A&p - Ii - Test 1

Front 1

Where are the adrenal glands

Back 1

retroperitoneum - above the kidneys, below the diaphram at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae

Front 2

What are the two structures in each adrenal glands?

Back 2

adrenal cortex and the medulla

Front 3

What do the adrenal glands do?

Back 3

Produce 2 dozen hormones - cortex mainly produces cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, while the medulla chiefly produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 4

Glucocorticoids

Back 4

class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Regulate of the metabolism of glucose.

Front 5

Minerakorticoids

Back 5

similar to aldosterone. influence salt and water in the body, ensure adequate sodium, making sure KD doesn't leak too much salt into urine. helps maintain BP.

Front 6

Androgen

Back 6

responsible for pubic and axillary hair. stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics (Testosterone is an androgen so is steroid DHEA). Precursor to estrogen.

Front 7

Catecholamines

Back 7

"fight-or-flight" hormones released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. They are part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 8

What are the most abundant catecholamines in the body?

Back 8

epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine, all of which are produced from phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Front 9

Where are catecholamines produced?

Back 9

in the medulla

Front 10

Norepinephrine

Back 10

Norepinephrine

-hormone & neurotransmitter.

-As a stress hormone, affects brain - ex: amygdala -- attention/responses.
-With epinephrine
-increases heart rate
-releases glucose from energy stores
- increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, and increases oxygen supply to brain.

Front 11

When norepinephrine acts as a drug it

Back 11

norepinephrine as a drug...

-increases blood pressure by increasing vascular tone through α-adrenergic receptor activation.
-results in baroreceptor reflex, a drop in heart rate called reflex bradycardia

Front 12

What is the 2nd messenger system?

Back 12

molecules relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus. They relay the signals of hormones like epinephrine (adrenalin), growth factors, and others.

Front 13

What is an example of a 2nd messenger for epinephrine?

Back 13

triggers a second messenger, cyclic AMP, for the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

Front 14

What is hormonal homeostasis?

Back 14

-hormone secretion regulated through hypothalamus & pituitaryegulate their own secretion through negative feedback inhibition.
-Ex: cortisol, binds to its receptor on cells in the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis, and has the effect of inhibiting secretion of tropic hormones: in this case, CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Less CRH secretion --> less ACTH secretion --> less stimulation of cortisol secretion by cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.

Front 15

What are the two (major) classes of hormones?

Back 15

1) proteins, peptides, and modified amino acids

2) steroids

Front 16

what is an example of a steroid hormone?

Back 16

cholesterol; the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone; anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.

Front 17

what is an example of a protein hormone?

Back 17

TSH (Thyroid synthesizing hormone), GH (growth hormone)

Front 18

What are prostiglandins

Back 18

LOCALLY acting messenger molecules (not hormones). regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue; derived from fatty acids

Front 19

What is the Thymus Gland

Back 19

in the neck, atrophies rapidly in adulthood (active until pre-adolescent). produces thymosin, which matures T-Cells of the immune system

Front 20

Pituitary Gland

Back 20

"Master Gland" located in the brain. dangles from hypothalamus. 2 major lobes. Makes 7 major hormones.

Front 21

What hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?

Back 21

TSH - thyroid stim hormone (in neck)
ACTH - stimulates adrenals on KI
FSH - follicle stim hormone; matures follicle in ovary
LH - leutenizing, matures cells of repro
MSH - melanocyte stim, increased synth of pigmentation
GH - growth hormone (stims

Front 22

pineal gland

Back 22

3rd eye
regulates melatonin, circadian rhythms/24-hour clock
responds to light/dark

Front 23

panceatic ilet cells

Back 23

2 antagonistic hormones insulin and glucogon

Front 24

insulin is made by

Back 24

beta cells; glucose uptake from the blood

Front 25

glucogon is made by

Back 25

alpha cells and causes glucose to be released from blood.

Front 26

ovaries

Back 26

female sex glands produced by estrogen which is femanizing (breasts, fat placement)

Front 27

testes

Back 27

male sex glands produce testosterone which is masculine (muscles, deep voice, facial hair)

Front 28

blood plasma

Back 28

-93% water
-slightly alkaline in nature
-4-6 L in avg human body.
-yellow liquid part of blood in which blood cells are suspended
-need centrifuge to separate

Front 29

red blood cells (RBC)

Back 29

-erythrocytes
-carry O2 (to body tissue) and CO2 (remove waste)
-most numerous blood cells in body
-biconcave, lose nucleus early
-contain hemoglobin

Front 30

hemoglobin

Back 30

-iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen
-responsible for the blood's red color.

Front 31

white blood cells

Back 31

leukocytes
immune system

Front 32

basophils (WBC)

Back 32

hiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing vasodilation

Front 33

Lymphocytes (WBC)

Back 33

Tcells, Bcells and Natural Killer Cells

Front 34

Artery

Back 34

takes blood away from HT

Front 35

Vein

Back 35

brings blood to the HT

Front 36

Capillaries

Back 36

1 cell thick
microcirculation
connect artery

Front 37

SA Node

Back 37

Pacemaker in RT Atrium

Front 38

QRS Complex

Back 38

part of tracing on EKG scan

Front 39

Purkinje fibers

Back 39

- inner ventricular walls of the heart, -specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus
-enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion.

Front 40

bundle of His (AV bundle)

Back 40

-heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction
-transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to apex of the fascicular branches.
-then leads to the Purkinje fibers

Front 41

Systolic

Back 41

maximum in BP
-when heart is contracting, LT ventricle controls timing.
-positive fluid pressure drives blood flow out of the heart --> body and lungs.
-measurements often based on ejection fraction (or EF) and cardiac output (or CO).
-systole -> time-phased fashion, allowing forward propulsion of blood through and out of the heart.

Front 42

pericardium

Back 42

a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

Front 43

thoracic duct

Back 43

largest lymphatic vessel in the body
-L2 -> neck
-collects substantial amount of lymph in body and drains into circulatory system

Front 44

lymphatic

Back 44

-lymphatic vessels carry lymph fluid unidirectionally toward the heart. -Lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, tonsils.
-lymphocytes - spleen, thymus, bone marrow

Front 45

cisterna chyli

Back 45

-found at end of thoracic duct
-primary lymph vessel
-carries lymph and chyle from abdomen (via the aortic opening ) --> left subclavian vein
-receives fatty chyle from the intestines; acts as conduit for lipid products of digestion.

Front 46

right lymphatic duct

Back 46

medial border of scalenes. drains lymph fluid from right arm, head/neck

Front 47

lymphocytes

Back 47

WBCs can be divided into two groups - granular large (NKC) and small lymphocytes (Tcells and Bcells)

Front 48

Natural Killer Cells

Back 48

-major role in the rejection of tumors and viruses.
-kill cells by releasing proteins called perforin and granzyme
-cause target cell to die by programmed cell death

Front 49

MALT

Back 49

-lymphoma
-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
-frequently stomach cancer but any mucosal site can be afflicted.
-originating from B cells in the marginal zone of the MALT

Front 50

Lymphoid Glands

Back 50

Lymph nodes, ball shaped organs of the immune/armpit/gut
-throat infections or cancer
-used for cancer staging

Front 51

Thymus Gland

Back 51

-immune system organ (adaptive immune system)
-produces Tcells
-located in ant/sup mediastinum
-in front of HT behind sternum

Front 52

Spleen

Back 52

-left upper quadrant of the abdomen. -removes old red blood cells
-holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock while also recycling iron.
-part of mononuclear phagocyte system,
-synthesizes antibodies removes antibody-coated bacteria/blood cells via circulation

Front 53

Tonsils

Back 53

-first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens.
-believed to fight pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract infections
-largest size near puberty, atrophy thereafter.

Front 54

Lymphoid Nodules

Back 54

mass of lymphoid tissue in

Front 55

neutrophils -

Back 55

live 7-11 days (defense) phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds

Front 56

eosinophils -

Back 56

inflammatory cells in allergic reaction, kill parasites

Front 57

monocytes,

Back 57

also "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis)