Ap Human Geography-1

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Distortion

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A change or misshaping of the relationship of shapes in an image.

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Elliptical

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Oval-shaped

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Elevation

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The height to which something rises.

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Contour

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A line that defines the outline of a shape.

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Equator

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An imaginary horizontal circle around the Earth, equidistant from both poles.

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Latitude

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Imaginary lateral lines used to measure distance north and south of the Equator.

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Prime Meridian

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An imaginary, vertical circle around the center of the Earth, perpendicular to the Equator.

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Longitude

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Imaginary vertical lines used to measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.

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International Date Line

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180 degrees longitude; the point at which Eastern and Western Hemispheres are in different days.

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Epicenter

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A focal point

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Sociologist

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A person who studies the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society

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Landscape

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The physical features and characteristics of a certain area

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Economist

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A person who studies how people can use limited resources to best satisfy unlimited wants

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Residential

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Characterized by private homes and residences

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Sequent Occupance

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Theory of the succeeding stages of human inhabitation on one site over time

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Inhabitation

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The act of living in a place

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Conurbanization

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A term coined by Alfred Meyer to denote an aggregation of cities, also known as "conurbation."

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Cultural Landscape

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An area that influences a culture and vice versa

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Mercator Projection

Advantages: latitudes and longitudes intersect at right angles; good for navigation.

Disadvantages: area equivalences incorrect (poles look bigger, equator countries look smaller)

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Mollweide Projection

Advantages: accurate depiction of areas

Disadvantages: shape of countries get distorted at the poles

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Goode Projection

Advantages: accurate depiction of areas and shapes

Disadvantages: interrupted, not as visually pleasing; difficult to gauge distances

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Gall-Peters Projection

Advantages: accurate depiction of areas

Disadvantages: shapes and distances are distorted

Created for social reasons--to draw attention away from northern countries.

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Robinson Projection

Advantages: limits distortion of areas, shapes, and distances by minimally distorting all of them

Disadvantages: minimally distorts areas, shapes, and distances

Most commonly used today along with Winkle Tripel projection

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Winkel Tripel Projection

Minimized distortion of areas, shapes, and distances by compromising and distorting all of them.

Most commonly used today along with Robinson Projection

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Fluid

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Changing readily, not fixed or stable

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Spatial

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Pertaining or relating to space

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Erosion

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The physical process in which the surface of the earth is worn away by wind, water, and other occurrences

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Plate Tectonics

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A geological theory which states that the world is divided into crustal plates that collide with adjacent plates, causing earthquakes and other seismic activity, and slowly shaping the earth

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Absolute location

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The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.

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Relative location

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The regional position of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect relative location.

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Environmental determinism

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The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development. Also referred to as environmentalism.

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Site

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The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting.

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Situation

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The external locational attributes of a place, including its relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal places.

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Scale

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Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. The implied degree of generalization.

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Spatial interaction

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The degree of flow of people, ideas, and goods among places.

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Distance decay

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The effects of distance on interaction; generally the greater the distance, the less interaction.

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Friction of distance

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The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.

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Time-space compression

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A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.

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Time-space convergence

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A term coined by Donald Janelle that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the twentieth century made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communications.

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Geographic Information System (GIS)

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A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed , and displayed to the user.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

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Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.

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Thematic maps

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Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon.

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Statistical map

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Statistical map

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A special type of thematic map in which the variation in quantity of a factor such as rainfall, population, or crops in a geographic area is indicated.

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Cartogram

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A map in which some thematic mapping variable such as population or Gross National Product is substituted for land area or distance. The geometry or space of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this alternate variable.

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Cartogram of world's population

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Thematic map of Hardiness Zones

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Dot distribution (density) map

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A map type that uses a dot symbol to the show the presence of a feature of phenomenon. Dot maps rely on a visual scatter to show spatial pattern.

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Dot density map

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Chloropleth map

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A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map.

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Chloropleth map

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Isoline map

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A map with continuous lines joining points of the same value. Examples are equal altitude (contour lines), temperature (isotherms), barometric pressure (isobars).

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Isoline map

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Mental map

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Image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space.

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Model

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A simple abstraction of reality; structured to clarify causal relationships.

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Possibilism

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Geographic viewpoint, in response to determinism, that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Possibilists view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilities of human choice.

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Pattern

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The design of spatial distribution, for example scattered or concentrated.