A&p I--Tissues/bones

Front 1

Three types of cell junctions

Back 1

Tight (keeps fluid from entering between cells)
Desmosome (Spot Welding--Holds cells together)
Gap junction (Allows for chemical communication)

Front 2

Four main types of tissues:

Back 2

Nervous Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Epithelial Tissue

Front 3

Functions of Epithelial Tissue/Locations in body

Back 3

Protects exposed surfaces/lines cavities, absorbs/secretes (Ex. Kidney tubules)

Found on skin surface, lining of digestive tract, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tract

Front 4

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

Back 4

Tightly packed cells (little intracellular space),
Avascular (no blood cells),
Free surface,
Basement membrane (attaches epithelial to connective tissues beneath),
Regeneration
Nerve supply

Front 5

How are epithelial cells classified?

Back 5

By Layers (Simple--1, Stratified--more than 1)
By Shape (Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar)

Front 6

Simple Squamous Tissue--Function, Location, appearance?

Back 6

Absorption/secretion, reduces friction, vessel permeability

Found in heart & blood vessels, kidney tubules

Similar to "jig saw" puzzles in appearance, flat, long, one-layer, thin.

Front 7

Endothelium

Back 7

Type of Epithelial tissue--found in inner surface of heart and blood vessels.

Front 8

Mesothelium

Back 8

Second type of epithelial tissue found in ventral cavity (superficial layers of protective tissues in ventral cavity)

Front 9

Simple Cuboidal Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location?

Back 9

Resembles square, hexagonal boxes

Limited protection for areas of secretion/absorption

Found in Kidney tubules

Front 10

Simple columnar Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location?

Back 10

Tall, rectangular in shape

Protects against chemical stress

Found in stomach, Intestines

Front 11

Stratified Squamous Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location?

Back 11

Multiple layers of cells--cells can be different shapes (classified by shape of cells on superficial most layer)

Protects from chemicals/friction

Located in mouth/anus

Front 12

Transitional Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location

Back 12

Flexibility, allows for stretching/coiling without damage

Located in bladder

Front 13

Pseudostratified Tissue--Appearance, Location, Function?

Back 13

Looks like more than one layer but every cell touches the basement membrane, not all cells tall enough to make it to the top

Located in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

Protection/secretion, moves mucus w/ cilia

Front 14

Difference b/t endocrine & exocrine?

Back 14

Endocrine secretes hormones internally, exocrine excretes hormones outside body

Front 15

Glandular tissue is also what type of tissue?

Back 15

Epithelial tissue

Front 16

Examples of Multicellular exocrine glands

Back 16

holocrine--sebaceous glands-superficial gland cells burst

merocrine--Mucus-secretory vesicles discharged at surface by exocytosis

apocrine--mammary glands-includes inclusions, secretory vesicles, cytoplasmic components

Front 17

How are connective and epithelial tissues different?

Back 17

Epithelial--tightly packed, basement membrane, always faces free surface

Connective--Loosely scattered, no basement membrane, no free surface

Front 18

Functions of connective tissues:

Back 18

Bind together and support, protect, energy storage, transport

Front 19

What is a matrix?

Back 19

Any & all material in between the cells--matrix often determines function of the cell.

Front 20

Ground substance

Back 20

Makes up matrix--binds cells together and determines function

Varies from tissue to tissue ( can be solid or liquid)

Front 21

Types of fibers:

Back 21

produced by fibroblasts

collagen fiber (tough, flexible)
Elastic fiber (elasticity & strength)
reticular fiber (networking fibers)

Front 22

What is matrix made up of??

Back 22

Ground substance + fibers

Front 23

Characteristics of Connective tissues

Back 23

Has nerve supply (except for cartilage)
No free surface,
Many types of cells,
Scattered cells

Front 24

Types of cells in connective tissue:

Back 24

Fibroblasts (makes fiber)

Macrophages (eat away bacteria/damaged cells)

Mast cells (contains histamines/heparins to stimulate inflammation)

Adipocytes (fat cells-store fat)

Front 25

Mesenchyme

Back 25

Embryonic connective tissue (can differentiate into other connective tissue cells)

Front 26

Areolar connective tissue

Back 26

Located around blood vessels, mucus membranes--serves as "loose padding"

characteristics: Scattered cells,
matrix=ground substance (Hyaluronic acid) + fibers (collagen)

Front 27

Adipose Tissue

Back 27

Located in subcutaneous tissue, around organs (white and brown fat--white: 1 triglyceride droplet, brown: several droplets) prevents loss of heat and is energy storage.

Characteristics: scattered cells (Adipocytes), Matrix= ground substance (Hyaluronic Acid) + fibers (Collagen/elastin)

Front 28

Reticular connective tissue

Back 28

Located in lymph nodes & spleen, forms a framework in tissue

Characteristics: Scattered cells (fibroblasts--reticular cells)
Matrix= Ground substance (hyaluronic acid) + fibers (collagen)

Front 29

Dense regular connective tissue

Back 29

located in tendons & ligaments, allows for strength in one direction & extension/recoil.

Characteristics: Scattered cells (Fibroblasts),
Matrix= Ground substance (Very little) + fibers (Collagen)

Front 30

Dense irregular connective tissue

Back 30

Located in valves of heart, dermis, periosteum--gives skin its strength, strengthens and supports areas that receive stress from many directions.

Characteristics: Scattered cells (Fibroblasts)
Matrix= Ground substance (hyaluronic acid) + fibers (Collagen fibers)

Front 31

Elastic connective tissue

Back 31

Artery walls, elastic ligaments b/t vertebrae, gives stretch and support

Characteristics: Scattered cells, Matrix= Ground substance + fibers

Front 32

Cartilage--what makes it unique?

Back 32

Tissues that's resistant to stress.

Has no blood vessels or nerve supply, so gets nutrients by diffusion from matrix, also very slow to heal.

Front 33

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Back 33

Hyaline cartilage

Front 34

Types of Cartilage:

Back 34

Hyaline, Fibrous, Elastic

Front 35

Hyaline cartilage

Back 35

located in nose, trachea, costal cartilage, embryonic skeleton,articular cartilage (ends of long bones) Provides cushioning (strong but flexible)

Characteristics: Scattered cells (chondrocytes in lacunae)
, matrix= Ground substance (chondroitin/Glucosamine) + Fibers (Collagen)

Front 36

Fibrous cartilage

Back 36

Located in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs symphysis pubis--provides strength & durability

Characteristics:
Scattered cells (chondrocytes)
Matrix= Ground substances (Little ground substance) + fibers (collagen fibers)

Front 37

Elastic Cartilage
(Location, Characteristics, Function)

Back 37

Located in auricle (ear), epiglottis
Provides flexibility

Characteristics:
Scattered cells (Chondrocytes in Lacunae)

Matrix= Ground substance + fibers (collagen)

Front 38

Osseous tissue

Back 38

Located in shaft of long bones & outside portions of flat bones--provides strength & durability

Front 39

Spongy bone

Back 39

Located in ends of long bones & middle of flat bones--provides support, though not as strong as compact bone , produces red blood cells in spaces.

Characteristics:
Scattered cells
Matrix= Ground substance + fibers

Front 40

two types of fluid connective tissue:

Back 40

blood & lymph

Front 41

Blood

Back 41

Located in blood vessels, carries nutrients & waste products, important for immunity

Characteristics:
Scattered cells
Matrix= Ground substance + fibers (none unless clots)

Front 42

lymph

Back 42

Liquid connective tissue that is found in lymph vessels, important for immunity, carries away excess interstitial fluid

Characteristics:
Scattered cells
Matrix= Ground substance + fibers

Front 43

The proximal end of Metatarsal I articulates with which bone?

Back 43

The medial cuneiform

Front 44

The proximal end of Metatarsal II articulates with ____.

Back 44

Intermediate cuneiform

Front 45

The proximal end of Metatarsal III articulates with which bone?

Back 45

Lateral cuneiform

Front 46

The proximal ends of Metatarsals IV & V articulate with which bone?

Back 46

Cuboid

Front 47

Which tissues do not have blood vessels?

Back 47

Cartilage (all types), Epithelial tissue

Front 48

Which tissues do not have fibers?

Back 48

Blood, lymph

Front 49

Three types of muscle tissue:
Function of muscle tissues

Back 49

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

Contains proteins that can shorten & stretch.

Front 50

Skeletal muscle

(Location, characteristics--regeneration/# of nuclei, striated/non-striated, voluntary/involuntary,etc., function)

Back 50

Attached to bones via tendons

Tissues has striations, long cylindrical cells (length of bone), multinucleated, limited capacity for regeneration

Voluntary movement of the skeleton (generates heat), posture

Front 51

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

(Location, Characteristics--regeneration/# of nuclei, striated/non-striated, voluntary/involuntary,etc., Function)

Back 51

Branched, striated, cells, connected by intercalated discs--Gap junctions/desmosomes, typically one nucleus in cells

Located in heart

Involuntary movement of heart, pumps blood

Front 52

Smooth muscle tissue

(Location, Function, Characteristics--regeneration, # of nuclei, voluntary/involuntary, striations, striated/non-striated, etc.)

Back 52

Located in internal organs,
Shape: Banana
Involuntary movement
One nucleus per cell
good capacity for regeneration

Relaxation/contraction helps regulate blood pressure, movement food/urine, etc.

Front 53

Which connective tissue generally makes up membrane?

Back 53

Areolar Tissue

Front 54

What is a membrane?

Back 54

Protective layer--Epithelium + connective tissue beneath makes up membrane

Front 55

Serous Membrane

Back 55

Serous membrane= epitheliuem (Simple Squamous/mesothelium + Areolar/Adipose)

Makes up Periosteum, pericardium, pleura.

Front 56

Synovial Membrane

Back 56

Epithelium (Only scattered epithelial cells) + connective tissue (areolar/adipose)

Located in joints, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication

Front 57

Mucus membrane

Back 57

Epithelium (Varies--all have Goblet cells) + Connective Tissue (Areolar--Lamina Propria)

Found in Systems with opening to outside (Respiratory, reproductive, digestive, etc.)

Secretes fluid (goblet cells)

Front 58

Cutaneous Membrane

Back 58

Epithelium (Stratified epithelium) + Areolar

Found in skin--Protects against friction/abrasion

Front 59

Parenchymal Cells
Stromal Cells

Back 59

Functional cells--helps regeneration of tissue

Stromal Cells--Connective tissue cells--leads to collagen scar (Fibrosis)

Front 60

Nervous Tissue

Back 60

Conducts nerve impulses--two types of cells--neuroglia & neurons

Front 61

Neuroglia/Neurons

Back 61

Neurons--Conduct nerve impulses
(Do not undergo mitosis)

Neuroglia--Supportive cells of Neurons (mitosis)

Front 62

From which cells in nervous tissue do brain tumors arise?

Back 62

Neuroglia

Front 63

Steps in tissue repair:

Back 63

Inflammation (redness, swelling, pain)--indicator that repair taking place @ site of injury

Granulation (Growth of blood vessels, fibroblasts, mesechyme cells)

Maturation phase--repair (parenchymal or stromal)

Front 64

Factors that affect tissue repair:

Back 64

Blood circulation (better circulation=better repair)

Age/metabolic rate

Nutrition (C=collagen, D=Calcium, E=prevent scarring)

Front 65

Functions of skin:

Back 65

Synthesis of Vitamin D
Temperature regulation (sweating)
Excretion (sweat, salts, etc.)
Protection (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Receptors (merkel cells)
Stores lipids

Front 66

Keratin/Keratinocytes

Back 66

Fibrous, structural protein--comprises hair, skin, nails.

Keratinocytes produce keratin

Front 67

Name types of cells in skin:

Back 67

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, merkel cells, Langerhan cells

Front 68

Melanocytes (function/location)

Back 68

Produces melanin--located in basal layer of epidermis

Front 69

Merkel cells (function/location)

Back 69

Receptor cells for touch, etc--located in epidermis

Front 70

Langerhan cells (function/location)

Back 70

Eat bacteria--located in epidermis

Front 71

Two layers of edpidermis:

Back 71

Stratum Basale/Sratum Corneum

Front 72

Stratum Basale:

Back 72

Basal Layer--cells (keratinocytes) dividing rapidly to migrate superficially and constantly replace top layer of keratinized cells.

Front 73

Stratum Corneum:

Back 73

Most superficial layer of skin--dead, keratinized cells with no nuclei. Serves as protection for live cells underneath.

Front 74

Two regions of Dermis:

Back 74

Reticular/Papillary

Front 75

Papillary region:

Back 75

Contains areolar connective tissue

Front 76

Reticular region:

Back 76

Contains Dense irregular tissue (gives dermis, strength, elasticity, extensibility

Front 77

Dermal Papillae

Back 77

Small extensions of dermis into epidermis (forms finger/foot prints)
contains blood vessels that nourish hair follicles and lower layer epithelial cells

Front 78

What is the hypodermis--is it apart of skin?

Back 78

Subcutaneous tissue (areolar/adipose), not apart of skin

Front 79

What is a freckle? Nevi?

Back 79

Concentrations of melanin in skin

Front 80

What is vitiligo? Albinism?

Back 80

Partial loss of pigment in certain areas of skin (patches) due to melanocytes in select areas of skin not producing melanin.

Total or partial loss of pigment due to absence or defect in enzyme involved in melanin production.

Front 81

hemoglobin--oxygenated vs. Deoxygenated?

Back 81

Oxygenated=bright red in color

Deoxygenated= bluish in color

Front 82

What is cyanosis?

Back 82

Appearance of bluish/purple coloration on skin due to tissues near surface being low on oxygen.

Front 83

What would carotene give to your skin?

Back 83

Orange/deep yellow hue

Front 84

Parts of hair:

Back 84

Shaft, follicle (w/ papilla), root

Front 85

Hair matrix

Back 85

Cell division occurs to form structure of hair

Front 86

Hair papilla

Back 86

Provides nourishment of hair root

Front 87

Hair plexus

Back 87

Groups nerve fiber endings--forms network around hair follicle and is receptor (sends nervous impulses to brain when hair moves)

Front 88

What gives hair its color?

Back 88

Melanin

Front 89

Arrector Pili muscles

Back 89

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle--contracts to make hair follicle more vertical (stand on end)

Front 90

Where do sebaceous oil glands open into? What do they make? Where located?

Back 90

Hair follicle--produces sebum (inhibits bacterial growth)

Skin (except palms, soles of feet)

Front 91

What hormone stimulates sebaceous glands?

Back 91

Androgens

Front 92

Sudoriferous Glands

Back 92

Water/excretory products
merocrine/apocrine secretions

Front 93

Ceruminous Glands

Back 93

modified sweat glands--
cerumen-sticky waxy substance (ear wax)
(Apocrine gland)

Front 94

Why do nails appear pink? What is their clinical significance?

Back 94

B/c of underlying capillaries in nail bed/
Protects phalanges/digitals and surrounding soft tissues from injuries

Front 95

Keloid

Back 95

Scar (collagen) result of overgrowth of tissue @ site of injury

Front 96

Basal cell carcinoma

Back 96

Remains localized (cancer of cells of Stratum Basale) rarely metastasizes or causes death, most common.

Front 97

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 97

Cancer of superficial layer--squamous epithelium, second most common, can be deadly if spreads.

Front 98

Melanoma

Back 98

Cancer of melanocytes--one of most dangerous forms of skin cancer, causing most deaths.

Front 99

First-third degree burns:

Back 99

First--Epidermis only affected
Second--Epidermis/part of dermis
Third--Epidermis & entire dermis

Front 100

Why are third degree burns not painful? What are two dangers of these types of burns?

Back 100

Nerves damaged/burned away, so no sensation of pain

Nerve damage and Loss of skin could lead to further infection.

Front 101

Functions of Bone:

Back 101

Mineral Storage (calcium, magnesium, phosphate)

Support of other organs/tissues--protection

Makes blood cells

Front 102

Red marrow

Back 102

Located in Epiphyses of bone--makes all blood cells (red, white, platelets)

Front 103

Yellow Marrow

Back 103

Fat storage--found in diaphysis of bone

Front 104

Two parts of bone made up of hyaline cartilage:

Back 104

Articular cartilage/Epiphyseal plate

Front 105

Function of Epiphyseal plate:

Back 105

Allows bones to grow lengthwise (only present in children)

Front 106

What remains after epiphyseal plate disappears?

Back 106

Epiphyseal Line

Front 107

What is found in medullary cavity? Where is medullary cavity found?

Back 107

Yellow Marrow (fat)/ Middle of bone shaft

Front 108

2 Layers of Periosteum:

Back 108

Fibrous layer/ Osteogenic layer

Front 109

Firbous layer (Periosteum)

Back 109

Dense irregular connective tissue--allows muscle to attach to bone

Front 110

Osteogenic layer (Periosteum)

Back 110

Bone cells for new growth and breakdown

Front 111

Sharpey's fibers

Back 111

Matrix of connective tissue (allows periosteum to attach to bone)

Front 112

What are ligaments/tendons & how do they attach?

Back 112

Fibrous Dense regular connective tissue:

Ligaments (attach bone to bone)

Tendons (attach muscles to bone)

Front 113

Bones of Os coxa:

Back 113

Ilium, ischium, pelvis

Front 114

Which tendon inserts in Calcaneus?

Back 114

Achilles Tendon

Front 115

Ground substance/Fibers of bone:

Back 115

Ground Substance = Chondroitin/Glucosamine

Fibers= Collagen

Front 116

Organic part of Bone matrix--what characteristic does it give to bone?

Back 116

Collagen--makes bones more flexible, elastic

Front 117

What characteristic do calcium salts give to bone?

Back 117

Hardness

Front 118

Scattered cells of bone:

Back 118

Osteoprogenitor cells (endosteum periosteum), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

Front 119

Which scattered cell of bone is not derived from mesenchyme?

Back 119

Osteoclasts (derived from white blood cells)

Front 120

Two types of bone:

Back 120

Compact/spongy

Front 121

Where is compact bone found?

Back 121

Diaphysis

Front 122

Where is spongy bone found?

Back 122

Epiphyses

Front 123

How do osteocytes in spongy bone get their nourishment?

Back 123

Directly from bone marrow

Front 124

What are trabeculae?

Back 124

supporting bundles fiber formed by matrix (small extensions bone)

Front 125

How is spongy bone different from compact?

Back 125

compact needs osteons , spongy uses trabeculae for nourishment

Front 126

Haversian Canal

Back 126

surrounds blood vessels, communciates w/ osteocytes in lacuna

Front 127

Appositional growth

Back 127

Growth on surface of tissue (bone/cartilage)

Front 128

Interstitial growth

Back 128

Growth within tissue (cartilage)

Front 129

Can you see cartilage on an xray?

Back 129

No, shows up as "space" between the bone

Front 130

Where does bone growth in length occur?

Back 130

At epiphyseal plate

Front 131

Where does bone growth in width occur?

Back 131

At endosteum/periosteum

Front 132

Ossification

Back 132

Process of bone formation

Front 133

Intramembranous ossification
Examples:

Back 133

bone formation from fibrous connective tissue
Ex. Clavicle, mandible, cranium

Front 134

Endochondral ossification

Back 134

bone formation from hyaline cartilage
Ex. Long bones, embryonic skeleton

Front 135

Process of intramembranous ossification:

Back 135

Beings @ ossification center (mesenchyme turns to osteoprogenitor to osteoblasts)

Osteoblasts secrete matrix, become osteocytes

Trabeculae develop, red bone marrow fills spaces

Spongy bone later remodels to compact bones

Front 136

Process of endochondral ossification

Back 136

bone collar on surface of diaphysis

cells die in diaphysis (ph change/calcification)

blood vessels penetrate and bring in osteoprogenitor cells

Differentiate into osteoblasts that lay down new bone

Front 137

Primary ossification center

Back 137

Middle of diaphysis

Front 138

Secondary ossification center

Back 138

middle of epiphyses

Front 139

Which type of bone is always formed first when bone is made?

Back 139

Spongy bone (later remodeled into compact bone)

Front 140

Functions of calcium

Back 140

Nerve impulses, muscle, contraction, bone health

Front 141

Calcitonin

Back 141

Lowers blood calcium by depositing it into bone (osteoblasts)

Front 142

Parathyroid hormone

Back 142

Raises blood calcium by taking it from bone (osteoclasts)

Front 143

Steps in bone repair

Back 143

Hematoma (blood clot)
Hyaline cartilage callus
Spongy bone callus
Remodeled into hard bone (bony callus remains)

Front 144

Colles fracture/Greenstick fracture:

Back 144

Colles fracture--fracture of distal radius (falling on outstretched arm)

Greenstick fracture (occurs in children) one side of bone breaks and other side of same bone bends--due to flexibility of child bones.

Front 145

Axial skeleton

Back 145

(Trunk) consists of head/neck, spine (vertebrae), rib cage, sacrum, coccyx, hyoid

Front 146

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 146

(Appendages) consists of arms, clavicle and shoulder girdle scapula), legs, knee, ankle, wrists, os coxae,

Front 147

Shapes of bones

Back 147

Flat, irregular, Long, short

Front 148

Examples of long bones

Back 148

Ulna, Radius, Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Fibula

Front 149

Examples of short bones

Back 149

metacarpals, carpal bones, metatarsal and tarsal bones

Front 150

Examples irregular bones

Back 150

Vertebral bones

Front 151

Examples of Flat bones

Back 151

Cranial bones, os coxae, sternum, ribs, scapula, clavicle

Front 152

8 Cranial bones

Back 152

2 parietal, 2 temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Front 153

Wormian bones

Back 153

Extra bone pieces in cranial sutures

Front 154

Sesamoid bones

Back 154

Bones that form in tendons--patella, pissiform

Front 155

What are the articulations of skull bones called?

Back 155

Sutures

Front 156

What is a fontanel?

Back 156

"Soft spot" on the skull of infant where fibrous collagenous tissue remains--skull not completely connected, allows for easier labor/delivery, allows baby's head to mold to fit through birth canal without injury to mother or baby.

Front 157

14 Facial bones

Back 157

2 maxillae, mandible, vomer, 2 zygomatic, frontal, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae

Front 158

Which two bones form hard palate?

Back 158

Maxillae and palatine

Front 159

Which two bones have aveolar processes for teeth?

Back 159

mandible/maxillae

Front 160

Which facial bones form only movable joint on face?

Back 160

Mandible and Temporal Bones (Temporomandibular joint)

Front 161

What is the purpose of a sinus?

Back 161

Make skull more light weight--contains mucus membrane in sinus cavities (filters air that goes through sinuses)

Front 162

4 bones in which sinuses can be found:

Back 162

Zygomatic, maxillae, ethmoid, frontal

Front 163

Where do sinuses drain into?

Back 163

Into nose through middle meatus

Front 164

What are nasal conchae and what is their function? How many are there?

Back 164

Small bones that extend into nose, directs air towards mucus membranes.
3 nasal conchae (Superior, middle, inferior)

Front 165

What are two parts that make up intervertebral dics:

Back 165

Fibrocartilage ring
Nucleus Pulposus (Gel pad in middle of disc)

Front 166

What is a herniated disc?

Back 166

Nucleus pulposus protrudes out of fibrocartilage disc.

Front 167

What are primary/secondary curves?

Back 167

Primary= curves that stay as originally shaped (Thoracic/sacral)

Secondary= anteriorly convex--develops as child devleops
(Lumbar/Cervical)

Front 168

What are abnormal curves--three types?

Back 168

Kyphosis--Exaggerated thoracic curves
Lordosis--Exaggerated Lumbar curves
Scoliosis--Spine curved sideways

Front 169

Intervertebral foramen

Back 169

Opening in vertebrae where nerves leave spine and extend to other parts of body

Front 170

Vertebral foramen

Back 170

Opening formed by union of vertebral arch w/ body

Front 171

How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Thoracic? Lumbar?

Back 171

7, 12, 5

Front 172

What is the name of C1? C2?

Back 172

Atlas/Axis

Front 173

Which group of vertebrae are most susceptible to herniated discs?

Back 173

Lumbar (Lower back--more stress pressure)

Front 174

How are the os coxae connected to the vertebral column?

Back 174

By the sacrum

Front 175

What does the superior surface of L5 form a joint with? Inferior surface?

Back 175

w/ L4
w/ Sacrum

Front 176

Difference between true & false ribs?

Back 176

True attach to sternum by their own costal cartilage

False attach to the costal cartilage of true ribs

Front 177

Costal cartilage

Back 177

Connects sternum with ends of ribs

Front 178

To which two bones are the ribs attached?

Back 178

Sternum, vertebral column

Front 179

Three parts of sternum:

Back 179

Xiphoid process
Manubrium (sternal angle, Jugular notch)
Body

Front 180

How does the sternum attach to the appendicular skeleton?

Back 180

By the clavicle

Front 181

Which two bones does scapula form a joint with?

Back 181

Humerus & clavicle

Front 182

Does scapula form a joint with ribs?

Back 182

No

Front 183

8 carpal bones:

Back 183

Scaphoid, Lunate, Trapzium, Pissiform, Triquetrum, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Front 184

How many total phalanges in one hand?

Back 184

14

Front 185

"Medial" ankle bones is actually which bone?

Back 185

Tibia--medial malleolus

Front 186

Six bones of tarsus?

Back 186

Talus, Navicular, Intermediate Cuneiform, Medial cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid

Front 187

What is hallux, pollex?

Back 187

Big toe, Thumb