A&p Ii: Endocrine System (Chap 18)

Front 1

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Back 1

Homeostasis

Regulation of body activities

Front 2

Which of these has glands WITHOUT ducts?

Endocrine vs. Exocrine

Back 2

Endocrine

Front 3

Which of these releases a product through a duct onto a surface?

Endocrine vs. Exocrine

Back 3

Exocrine

Front 4

Which of these releases a hormone directly into the bloodstream?

Endocrine vs. Exocrine

Back 4

Endocrine

Front 5

What kind of gland is the sweat gland, endocrine or exocrine?

Back 5

Exocrine because it releases sweat directly onto the skin

Front 6

What kind of gland is the thyroid gland, endocrine or exocrine?

Back 6

Endocrine

Front 7

What kind of gland is the mucous gland, endocrine or exocrine?

Back 7

Exocrine

Front 8

What kind of gland is the salivary gland, endocrine or exocrine?

Back 8

Exocrine

Front 9

What kind of gland is the adrenal gland, endocrine or exocrine?

Back 9

Endocrine

Front 10

Why is the pancreas both an endocrine AND an exocrine gland?

Back 10

Releases glucagon into the bloodstream (endocrine)

Releases juice in the liver (exocrine)

Front 11

Which type of regulation is classified as having "frequency modulated signals"?

Back 11

Nervous regulation

Front 12

Which type of regulation is classified as having "amplitude modulated signals"?

Back 12

Endocrine regulation

Front 13

Why is nervous regulation more precise than endocrine regulation?

Back 13

Nervous regulation has a direct target

Blood is not as direct as an axon

Front 14

intercellular chemical signal

Back 14

signal from cell to cell

i.e. hormones

Front 15

What are the 3 types of intercellular signals?

Back 15

Autocrine
Paracrine
Pheromone

Front 16

autocrine signal

Back 16

intercellular signal between the same kind of cell

i.e. platelet to platelet

Front 17

paracrine signal

Back 17

intercellular signal between two different kinds of cells

i.e. hormone to oocyte

Front 18

pheromone

Back 18

Chemical substance secreted externally by some animals that influences the physiology or behavior of other animals

Not well detected or made very well in humans

Front 19

hormone

Back 19

Chemical messenger that generates a specific response in specific cells

Front 20

Do all cells respond to hormones?

Back 20

No. Only cells with specific receptors can respond to a specific hormone.

Front 21

What are the 2 chemical classifications of hormones?

Back 21

Proteins

Lipids

Front 22

Which class of hormones includes steroids?

Back 22

Lipids

Front 23

What kind of activation do proteins use?

What kind of activation do lipids use?

Back 23

Proteins use 2nd messengers.

Lipids use direct gene activation.

Front 24

What kind of receptors do proteins use?

What kind of receptors do lipids use?

Back 24

Proteins use membrane bound receptors.

Lipids use intracellular receptors.

Front 25

What do proteins derivatives stem from?

Back 25

Amino acids and peptides

Front 26

Why do protein hormones use 2nd messengers?

Back 26

Because they are too big to get though the cell membrane

Front 27

Identify the 3 groups of stimuli that control endocrine glands?

Back 27

Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli
Humoral stimuli

Front 28

neural stimuli

Back 28

Control of endocrine glands via nervous system

Front 29

hormonal stimuli

Back 29

Control of endocrine glands via another endocrine gland

Front 30

humoral stimuli

Back 30

Control of endocrine glands via something in the blood

Front 31

tropic hormone

Back 31

hormone that targets another endocrine gland

Front 32

neuroendocrine structure

Back 32

structure w/ neurons that target an endocrine gland and release directly into the blood stream

Front 33

Describe the structure of the pineal body.

Back 33

Little mass of neurons

Front 34

Describe the structure of the pituitary gland.

Back 34

Two parts, anterior and posterior.

Anterior is darker.

Posterior is lighter and is actually NOT a gland; it is made of neurons.

Front 35

What structure controls the pituitary gland?

Back 35

Hypothalamus

Front 36

Identify the function of the hypothalamus.

Back 36

Continuously monitor blood for blood concentration, sodium levels, hormone levels, etc.

Front 37

How is hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

Back 37

Via neurons and a capillary bed

Front 38

How does the hypothalamus send orders to the pituitary gland?

Back 38

Via tropic hormones

Front 39

Is the hypothalamus an endocrine structure?

Back 39

Yes

Front 40

pitutary gigantism

Back 40

overproduction of GH, esp. before puberty that causes excessive growth and too much height

Front 41

Why does the overproduction of GH leave to too much height?

Back 41

Epiphyseal plates have not closed and therefore the individual grows more

Front 42

pituitary dwarfism

Back 42

dwarfism caused by lack of GH production; individual is proportional head to toe, but abnormally small

Front 43

What is the treatment for pituitary dwarfism?

Back 43

GH (growth hormone)

Front 44

achondroplasia

Back 44

Genetic disorder of bone growth in which an individual has short limbs

Front 45

What element is required to make thyroid hormone?

Back 45

Iodine

Front 46

What method does the thyroid hormone use to affect its target cells?

Back 46

Direct gene activation (like a lipid), even though it is a protein

Front 47

Identify the symptoms of an individual with hyperthyroidism.

Back 47

Underweight, high metabolism, and high body temperature

Front 48

goiter

Back 48

Caused by hyposecretion of TH due to lack of iodine in the body;

Physically characterized by an abnormally enlarged thyroid gland

Front 49

What is the treatment for a goiter?

Back 49

Take iodine

Front 50

What causes the enlarged thyroid gland associated with a goiter?

Back 50

T3 + T4 + iodine = Thyroid hormone

If there is no iodine, T3+T4 will keep building up, but won't ever be complete until iodine is added.

Front 51

How does calcitonin affect Ca++ levels?

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect Ca++ levels?

Back 51

Calcitonin lowers blood Ca++ concentration levels.

PTH increases blood Ca++ concentration levels.

Front 52

How does calcitonin affect osteoclast activity?

How does PTH affect osteoclast activity?

Back 52

Calcitonin decreases osteoclast activity.

PTH increases osteoclast activity to get Ca++ out of bones.

Front 53

Identify the structures targeted by both calcitonin and PTH.

Back 53

Bone and kidneys

Front 54

Which type of diabetes is insulin-dependent?

Back 54

Type I

Front 55

What is the % of people with Diabetes Type I?

What is the % of poeple with Diabetes Type II?

Back 55

Type I: 3% (insulin-dependent)

Type II: 97% (non-insulin dependent)

Front 56

Identify the age at which Diabetes Type I and Type II begin.

Back 56

Diabetes Type I: juvenile onset, commonly under 40 yrs old.

Diabetes Type II: adult onset, commonly over 40 yrs old

Front 57

Identify 3 causes of Diabetes Type I.

Which of these is most rare?

Back 57

Nonfunctional insulin

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets (thus, no insulin production)

Nonfunctional insulin receptors (thus, lots of insulin, but cells cannot process it); most rare

Front 58

Identify the 2 causes of Diabetes Type II.

Back 58

Adipose cells product chemicals that inhibit uptake of insulin.

High blood sugar over a long period of time.

Front 59

Why is it possible for high blood sugar caused Diabetes Type II become Type I over time?

Back 59

Pancreatic islet atrophy due to cells not responding to (ignoring) the massive amounts of insulin

Front 60

A person with Diabetes Type I/II has lunch, but forgets their insulin.

What does the body use for energy? What does this result in?

Back 60

The body will use lipids/proteins for ATP.

Ketoacidosis will result, but it is most common in Type I.

Front 61

hyperglycemia

Back 61

abnormally high blood sugar usually associated with diabetes

Front 62

insulin shock

Back 62

condition that occurs when the level of blood glucose drops sharply

Front 63

What is the treatment for insulin shock?

Back 63

Eat something sugary, i.e. candy, orange juice, etc.

Front 64

What are the female secondary characteristics?

Back 64

Less facial hair, breasts, wider pelvic girdle

Front 65

What is the female primary characteristic?

Back 65

Presence of ovaries (and other sex organs)

Front 66

What are the male secondary characteristics?

Back 66

More facial/body hair, larger muscles, wide shoulders, deep voice, Adam's apple

These traits are usually brought on during puberty.

Front 67

What is the female primary characteristic?

Back 67

Presence of testes (and other sex organs)

Front 68

prostaglandins

Back 68

group of hormonelike substances that mediate a range of physiological functions

In the reproductive system, they further stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus.

Front 69

What stimulates the production of prostaglandins?

Back 69

Estrogens and oxytocin

Front 70

What does a high level of prostaglandins cause?

Back 70

Painful menstruation

Front 71

Describe the structure of a prostaglandin.

Back 71

naturally occurring, long-chain (hydroxy) fatty acids

Front 72

infundibulum

Back 72

stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus of the brain

In general, any of various funnel-shaped parts of the body.

Front 73

hypophysis

Back 73

another name for pituitary gland

Front 74

adenohypophysis

Back 74

the anterior lobe of the pituitary body that is responsible for sending hormones

Front 75

neurohypophysis

Back 75

the posterior lobe of the pituitary body that is filled with neurons

Front 76

anabolic steroids

Back 76

Compounds that promote the growth or synthesis (anabolism) of tissue, especially muscle

Front 77

diabetes insipidus

Back 77

condition in which the kidneys are unable to conserve water; thus, the individual suffers from frequent urine in large volumes

Front 78

diabetes mellitus

Back 78

condition in which too much glucose is lost through the urine

Front 79

Identify the gland that secretes melatonin.

Back 79

Pineal body

Front 80

When does melatonin output increase during the day?

Back 80

When it starts getting dark

Front 81

Identify which individual has the highest melatonin output and which has the lowest.

A. Child
B. Adult

Back 81

Child - Highest melatonin output

Adult - Lowest melatonin output

Front 82

Where is the thymus gland located?

Back 82

Beneath the sternum