A&p Ii Chapter 24 - Digestive System

Front 1

trace a bolus of food through the entire digestive system

Back 1

mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), cecum, large intestine (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid),rectum, anal canal, anus

Front 2

Layers of the GI tract

Back 2

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Front 3

movement of food through the GI tract

Back 3

peristalsis; motility

Front 4

secretions of the stomach

Back 4

secretes gastric juice which contains HCl, pepsinogens (converts to pepsin) and gastric lipase; mucus which prevents digestion of the stomach wall

Front 5

HCl

Back 5

Hydrochloric acid; kills bacterial and denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Front 6

Pepsin

Back 6

converted from pepsinogen; begins the digestion of proteins into peptides

Front 7

Gastric lipase

Back 7

splits milk butterfat into fatty acids and monoglycerides (most active in children)

Front 8

absorption in the stomach

Back 8

water, electrolytes, aspirin, alcohol

Front 9

Parts of the Small Intestine

Back 9

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 10

Parts of the Large Intestine

Back 10

cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anal canal, anus

Front 11

Digestive system

Back 11

ingests and digests food; releases and absorbs nutrients; eliminates indigestible remains

Front 12

Functional structures of the Digestive System

Back 12

mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI,

Front 13

Accessory structures of the Digestive System

Back 13

these help process food; ingests and digests food releases and absorbs nutrients eliminates indigestible remains

Front 14

6 Digestive Processes

Back 14

ingestion; secretion, mixing and propulsion; digestion; absorption; defecation

Front 15

Ingestion

Back 15

taking food into the mouth

Front 16

secretion

Back 16

digestive and accessory organs release wagter, acid, buffers and enzymes

Front 17

mixing and propulsion

Back 17

done by smooth muscles that surrounds the digestive tract

Front 18

digestion

Back 18

mechanical - movements of tract that aid digestion; chemical - hydrolysis reactions that break large food molecules into smaller, usable molecules

Front 19

absorption

Back 19

digested molecules pass into blood/lymph for distribution around body

Front 20

defecation

Back 20

eliminating indigestible “leftovers”

Front 21

mucosa layer (protective epithelial layer)

Back 21

folded to increase surface area for absorption; some specialized gland cells that secrete: mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones

Front 22

mucosa layer (lamina propia)

Back 22

loose connective tissue; blood and lymph vessels that transport food; MALT (mucosa associated lymph tissue); responds to pathogens in GI tract, nerves, and sensors

Front 23

submucosa

Back 23

aerolar connective tissue containing blood vessels,nerves, glands and lymph vessels

Front 24

muscularis

Back 24

skeletal muscle layer in the mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus and anal sphincter; smooth muscle in the rest of the GI tract; inner layer circular/outer layer longitudinal

Front 25

serosa

Back 25

thin outer layer of epithelium and connective tissue that protects, and secretes fluids to keep intestines moist

Front 26

protects the lining of the stomach

Back 26

surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells - secrete mucus to protect the lining cells from acid

Front 27

bolus

Back 27

food that is reduced to a soft, fleible, easily swallowed mass

Front 28

deglutition

Back 28

the movement of food from the mouth into the stomach; swallowing

Front 29

salivary amylase

Back 29

begins the breakdown of starches in the mouth to produce maltose; secreted by the salivary glands

Front 30

lingual lipase

Back 30

starts the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides; secreted by the tongue;

Front 31

chief cells

Back 31

found in the mucosa layer of stomach; type of gastric gland; secretes pepsiongen and gastic lipase

Front 32

parietal cells

Back 32

found in the mucosa layer of stomach; type of gastric gland; secretes HCl

Front 33

Stomach linings

Back 33

mucosa (mucous surface cells, mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells); submucosa (areolar CT); Muscularis (3 layers-inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal; serosa (part of visceral peritoneum

Front 34

chyme

Back 34

soupy mixture of food and gastric juices created in the stomach

Front 35

gastric lipase

Back 35

secreted by the chief cells of the stomach mucosa; breaks down short chain triglycerides into fatty acid and monoglycerides

Front 36

Trypsin

Back 36

produced in the pancreatic acinar cells; denatures proteins into peptides

Front 37

ileocecal sphincter

Back 37

located between the stomach and the duodenum of the SI

Front 38

rugae

Back 38

folds of the stomach lining which serve to increase surface area

Front 39

duodenum

Back 39

first 12 inches of the small intestine; where most of the digestion and absorption take place; location where chyme is mixed with secretions from the liver, gallbladder, pancreas that continue digestion

Front 40

jejunum

Back 40

the second segment of SI; 3 feet long; some digestion and absorption

Front 41

ileum

Back 41

the third segment of SI; about 6 feet long contains lymphoid tissues (Peyer’s patches) that destroy bacteria in the digestive system; little digestion takes place

Front 42

Villi of SI

Back 42

have capillaries that absorb and transport nutrients and a lacteal (lymph system capillary) to absorb fats

Front 43

plicae circularies

Back 43

circular folds; SI mucosa and submucoa that is folded into ridges increasing surface area for absorption and spirals chyme as it travels through intestine

Front 44

Mucosa of the SI

Back 44

consists of absorptive cells, goblet cells (secrete protective mucous), enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones) and Paneth cells (secete lysozymes that phagocytize bacteria)

Front 45

Submucosa of the SI

Back 45

Duodenum (contains Brunner’s glands, secretes basic mucus and neutralizes acids in chyme); ileum (contains Peyer’s patches that clean up bacteria)

Front 46

pancreatic amylase

Back 46

starches to maltose

Front 47

maltotriose alpha

Back 47

dextrin

Front 48

alphadestrinase

Back 48

alpha-dextrins into glucose

Front 49

maltase

Back 49

maltose to glucose

Front 50

sucrase

Back 50

sucrose to glucose or fructose

Front 51

lactase

Back 51

lactose to glucose and galactose

Front 52

Lactose Intolerant

Back 52

condition where the absorptive cells fail to produce enough lactase

Front 53

Protein enzymes of the SI

Back 53

carboxypeptidases; aminopeptidases and dipeptidases.

Front 54

lipid enzymes of the SI

Back 54

Bile salts emulsify triglceryides; pancreatic lipase breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Front 55

nucleases

Back 55

breakdown nucleic acids into nucleotides

Front 56

Pancrease

Back 56

delivers pancreatic juisce into the duodenum via pancreatic duct

Front 57

liver

Back 57

produces bile salts necessary for the emulsification and absorption of lipids

Front 58

gallbladder

Back 58

stores, concentrates and delivers ile into the duodenum via the common bile duct

Front 59

haustra

Back 59

series of pouches of the large intestine

Front 60

polyps in the colon

Back 60

slow-developing benign growths that arise from the mucosa of the LI.

Front 61

fiber

Back 61

consists of indigestible plant carbs; insoluble (does not dissolive in water); soluble (does dissolve in water; reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, cholesterol, etc

Front 62

CCK

Back 62

cholecystokinin; hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa of the SI; stimulated by the presence of proteins, triglycerides and fatty acids

Front 63

Effects of CCK

Back 63

stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes, causes ejection of bile from gallbladder; inhibits gastric emptying and enhances effects of secretin

Front 64

Secretin

Back 64

hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum’s mucosa; stimulated by acidic chyme entering the SI

Front 65

Effects of Secretin

Back 65

stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile that are rich in bicarbonate ions.

Front 66

Bicarbonate Ions

Back 66

neutralizes stomach acids; "turns off" pepsin; promotes pancreatic enzyme activity; released by the pancreatic acini

Front 67

6 functions of the liver

Front 68

Pancreatic islets

Back 68

islets of Langerhans; type of pancreatic cell; secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon; endocrine

Front 69

Pancreatic Acini

Back 69

secrete pancreatic juice; type of pancreatice cell; exocrine

Front 70

Functions of the liver

Back 70

metabolizes carbs, lipids and proteins; removes toxins, drugs and hormones from blood; excretes bilirubin; stores vitamins, iron and copper; phagocytizes old RBC, WBC and some bacteria; activates vitamn D

Front 71

Water Soluble vitamins absorbed in SI

Back 71

B and C by simple diffusion

Front 72

Fat Soluble vitamins absorbed in the SI

Back 72

A, D, E, K by simple diffusion

Front 73

deciduous teeth

Back 73

primary teeth

Front 74

Canines

Back 74

tear/shred food

Front 75

molars

Back 75

crush/grind food

Front 76

premolars

Back 76

aka bicuspids; crush/grind food

Front 77

incisors

Back 77

cut food

Front 78

parts of the tooth

Back 78

crown, neck and root

Front 79

Structure of the teeth

Back 79

made up of enamel, cementum, and dentin

Front 80

enamel

Back 80

hardest substance in body; protects from wear

Front 81

cementum

Back 81

bone-like, attaches tooth to peridontal ligament; connective tissue that lines tooth socket

Front 82

dentin

Back 82

calcified connective tissue that gives tooth shape and rigidity; encloses pulp cavity and root canals of root

Front 83

hiatal hernia

Back 83

protrusion of a part of the stomach into the thoracic cavity thru the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm