A&p Ii: Digestive System

Front 1

Gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)

Back 1

•Continuous tube open at both ends

• Function = digest and absorb nutrients

• Includes: Mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine

Front 2

Accessory organs

Back 2

•Function = production of secretions that aid digestion, mastifucation of food

• Includes: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Front 3

Basic 4 layers of tissue

Back 3

1) Mucosa = Simple Columnar ET

2)Submucosa = Consists of areolar connective tissue

3)Muscularis = Smooth muscle

•Inner circular

•Outer longitudinal

4) Serosa = Connective tissue (outermost layer)

Front 4

4 types of teeth

Back 4

Incisors: Cut

Canines: Shred/Tear

Pre Molars: Grind

Molars: Grind

Front 5

Mastication

Back 5

Mechanical breakdown of food by teeth

Front 6

Deglutition

Back 6

Swallowing

Front 7

Peristalsis

Back 7

Radially symmetrical contraction/relaxation of muscles that propagates in a wave down a tube, in a forward direction beginning in the esophagus

Front 8

Parotid gland location

Back 8

Anterior to ear and external to masseter muscle

Front 9

Function of paotid/sublingual/submandibular glands

Back 9

•Produce secretions to dissolve food chemicals for taste

•Moistens food; compacts into bolus

•Begins breakdown of starch with enzyme salivary amylase

Front 10

Salivary Amylase

Back 10

Starts carb digestion

•lingual lipase = starts fat breakdown

Front 11

Esophagus

Back 11

•propels food to stomach where peristalsis begins

•Stratified Squamous epithelium

•Muscularis changes to smooth muscle

•Outer layer termed adventitia attaches esophagus to surrounding structured (trachea)

Front 12

Stomach Mucosa: Mucus glands do what?

Back 12

Secrete mucus for auto-protection from acidic gastric juices

Front 13

Stomach Mucosa: Parietal cells

Back 13

Secrete HCL to activate pepsinogen and kill bacteria ; and intrinsic factor

Front 14

Stomach Mucosa: Chief cells

Back 14

Secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion

Front 15

Stomach Mucosa: Enteriendocrine Cells (G Cells)

Back 15

Secrete Gastrin (hormone) that stimulates gastric juice secretion

Front 16

Muscularis of stomach

Back 16

Expands to 3 layers to churn foos and for peristalsis:

Inner oblique

Circular

Outer longitudinal

Front 17

Chemical digestion of protein is done by...

Back 17

Protein by pepsin

Front 18

Gastrin(hormone)

Back 18

Stimulates HCL release and thus the conversion of pepsinogen to Pepsin, and gastric churning

Front 19

Only stomach function essential to life is...

Back 19

Secretion of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption

•B12 needed for rbc maturity

•Lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia

Front 20

Chime is

Back 20

A semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach

Front 21

3 regions of the small intestine

Back 21

Duodenum = contains hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi) which regulates entry of bile and pancreatic secretions

Jejunum = contains cells that produce brush border enzymes; major absorption of nutrients

Ileum = contains ileocecal valve at large intestine to stop bacteria entering small intestine

Front 22

Circular folds (plicae circularis)

Back 22

Mucosa and submucosa folds that's slow down chyme movement to maximize absorption

Front 23

Villi

Back 23

Fingerlike mucosal projections that increase surface area

Contains lacteals(lipids) and capillaries for absorption

Front 24

Microvilli (brush border) secrete...

Back 24

Secrete carb and protein enzymes to complete digestion

Front 25

Takes time to modify acidity =

Back 25

Bicarbonate from pancreas neutralizes acid

Front 26

Disaccharides

Back 26

Maltase, sucrase, lactase

Complete carb digestion to monosaccharides

Front 27

Dipeptides: dipeptidase does what?

Back 27

Dipeptidase = completes protein digestion to amino acids

Front 28

Liver receives blood from

Back 28

Hepatic artery = O2

Hepatic portal vein = nutrients hormones, ect. From stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas

Front 29

Liver: at lobule corners you find

Back 29

Portal triad = composed of Hepatic artery, Hepatic portal vein, bile duct

Front 30

Sinusoids

Back 30

Capillary like vessels that empty into central vein

Front 31

Central veins

Back 31

United to form Hepatic vein which empties into inferior vena cava

Front 32

Liver function

Back 32

•Process nutrients from small intestine

•synthesize plasma proteins

•detoxify alcohol and drugs in blood from stomach and SI

•store glucose as glycogen

Produce bile = alkaline solution containing bile salts and pigments; transports cholesterol out of body and conjugated bilirubin (RBC end products)

Bile = digestive aid - not enzyme = emulsify fat

Front 33

Gall bladder location and function

Back 33

Location = inferior surface of right liver lobe

Function = store and release bile

Front 34

Hepatic duct

Back 34

Carries bile to gall bladder

Front 35

Cystic duct

Back 35

Carries bile from gall bladder

Front 36

Common bile duct does what?

Back 36

Carries bile to duodenum

Front 37

Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct to form __ which empties into duodenum through ___

Back 37

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)

Hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)

Front 38

Pancreas: Acini cells

Back 38

Produce pancreatic juices

Front 39

Pancreatic amylase

Back 39

Breaks down starch to disaccharides

Front 40

Pancreas: Trypsin, Chymotrypsin

Back 40

Polypeptide to a dipeptide

Front 41

Pancrease: Carboxypeptidase

Back 41

Cleaves the carboxyl group off the end of the AA chain

Front 42

Pancrease: Lipase

Back 42

Breaks down triglyceride to glycerol and fatty acids

Front 43

pancrease: DNAse, RNAse become

Back 43

DNA and RNA to nucleotides

Front 44

Pancrease: bicarbonate

Back 44

Neutralize gastric juice in small intestine

Front 45

Islets (of lamgerhans) cells

Back 45

Produce insulin and glucagon

Front 46

LI : Haustra

Back 46

Sacs formed from smooth muscle bands

Front 47

LI subdivisions

Back 47

•Cecum = lies below ileocecal valve, contains appendix

●Colon

•Ascending colon

•Transverse colon

•Descending colon

•Sigmoid colon

•Rectum = anal sphincter at end to regulate defecation

Front 48

Large intestine general functions

Back 48

Very little food breakdown

Contains E.coli

•Produce vitamin B and K

Reabsorbs H2O electrolytes, fat soluble vitamins

Major Job = store and form feces

Front 49

Gastrin

Back 49

•Stimulus is food in the stomach

•Stimulates HCL release in the stomach

Front 50

Secretin

Back 50

•Stimulus is acidic chyme in the duodenum

•Stimulates release of bicarbonate when acidic (HCL) chyme enters intestine and bile

•Inhibits gastrin

Front 51

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Back 51

•Stimulus is fatty chime in duodenum

•Targets hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter to relax

•Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile to be secreted into S.I.

Front 52

Chemical digestion occurs by....

Back 52

Hydrolysis

Front 53

Must digest all foods into simplest unit for absorption:

Back 53

•Carbs = monosaccharides

•Proteins = amino acids

•Lipids = triglycerides (fatty acids and glycerol)

•Nucleic acids = nucleotides

Front 54

Salivary amylase is _____ in stomach by HCL

Back 54

Denatured

Front 55

Lipid digestion occurs predominantly in

Back 55

Small intestine

Front 56

Bile salts from liver emulsify fat =

Back 56

Increase surface area of lipids exposing bonds

Front 57

DNAse and RNAse from pancrease digests DNA and RNA into...

Back 57

Nucleotides

Front 58

Most absorption occurs before...

Back 58

Ileum

Front 59

The ileum absorbs bile salts and...

Back 59

Recycles them to liver

Front 60

Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids absorbed into...

Back 60

Capillaries

Front 61

Fatty acids,glycerol, triglycerides absorbed by _____ enter lymph system, renters blood by heart

Back 61

Lacteals