dead skin cells (sometimes filled with keratin)
* No blood vessels
* Sparse nerve endings
* 5 zones

Front 8

How many days for a cell to migrate from stratum basale to stratum corneum?

Back 8

30 to 40

Front 9

Stratum Basale (where, tissue type, cell types, general characteristics)

Back 9

* Deepest Layer
* Simple cuboidal or columnar sitting on basement membrane
* Receive nutrients from connective tissue
* All cells within are living - 4 types of cells (skin stem, keratinocytes, melanocytes & Merkel/Tactile cells)

Front 10

Skin Stem Cells

Back 10

Divide rapidly via mitosis that mostly occurs at night, most duplication happens in s. basale & some in lower section of s. spinosum

Front 11

Keratinocytes

Back 11

Produce Keratin

Front 12

Keratin

Back 12

A tough fiberous protein produced by keratinocytes

Front 13

Melanocytes

Back 13

produce melanin, people have roughly the same quantity

Front 14

Melanin

Back 14

protective pigment produced by melanocytes, absorbed by keratinocytes & used to shade nuclei from UV rays, all people have roughly the same quantity

Front 15

How is melanin used?

Back 15

DNA protection = Phagocytized by keratinocytes & used to shade nuclei from UV radiation.

Front 16

Two types of melanin

Back 16

EUMELANIN - black/brown and PHEOMELANIN - reddish/yellow

Front 17

Tactile/Merkel Cells

Back 17

sense touch, attached to nerve ending in dermis

Front 18

Stratum Spinosum

Back 18

* 2nd deepest layer
* Superficial to the stratum basale
* Multiple layers thick (thickest)
* Keratinocytes & Dendritic (Langerhands) cells

Front 19

Keratinocytes in stratum spinosum

Back 19

The more superficial they are the more keratin filaments they produce, which causes the cells to flatten because they are squished

Front 20

Dendritic/Langerhans Cells - what, where & why

Back 20

Modified macrophages from marrow / in s. spinosum to stop microrganisms (fight off infection)

Front 21

Stratum Granulosum

Back 21

* 3-5 layers of granule, vesicle-containing keratinocytes
* cells are dying because they are releasing lipids from vesicles
* granules lyse makes more keratin
* forms protein-lipid epidermal water barrier

Front 22

Granules Lyse

Back 22

More keratin is created

Front 23

Purpose of keratinocytes granule lyses & vesciles releasing? (beyond what it makes - what effects does it have)

Back 23

Forms a protein-lipid epidermal water barrier that waterproofs the skin, prevents dehydration. Cells above die bc they are cut off from nutrients by the lipid layer

Front 24

5 layers of the epidermis

Back 24

1.Stratum Basale (deepest)/ 2.Stratum Spinosum (2nd deepest)/ 3.Stratum Granulosum (middle) / 4.Stratum Lucidum (2nd to surface)/ 5.Stratum Corneum (surface)

Front 25

Stratum Lucidum - physical characteristics, where is it found & where is it not found, what's different about it's cells & what is it's primary function?

Back 25

Thin & translucent only in thick skin, no nuclei or organelles, ELEDIN storage

Front 26

Eledin

Back 26

intermediate product in keratin production

Front 27

Stratum Corneum

Back 27

* up to 30 layers of squamous cells (so still pretty thin)
* Dead, scaly keratinzed cells
* Surface exfoliates
* Resist abrasion, penetration & water loss
* Thicker stratum corneum makes thick skin thick

Front 28

What was once regarded as the House Dust Allergy is now attributed to an allergy to....

Back 28

dust mite feces

Front 29

Thickness of the dermis

Back 29

0.2 - 4mm

Front 30

Tissue of the dermis

Back 30

fibrous connective tissue - mainly collagen w/ some elastic & reticular fibers, areolar. Depends on the level.

Front 31

Is the dermis vascularized

Back 31

Very heavily

Front 32

Accessory structures of the dermis (5)

Back 32

hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nail roots & nerve endings

Front 33

Dermal Papillae

Back 33

Upward extensions from the dermis into epidermis forming ridges of fingerprints

Front 34

Piloerector Muscles

Back 34

Smooth muscle in dermis that stands hair on end

Front 35

Skeletal muscles in facial dermis

Back 35

for expressions

Front 36

Two layers of the dermis

Back 36

Reticular layer (deep) and Papillary Layer (extends into epidermis)

Front 37

Papillary Layer

Back 37

Upper dermis layer - Loosely organized areolar tissue that allows for motility of WBCs

Front 38

Reticular layer

Back 38

Lower dermis layer - deepest 4 to 5 layers, dense irregular connective tissue, thick collagen, adipocytes

Front 39

What tissue causes stretch marks

Back 39

The thick collagen - dermis reticular layer

Front 40

Where are the adipocytes of the ingumentary system?

Back 40

reticular layer of dermis and in the hypodermis

Front 41

Where is the hypodermis?

Back 41

Below dermis; Known as subcutaneous tissue (or superficial fascia when referring to tissue related to muscles)

Front 42

Another name(s) for the hypodermis

Back 42

subcutaneous tissue / superficial fascia when referring to tissue related to muscles)

Front 43

Primary purpose of hypodermis

Back 43

Binds skin to underlying tissue

Front 44

Purpose of adipose in the hypodermis & general characteristics

Back 44

* Subcutaneous fat cushion, Energy Source & Thermal Insulation
* 8% thicker in women
* More here than in dermis

Front 45

Where are hypodermic injections given & why?

Back 45

Into the hypodermis because subcutaneous tissue is highly vascularized

Front 46

Skin Pigmentation Sources

Back 46

Hemoglobin, Carotene & Melanin

Front 47

Hemoglobin

Back 47

Red pigment of RBCs that is visible thru collagen fibers

Front 48

Carotene

Back 48

Yellow pigment from diet, concentrates in stratum corneum & subcutaneous fat

Front 49

Melanin

Back 49

*protective pigment produced by melanocytes, absorbed by keratinocytes & used to shade nuclei from UV rays
*Synthesis from melanocytes stimulated by UV rays
* EUMELANIN - K/brown hues
* PHEOMELANIN - R/Y hues
* Concent'd in moles & freckles
*Hereditary

Front 50

Abnormal Skin Colors

Back 50

Blue, Red, Yellow, Golden-Brown, Pale, Albino, Bruised

Front 51

Cyanosis

Back 51

Blueness resulting from O2 deficiency in blood

Front 52

Erythema

Back 52

Redness from cutaneous vasodilation; Anger, sunburn, embarrassment, increased blood flow

Front 53

Jaundice

Back 53

Yellowing of skin or sciera (white around eyes) due to excess bilirubin in blood

Front 54

Hemogolobin converts to _________ when it is released from dead/dying RBCs

Back 54

bilirubin

Front 55

Addison Disease

Back 55

Glucocorticoid hormone deficiency resulting in bronzing of the skin and rapid loss of water from the body.

Front 56

Pallor

Back 56

causes pale color due to lack of blood flow

Front 57

Anemia

Back 57

Low RBC count in body, causes pale skin

Front 58

Albinism

Back 58

Genetic lack of melanin. Eyes are crystal blue in humans & red in animals

Front 59

Hematoma

Back 59

Bruise

Front 60

Hemangiomas

Back 60

birthmarks, caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries.

Strawberry - disappear in childhood
Port Wine - last for life & can develop excess skin growth

Front 61

Freckles

Back 61

flat aggregations of melanocytes, heredity & sun exposure

Front 62

Moles

Back 62

Elevated melanized skin, usually benign, sometimes with hair

Front 63

Friction Ridges

Back 63

unique patterns of fingertips & footprints formed during fetal development

Front 64

Flexion Creases / Lines

Back 64

form from repeated movement (closing the hand, elbow, wrist, etc.)

Front 65

Skin Functions (4)

Back 65

Barrier, Vitamin D Synthesis, Sensory Functions, Absorption & Secretion, Psychological/Social functions

Front 66

Barrier Characteristics of Skin

Back 66

Tough, Dry, Water & UV barrier, Acid Mantle helps inhibit growth of microrganisms

Front 67

Cutaneous Absorption & Secretion Thru Skin

Back 67

- All transfers via diffusion
*1-2% O2 absorbed in thru
* Aminos/steroids diffuse out of
* Fat-soluble vitamins absorbed (ADEK)
* Some drugs/poisons absorbed

Front 68

Sensory Functions of Skin

Back 68

* Nerve receptors for temperature, touch, pressure, vibration & pain
* Thermoregulations (body temp)

Front 69

Pyschological & Social Functions of Skin

Back 69

* Appearance & Acceptance
* Facial expressions & nonverbal comm.

Front 70

Nails (what, from where, why,etc)

Back 70

* clear, hard, densely packed keratin filled cells
* derived from stratum corneum
* flatness allows for fleshy fingertips protected by top of nail
* used for diagnosing
* growth rate 1mm per week from proximal edge, by mitosis of nail matrix

Front 71

Spoon-like shape of nails may indicate......

Back 71

iron-deficiency

Front 72

Clubbing of the fingertips can indicate......

Back 72

hypoxemia (lack of oxygen)

Front 73

Another name for a hair

Back 73

Pilus

Front 74

Hair structure & general characteristics

Back 74

* Filament of karatinized cells with disulfide bridges
* Derived from basal layer of epidermis
* Medulla tissue within shaft filled with melanin that determines color
* SHAFT (above skin), ROOT (within follicle), FOLLICLE (oblique tube within skin), BULB (within follicle)
* Kinky = straight, Wavy = oval, Straight = round

Front 75

Hair Shaft

Back 75

* above skin
* Medulla (center), Cortex (middle layer), Cuticle (outer layer)

Front 76

Hair Root

Back 76

located within follicle

Front 77

Hair Follicle

Back 77

* oblique (diagonal) tube where root is, binds with hair cuticle

Front 78

Dermal Papilla

Back 78

vascular tissue in bulb that provides nutrients to growing hair

Front 79

What makes hair white?

Back 79

hair looses medulla tissue (replaced with air) and stops producing melanin

Front 80

Hair Growth

Back 80

* mitosis in stratum basale of epithelial root sheath.
* keratinized cells are pushed upward
* 1mm every 3 days for 2-4 yrs
* Dormant phase 3-4 mnths
* Lashes/brows only grow 3-4mth

Front 81

Hirsutism

Back 81

* Abnormal hairness in women or children
* masculinizing ovarian tumors (estrogen/progesteron effected)
* adrenal cortex hypersecretion of testosterone

Front 82

Baldness Gene

Back 82

dominant in males (sex-linked), expressed with male levels of testosterone, females must be homozygous with abnormal testosterone levels
- Alopacia

Front 83

Functions of Hair

Back 83

* Sensory (bugs crawling on you)
* Head hair - sunburn cover & heat retention
* Recognition of sex/individual
* Sexual maturity & helps distribute sex scents
* Guard hairs (nose, ears, lashes)
* Expression (eyebrows)

Front 84

Sudoriferous Glands

Back 84

* cutaneous gland
* aka - sweat glands
* MEROCRINE - dominant, watery perspiration, located all over, lots in plams/soles/forehead
* APOCRINE - groin/anal/axillary/beard, more fatty acid, thick & milky, ducts to hair follicles

Front 85

Types of cutaneous glands (4)

Back 85

* Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
* Sebaceous
* Ceruminous
* Mammary

Front 86

Sebaceous Glands

Back 86

Produce sebum to prevent dry, brittle, cracked hair & skin; open into follicle or skin surface

Front 87

Ceruminous

Back 87

Produce cerumen (wax) to waterproof & keep drum flexible, bitter = repel pests

Front 88

Cerumen

Back 88

Ear Wax

Front 89

Sebum

Back 89

produced by sebaceous glands to moisturize hair/skin

Front 90

Mammary Glands

Back 90

produce milk in lactating women

Front 91

Most vulnerable organ to injury & disease in human body?

Back 91

skin

Front 92

Dermatitis

Back 92

inflammation of the skin (derm = skin, titis = infection)

Front 93

Tinea

Back 93

aka - ringworm / fungal infection

Front 94

Rosacea

Back 94

red rashes of nose & cheeks

Front 95

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Back 95

Recurring patches of scaly white/yellow inflammation

Front 96

Warts

Back 96

viral infection (HPV)

Front 97

Acne

Back 97

* inflammation of sebaceous glands
* Male sex hormo stimulates glands to increase in size & hypersecrete
*Microorganisms feed on glycerol from sebum, causing irritation & plugging glands
* Comedos = whiteheads / Open Comedos - blackheads (oxidized lipids turn dark)
* 80% of teenagers & many adults
* Treat = frequent cleanse, ointments, antibiotics, Accutane

Front 98

Comedos

Back 98

Whiteheads. Open Comedos = blackheads (oxidized lipid turns dark)

Front 99

Definition & cause of Vitiligo

Back 99

* Depigmented skin
* Antibodies of immune system because depigmentation is caused by destruction of melanocytes

Front 100

Eczema

Back 100

* Many forms, most common = Atopic Eczema (genetic component or allergic reaction)
* Mild case (dry, hot, itchy) or Severe (broken, raw, bleeding)
* No cure, just treatments - Emollients = prevent moisture loss / Topical Steroid = lipid based, absorbed by skin, internal effects

Front 101

Psoriasis

Back 101

* immune-mediated skin disease (overgrowth of stratum basal layer bc T-lymphocytes aggravate the area)
* Not contagious
* Abnormal epithelial growth (instead of 30days, 3-5 days)
* Dead cells reach surface quickly causing flaky white layer
*PLAQUE PSORIASIS (skin) most common form, but also can happen in joints

Front 102

Impetigo

Back 102

bacterial infection most commonly seen on face, highly contagious, white/flaky/scaly patches

Front 103

Skin Cancer

Back 103

* Induced by UV rays
* Most common- fair skin & elderly
* Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Malignant Melanoma

Front 104

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Back 104

* from stratum basale cells that invade dermis
* surgical removal & radiation
* least likely form to metastasize

Front 105

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Back 105

* from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum
* if neglected can metastisis to nodes & can be lethal

Front 106

Malignant Melanoma

Back 106

* from melanocytes of preexisting mole
* Most deadly form
* ABCD - Asymmetry, Border irregular, Color mixed, Diameter over 6mm

Front 107

Burn Degrees

Back 107

1st - only epidermis (red, painful)
2nd - epidermis & part of dermis (blistered)
3rd - epidermis, dermis & more

Front 108

Burn Treatments

Back 108

* Minor burns (partial thickness) - fluid replacement & infection control
* 3rd degree - fluids, infection control, debridement (removal of dead tissue to prevent infection), grafts

Front 109

Temporary Skin Graft Options

Back 109

HOMOGRAFT (allograft) - graft from unrelated person
HETEROGRAFT (xenograft) - tissue from another species
AMNION - from afterbirth
ARTIFICIAL - from silicone or collagen

Front 110

Permanent Skin Graft Options

Back 110

AUTOGRAFT - tissue from different part of body on same person
ISOGRAFT - from identical twin
CULTURED keratinocyte patches - taken from own skin & grown in lab

Front 111

Which layer of the epidermis is the thickest?

Back 111

s. spinosum

Front 112

Where are the nerve receptors in derma?

Back 112

dermis & s. basale

Front 113

Another name for heterograph

Back 113

zenograft (from another species)

Front 114

Another name for homograph

Back 114

allograft (from unrelated person)