Ap European History

Front 1

Dante Alighieri

Renaissance

Back 1

Italian poet who wrote Inferno and Divine Comedy

Front 2

Boccaccio

Renaissance

Back 2

1313-1375
Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual and wordly society

Front 3

Botticelli

Renaissance

Back 3

One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus

Front 4

Brunelleschi

Renaissance

Back 4

(1377-1446) Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.

Front 5

Michalangelo Buonarroti

Renaissance

Back 5

(1475-1564) Worked in Rome. Painted the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted the statue of David.

Front 6

Castiglione

Renaissance

Back 6

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

Front 7

Leonardo Da Vinci

Renaissance

Back 7

(1452-1519) Artist who made religious paintings and sculptures like the Last Supper.

Front 8

Lorenzo de Medici

Renaissance

Back 8

(1469-1492) The Medici’s were a great banking family in Florence in the 15th century. Ruled government of Florence from behind the scene.

Front 9

Miguel De Cervantes

Renaissance

Back 9

(1547-1616) Spanish writer. Wrote Don Quixote.

Front 10

Pico Della Mirandola

Renaissance

Back 10

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Front 11

Donatello

Renaissance

Back 11

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Front 12

Erasmus

Renaissance

Back 12

- (1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Front 13

Jacob Fugger

Renaissance

Back 13

Headed leading banking, and trading house in l6th century Europe.

Front 14

Giotto

Renaissance

Back 14

(1276-1337) Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.

Front 15

Hans Holbein the Younger

Back 15

- Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings.

Front 16

Dante Alighieri

Renaissance

Back 16

Italian poet who wrote Inferno and Divine Comedy

Front 17

Boccaccio

Renaissance

Back 17

1313-1375
Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual and wordly society

Front 18

Botticelli

Renaissance

Back 18

One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus

Front 19

Brunelleschi

Renaissance

Back 19

(1377-1446) Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.

Front 20

Michalangelo Buonarroti

Renaissance

Back 20

(1475-1564) Worked in Rome. Painted the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted the statue of David.

Front 21

Castiglione

Renaissance

Back 21

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

Front 22

Leonardo Da Vinci

Renaissance

Back 22

(1452-1519) Artist who made religious paintings and sculptures like the Last Supper.

Front 23

Lorenzo de Medici

Renaissance

Back 23

(1469-1492) The Medici’s were a great banking family in Florence in the 15th century. Ruled government of Florence from behind the scene.

Front 24

Miguel De Cervantes

Renaissance

Back 24

(1547-1616) Spanish writer. Wrote Don Quixote.

Front 25

Pico Della Mirandola

Renaissance

Back 25

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Front 26

Donatello

Renaissance

Back 26

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Front 27

Erasmus

Renaissance

Back 27

- (1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Front 28

Jacob Fugger

Renaissance

Back 28

Headed leading banking, and trading house in l6th century Europe.

Front 29

Giotto

Renaissance

Back 29

(1276-1337) Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.

Front 30

Hans Holbein the Younger

Renaissance

Back 30

- Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings.

Front 31

Alexander VI

Renaissance

Back 31

(1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince.

Front 32

Humanism

Renaissance

Back 32

- Studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.

Front 33

Individualism

Renaissance

Back 33

- Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents.

Front 34

Julius II

Renaissance

Back 34

(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter’s Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506.

Front 35

Niccolo Machiavelli

Renaissance

Back 35

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Front 36

Montaigne

Renaissance

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(1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.

Front 37

Sir Thomas More

Renaissance

Back 37

(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society. Executed for not compromising his religious beliefs.

Front 38

"New Monarchs"

Renaissance

Back 38

Monarchies that took measures to limit the power of the Roman Catholic Church within their countries.

Front 39

Pazzi Conspiracy

Renaissance

Back 39

Conspiracy to overthrow the Medici’s.

Front 40

Petrarch

Renaissance

Back 40

- (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Front 41

Quattrocento

Renaissance

Back 41

The 1400’s.

Front 42

Cinquecento

Renaissance

Back 42

The 1500’s.

Front 43

Rabelais

Renaissance

Back 43

French satirical author.Gargantua and Pantagruel

Front 44

"Renaissance Man"

Renaissance

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A man that is multitalented and is well educated.

Front 45

Revival of antiquity

Renaissance

Back 45

The awakening from the dark ages and the focusing on the Roman’s.

Front 46

Friar Girolamo Savonarola

Renaissance

Back 46

(1452-1498) Dominican friar who attacked paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Burned at the stake in Florence.

Front 47

Secularism

Renaissance

Back 47

The belief in material things instead of religious things.

Front 48

Lorenzo Valla

Renaissance

Back 48

(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On false Donation of Constantine. Father of modern historical criticism.

Front 49

Vernacular

Renaissance

Back 49

Everyday language of a specific nation.

Front 50

Virtu

Renaissance

Back 50

The striving for excellence. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.

Front 51

Act of Supremacy

Reformation

Back 51

Declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England.

Front 52

Anglicanism

Reformation

Back 52

Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I.

Front 53

John Calvin

Reformation

Back 53

Theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

Front 54

Consubstantiation

Reformation

Back 54

The bread and wine undergo a spiritual change

Front 55

Council of Trent

Reformation

Back 55

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Front 56

Thomas Cranmer

Reformation

Back 56

Prepared the First Book of Common Prayer

Front 57

Diet of Worms

Reformation

Back 57

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

Front 58

Edict of Nantes

Reformation

Back 58

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Front 59

Excommunication

Reformation

Back 59

When a person is kicked out of the Catholic church

Front 60

Huguenots

Reformation

Back 60

.French Calvinists.

Front 61

John Huss

Reformation

Back 61

Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation.

Front 62

Ignatius Loyola

Reformation

Back 62

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, Spiritual Exercises

Front 63

Indulgences

Reformation

Back 63

Selling of these was common practice by the Catholic church, corruption that led to reformation.

Front 64

The Institutes of Christian Religion

Reformation

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Written by John Calvin

Front 65

Jesuits

Reformation

Back 65

Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.

Front 66

John Knox

Reformation

Back 66

Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.

Front 67

Martin Luther

Reformation

Back 67

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Front 68

Simony

Reformation

Back 68

The selling of church offices

Front 69

Usury

Reformation

Back 69

The practice of lending money for interest

Front 70

Theocracy

Reformation

Back 70

A community in which the state is subordinate to the church

Front 71

Predestination

Reformation

Back 71

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Front 72

Johann Tetzel

Reformation

Back 72

The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.

Front 73

Thomas Wolsey

Reformation

Back 73

Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Front 74

John Wycliffe

Reformation

Back 74

(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.

Front 75

Ulrich Zwingli

Reformation

Back 75

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.

Front 76

Baroque

Reformation

Back 76

Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.

Front 77

Defenestration of Prague

Reformation

Back 77

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Front 78

Peace of Westphalia

Reformation

Back 78

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.

Front 79

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Reformation

Back 79

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.

Front 80

War of the Three Henrys

Reformation

Back 80

- French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois and Henri of Navarre.

Front 81

John Cabot

Exploration

Back 81

Italian-born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Gave England a claim in North America.

Front 82

Pedro Cabral

Exploration

Back 82

Claimed Brazil for Portugal

Front 83

Entrepot

Exploration

Back 83

Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities.

Front 84

Conquistadores

Exploration

Back 84

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the new World.

Front 85

Bartholomew Diaz

Exploration

Back 85

( 1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa.

Front 86

Sir Francis Drake

Exploration

Back 86

English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships; 'singed the king beard'; involved in the armada.

Front 87

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Exploration

Back 87

Monarchs who united Spain; responsible for the reconquista.

Front 88

Encomienda

Exploration

Back 88

Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, but had their own land to work as well.

Front 89

Vasco da Gama

Exploration

Back 89

Sailed from Portugal for India.

Front 90

Prince Henry the Navigator

Exploration

Back 90

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Front 91

Ferdinand Magellan

Exploration

Back 91

(1480?-1521) Portuguese navigator. While trying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Front 92

Northwest Passage

Exploration

Back 92

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Front 93

Sir Walter Raleigh

Exploration

Back 93

(1552?-1618) English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure.

Front 94

Treaty of Tordesillas

Exploration

Back 94

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Front 95

Giovanni de Verrazano

Exploration

Back 95

(1485?-1528?) Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America.

Front 96

Absolutism

Absolutism

Back 96

When sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler.

Front 97

Sovereignty

Absolutism

Back 97

Possessing a monopoly over the instruments of justice.

Front 98

Totalitarianism

Absolutism

Back 98

Twentieth century phenomenon that seeks to direct all facets of a state’s culture in the interest of the state.

Front 99

Cardinal Richelieu

Absolutism

Back 99

Became President of the Council of ministers and the first minister of the French crown.

Front 100

Louis XIII

Absolutism

Back 100

Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state.

Front 101

Fronde

Absolutism

Back 101

1648-53. Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII.

Front 102

Jules Mazarin

Absolutism

Back 102

Became a cardinal in 1641, succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in French government.

Front 103

"Sun King"

Absolutism

Back 103

Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development.

Front 104

Louis XIV

Absolutism

Back 104

King of France who ruled as an absolute monarch, even as a child.

Front 105

Jean-Babtiste Colbert

Absolutism

Back 105

An advisor to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial genius who managed the entire royal administration.

Front 106

Mercantilism

Absolutism

Back 106

- The philosophy that a state's strength depends upon it wealth.

Front 107

"French Classicism"

Absolutism

Back 107

Art, literature, and advancements of the age of Louis XIV.

Front 108

Nicholas Poussin

Absolutism

Back 108

French classical painter who painted the Rape of the Sabine Women, known as the greatest French painter of the 17th century.

Front 109

William of Orange

Absolutism

Back 109

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Front 110

Louis Pontchartrain

Absolutism

Back 110

- French controller of finance who imposed the capitation of an annual poll tax.

Front 111

Peace of Utrecht

Absolutism

Back 111

- Ended Louis XIV’s attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.

Front 112

Constitutionalism

Absolutism

Back 112

Limitation of government by law, developed in times of absolutism.

Front 113

Leviathan

Absolutism

Back 113

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

Front 114

William Laude

Absolutism

Back 114

Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to impose elaborate ritual and rich ceremonies on all churches. Insisted on complete uniformity of the church and enforced it through the Court of High Commission.

Front 115

Oliver Cromwell

Absolutism

Back 115

As Lord Protector of England he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship.

Front 116

The Restoration

Absolutism

Back 116

Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established Anglican church, courts of law and local government.

Front 117

John Locke

Absolutism

Back 117

Believed people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development, (tabula rasa). Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Second Treatise of Government.

Front 118

Thomas Hobbes

Absolutism

Back 118

Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Front 119

Bill of Rights

Absolutism

Back 119

1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.

Front 120

New Model Army


Absolutism

Back 120

Created by Cromwell.

Front 121

Petition of Rights

Absolutism

Back 121

Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.

Front 122

War of Austrian Succession

Eastern Absolutism

Back 122

Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

Front 123

Junkers

Eastern Absolutism

Back 123

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Front 124

Pragmatic Sanction

Eastern Absolutism

Back 124

Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne

Front 125

Romanovs

Eastern Absolutism

Back 125

Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917.

Front 126

Frederick William the Great Elector

Eastern Absolutism

Back 126

First man who made modern Prussia.

Front 127

Boyars

Eastern Absolutism

Back 127

Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.

Front 128

Dvorianie

Eastern Absolutism

Back 128

Established by Peter the Great, they received land and control of the peasants.

Front 129

Muscovy

Eastern Absolutism

Back 129

- A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory.

Front 130

Hohenzollern

Eastern Absolutism

Back 130

German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.

Front 131

Aristotelian World View

Scientific Revolution

Back 131

Motionless earth was fixed at center of universe, God was beyond.

Front 132

Francis Bacon

Scientific Revolution

Back 132

(1561-1626)English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Front 133

Tycho Brahe

Scientific Revolution

Back 133

(1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.

Front 134

Robert Boyle

Scientific Revolution

Back 134

(1627-1691) Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt.

Front 135

Andrew Celsius

Scientific Revolution

Back 135

Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius

Front 136

Nicolaus Copernicus

Scientific Revolution

Back 136

(1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.

Front 137

Heliocentric Theory

Scientific Revolution

Back 137

Sun is the center of the universe. Coperican

Front 138

Geocentric Theory

Scientific Revolution

Back 138

- Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian

Front 139

Descartes

Scientific Revolution

Back 139

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Front 140

Deductive Reasoning

Scientific Revolution

Back 140

Descartes, doubt everything and use deductive reasoning. Reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method.

Front 141

Inductive Reasoning

Scientific Revolution

Back 141

Baconian empiricism. Based speculations on other situations.

Front 142

Discourse on Methods

Scientific Revolution

Back 142

Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning.

Front 143

Empiricism

Scientific Revolution

Back 143

- Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning.

Front 144

Gabriel Fahrenheit

Scientific Revolution

Back 144

- Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees.

Front 145

Galileo Galilei

Scientific Revolution

Back 145

Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter’s moons. Wrote Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Front 146

Gresham College

Scientific Revolution

Back 146

Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had a honored roll in society; center of scientific activity.

Front 147

William Harvey

Scientific Revolution

Back 147

Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.

Front 148

Carl Linnaeus

Scientific Revolution

Back 148

System Nature- developed methods to classify and name plants and animals.

Front 149

Natural Law

Scientific Revolution

Back 149

Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.

Front 150

Isaac Newton

Scientific Revolution

Back 150

English scientist. 3 Laws of motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687).

Front 151

Ptolemy’s System

Scientific Revolution

Back 151

Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to explain minor irregularities in the movement of the planets.

Front 152

The Royal Society of London

Scientific Revolution

Back 152

Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences.

Front 153

Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities

Scientific Revolution

Back 153

Rousseau, discuss the innocence of man and his corruption by society.

Front 154

Voltaire

Scientific Revolution

Back 154

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Front 155

Deism

Scientific Revolution

Back 155

God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.

Front 156

Enlightened despot

Scientific Revolution

Back 156

- Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great.

Front 157

Humanitarianism

Scientific Revolution

Back 157

Promoting human welfare and social reform.

Front 158

Second Treatise of Government

Scientific Revolution

Back 158

Written by Locke, Government created to protect life, liberty, and property.

Front 159

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Scientific Revolution

Back 159

- Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory.

Front 160

Rococo

Scientific Revolution

Back 160

Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentmental portraits.

Front 161

The Spirit of Laws

Scientific Revolution

Back 161

- Montesquieu, about separation of powers.

Front 162

The Social Contract

Scientific Revolution

Back 162

Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis.

Front 163

Candide

Scientific Revolution

Back 163

Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe.

Front 164

Montesquieu

Scientific Revolution

Back 164

French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws. Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.

Front 165

Capitalism

Agricultural Revolution

Back 165

Economic theory of maintaining balance of exports and imports. The opposite of socialism and communism.

Front 166

Cosmopolitanism

Back 166

Urban growth during the agricultural revolution. It dealt with the migration from rural to urban areas.

Front 167

"General Will"

Back 167

Betterment of the community. Founded by Rousseau, he felt that this determines a country's course in economics and politics.

Front 168

William Hogarth

Back 168

English painter. Marriage a la Mode.

Front 169

"Natural History"

Back 169

- Written by Buffon, discussed scientific matters.

Front 170

Physiocrats

Back 170

Opponents of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by Francois Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic

Front 171

Adam Smith

Back 171

Scottish professor of philosophy. Developed the idea of free enterprise, critical of mercantilism. Wrote Wealth of Nations Jethro Tull - English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

Front 172

Enclosure movement

Back 172

18th century English movement, marked the rise of market oriented estate.

Front 173

Jean le Rond D’Alembert

Back 173

coeditor of the Encyclopedie.

Front 174

Assignats

Back 174

- Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Front 175

Bastille

Back 175

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Front 176

Bougeoisie

Back 176

Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.

Front 177

Revolutionary Calendar

Back 177

Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution -day one was the first day of the French Republic

Front 178

Committee of Public Safety

Back 178

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Front 179

Conspiracy of Equals

Back 179

Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction,-communistic in nature.

Front 180

Consulate

Back 180

Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.

Front 181

National Convention

Back 181

The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.

Front 182

Danton

Back 182

Led the Mountains with Robespierre-also executed with Robespierre.

Front 183

David

Back 183

Napoleon’s painter-painted the famous portrait of Napoleon’s coronation.

Front 184

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Back 184

Written by the National Convention -declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.

Front 185

Directory

Back 185

Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.

Front 186

Encyclopedie

Back 186

Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment -explained many aspects of society.

Front 187

Estates General

Back 187

Not called since 1614-finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister-demanded control over the King’s finances -he refused and dismissed them-sat as three segregated groups.

Front 188

Gabelle

Back 188

Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate’s list of grievances.

Front 189

Girondists

Back 189

One of the two halves of the divided National Convention

Front 190

Great Fear

Back 190

Followed the storming of the Bastille-people were scared of outlaws and reprisals-fanned flames of rebellion.

Front 191

Guillotine

Back 191

Fast and relatively humane-used for mass executions.

Front 192

Intendants

Back 192

Created by Napoleon-kept watch over their own area of France -allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems.

Front 193

Levee en Masse

Back 193

Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.

Front 194

Louis XVI

Back 194

King of France-executed for treason by the National Convention-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.

Front 195

Marie Antoinette

Back 195

Louis XVI’s wife -executed.

Front 196

Robespierre

Back 196

Member of the National Assembly-led the Mountains-began and led the Committee of Public Safety-began the Reign of Terror.

Front 197

Sans-culottes

Back 197

Petty laborers and laboring poor-wore pants not knee breeches-became a major political group in revolutionary France.

Front 198

Tennis Court Oaths

Back 198

Taken by the National Assembly-stated that they would not disband until they had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place.

Front 199

First Estate

Back 199

Clergy.

Front 200

Second Estate

Back 200

Nobility.

Front 201

Third Estate

Back 201

Artisans etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate.

Front 202

Thermidorean Reaction

Back 202

A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed.

Front 203

Ancien Regime

Back 203

The old order before the Revolution in France

Front 204

Regicide

Back 204

The killing of the king

Front 205

Versailles

Back 205

Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI.

Front 206

Mary Wollstonecraft

Back 206

Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women.

Front 207

Berlin Decree

Back 207

1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

Front 208

Joseph Bonaparte

Back 208

Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War.

Front 209

Confederation of the Rhine

Back 209

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

Front 210

Continental System

Back 210

(1806-12)French economic plan to cripple Britain. Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian campaign.

Front 211

The Grand Army

Back 211

Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.

Front 212

Louis XVIII

Back 212

- (1814-24) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties

Front 213

Napoleonic Code -

Back 213

Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablihing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat.

Front 214

Peninsula War

Back 214

France was forced to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish.

Front 215

Plebiscite

Back 215

A vote of the people.

Front 216

Rosetta Stone

Back 216

Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.

Front 217

Talleyrand -

Back 217

French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

Front 218

Saint Helena

Back 218

- South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the Battle of Waterloo.

Front 219

Trafalgar

Back 219

(October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.

Front 220

Metternich

Back 220

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Front 221

Castlereagh

Back 221

British representative at Congress of Vienna.

Front 222

The Hundred Days

Back 222

The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at Waterloo.

Front 223

Sir Richard Arkwright

Back 223

Invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented.

Front 224

Jeremy Bentham

Back 224

Believed that public problems should dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number. Wrote, Principles of Morals and Legislation.

Front 225

Edmund Cartwright

Back 225

Inventor of the modern power loom.

Front 226

Chartism

Back 226

Agitation against poor laws-working class discontent.

Front 227

Combination Acts

Back 227

1799 and 1800-made trade unionism illegal.

Front 228

The Communist Manifesto

Back 228

Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels-basis of Socialism

Front 229

Corn Laws-

Back 229

1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well.

Front 230

Henry Cort

Back 230

- Refined pig iron-puddling furnace-heavy rolling mills

Front 231

Benjamin Disraeli

Back 231

British Conservative-extended vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base.

Front 232

Friedrich Engels

Back 232

- Condition of Working Class in England- society’s problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx.

Front 233

Factory Act 1833

Back 233

Created factory worday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9-factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit.

Front 234

Charles Fourier

Back 234

French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Theory of Four Movements.

Front 235

James Hargreaves

Back 235

About 1705 invented spinning jenny

Front 236

Industrialization

Back 236

New inventions, cotton and iron-changed small businesses beyond all recognition.

Front 237

John Kay -

Back 237

Inventor of flying shuttle, (1733).

Front 238

Laissez-faire capitalism -

Back 238

Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay.

Front 239

Karl Marx

Back 239

German - father of socialism-emancipation of women-Communist Manifesto.

Front 240

Thomas Newcomen

Back 240

1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very inefficient.

Front 241

Robert Owen

Back 241

Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony.

Front 242

Henry Palmerston

Back 242

- Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848.

Front 243

A People’s Charter

Back 243

Draft of reform Bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections-6 main points.

Front 244

Poor Law

Back 244

1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.

Front 245

First Reform Bill

Back 245

1832, Modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs.

Front 246

Second Reform Bill

Back 246

1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters.

Front 247

Tory

Back 247

Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy.

Front 248

Utopian Socialism

Back 248

Ideal society based on socialist ideals-Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier

Front 249

James Watt

Back 249

Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power.

Front 250

Whig

Back 250

British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.

Front 251

Alexander II

Back 251

- (r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Front 252

Ausgleich, 1867

Back 252

Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.

Front 253

"Blood and iron"

Back 253

Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".

Front 254

Bundesrat

Back 254

The federal council of Austrian government.

Front 255

Count Camillo Cavour

Back 255

Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.

Front 256

Carbonari

Back 256

A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.

Front 257

Carlsbad Decrees

Back 257

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Front 258

Constitutional monarchy

Back 258

Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten.

Front 259

Ems Dispatch

Back 259

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.

Front 260

Franco-Prussian War

Back 260

1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.

Front 261

Frankfurt Assembly -

Back 261

1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.

Front 262

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Back 262

(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.

Front 263

Louis Kossuth

Back 263

Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

Front 264

Leopold II

Back 264

1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.

Front 265

Liberalism

Back 265

The base ideas of liberty & equality.

Front 266

Magyars

Back 266

In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry & the minority population.

Front 267

Giuseppe Mazzini

Back 267

Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.

Front 268

Nationalism

Back 268

Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.

Front 269

Napoleon III

Back 269

Original Napoleon’s nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism.

Front 270

Panslavism

Back 270

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Front 271

Pogroms

Back 271

- Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.

Front 272

Realpolitik

Back 272

Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian

Front 273

Red Shirts

Back 273

Volunteers in Garibaldi's army

Front 274

Reichstag

Back 274

Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.

Front 275

Russification

Back 275

Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.

Front 276

Syllabus of Errors

Back 276

1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.

Front 277

Treaty of Frankfurt

Back 277

The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.

Front 278

Otto von Bismarck

Back 278

(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.

Front 279

Zemstvos

Back 279

Local assemblies in Russia.

Front 280

Zollverein

Back 280

Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1818 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.

Front 281

Risorgimento

Back 281

Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.

Front 282

Grossdeutsch

Back 282

- Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans".

Front 283

Kleindeutsch

Back 283

Little German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans".

Front 284

Volksgeist

Back 284

Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.

Front 285

Algeciras Conference

Back 285

Conference provoked Germany backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis.

Front 286

Imperialism

Back 286

One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another.

Front 287

Belgian Congo

Back 287

exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.

Front 288

Boer War

Back 288

English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899-02, showed that English tactics were no good.

Front 289

East India Company

Back 289

Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world.

Front 290

Congress of Berlin

Back 290

Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.

Front 291

Fashoda Incident

Back 291

Conflict in Africa between France and Britain.

Front 292

Cecil Rhodes

Back 292

- Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire buildRelationship between 2 states in which the stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs.er with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Front 293

Protectorate

Back 293

Relationship between 2 states in which the stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs.

Front 294

Sphere of Influence

Back 294

- In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.

Front 295

The White Man’s Burden

Back 295

1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism.

Front 296

Heart of Darkness

Back 296

Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

Front 297

Balkan Wars

Back 297

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war.

Front 298

Berlin Conference, 1885

Back 298

- Laid down the rules for the conquest of Africa: 1) European countries holding a coast inland. 2) Occupation must be with real troops 3) Must give notice of which countries were occupied. 4) Started the scramble for Africa.

Front 299

Black Hand

Back 299

Ultra Nationalist, Serbian Society. Secretly supported by members of the Serbian government.

Front 300

Conscription

Back 300

Forced recruitment into the army to meet the needs of war.

Front 301

Charles I

Back 301

(1887-1922) - Last Austrian Emperor abdicated Nov. 1918. The next day Austria was declared a Republic as was Hungary

Front 302

Entente Cordial

Back 302

Britain gained control of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany.

Front 303

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Back 303

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Front 304

David Lloyd George -

Back 304

????

Front 305

Isolationism

Back 305

Not becoming involved in global or regional events.

Front 306

Joseph Joffre

Back 306

French general led the French at the Battle of the Marne.

Front 307

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Back 307

Germany. Dismissed Bismarck in 1890. Did not renew Bismarck’s treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France.

Front 308

Kruger Telegram

Back 308

William II sent Kruger of the Transvaal a congratulatory telegram upon hearing of the failure of the Jamison Raid. Alerted Britain of the dangers from Germany

Front 309

V. I. Lenin

Back 309

Believed in Marxist Socialism: 1) Believed capitalism must be destroyed. 2) A social revolution was possible in backward Russia. 3) The need for highly trained workers partly controlled by revolutionaries like himself.

Front 310

League of Nations

Back 310

Allies worked out terms for peace with Germany, 1919, precursor to the United Nations.

Front 311

Lusitania

Back 311

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.

Front 312

Battle of the Marne

Back 312

A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war.

Front 313

Morocco Crisis, 1911

Back 313

After the French received Morocco, Germany demanded an international conference- German bullying forced England and France closer. Germany gained nothing.

Front 314

Nicholas II

Back 314

the last tsar. Wanted supreme rule of army and government. Led the armies to defeat. Forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Duma.

Front 315

Gavrilo Princip

Back 315

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Front 316

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Back 316

Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the war. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population. 2) height of German success in WWI. Signed by Lenin.

Front 317

Treaty of Versailles

Back 317

Negotiated by the Big Three Germany was stripped of colonies Alsace and Loraine given back to France. Poland was reconstituted as a state. Polish corridor would split Prussia from Germany. The Saar region would be French for 15 years. Heavy repercussions (not specified until later.)

Front 318

Battle of Verdun -

Back 318

1916 German assault on the French fortress- turned into a battle of attrition France won.

Front 319

Triple Entente

Back 319

1914, Great Britain, France, and Russia.

Front 320

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Back 320

President Wilson’s Peace proposal in 1918 stressed national self-determination and the rights of the small countries. Freedom of the seas and free trade. Clemenceau said, "God only had ten."

Front 321

Woodrow Wilson

Back 321

U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.

Front 322

Zimmerman Telegram

Back 322

German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.

Front 323

Army Order #1

Back 323

Issued by the Petrograd Soviet shipped offices of their authority and placed the power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers.

Front 324

Bloody Sunday

Back 324

Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Revolution.

Front 325

Bolsheviks

Back 325

"Majority group"

Front 326

Cheka

Back 326

Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution".

Front 327

Decembrist Revolt

Back 327

Uprising in Russia mainly soldiers soon suppressed-first manifestation of the modern revolutionary movement inspired by ideology.

Front 328

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Back 328

Russian novelist.

Front 329

Duma

Back 329

Popular parliament.

Front 330

Fundamental Laws

Back 330

Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power.

Front 331

Alexander Kerensky

Back 331

Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.

Front 332

General Kornilov

Back 332

Wanted to be the savior of Russia. Tried to stage a coup-demanded the resignation of all ministers Kerensky ordered him to turn over command. But soldiers refused to follow him.

Front 333

Kronstadt Revolt

Back 333

Rebellion of previously loyal sailors at the naval base. Suppressed by the military. After the revolt Lenin introduced the N.E.P.

Front 334

March Revolution

Back 334

Bolsheviks become the leaders of Russia.

Front 335

Mensheviks

Back 335

'Minority group'.

Front 336

Mir -

Back 336

Peasant village assembly responsible to the government

Front 337

October Manifesto

Back 337

Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament- Duma.

Front 338

"Peace, Bread, and Land"

Back 338

Lenin’s slogan in the Revolution. Peace from the war; Land for the peasants; Food for all.

Front 339

Anschluss -

Back 339

The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938.

Front 340

Anti-Comintern Pact

Back 340

Between Hitler and Japan; offered security against Russia.

Front 341

Atlantic Charter

Back 341

August 1941; called for peace without territorial expansion or secret agreements, and for free elections, and self - determination for all liberated nations.

Front 342

Casablanca Conference

Back 342

Resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers.

Front 343

Neville Chamberlain

Back 343

1938; gullible British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland.

Front 344

Winston Churchill

Back 344

1874 to 1965; greatest wartime leader; rallied the British with his speeches, infectious confidence, and bulldog determination; known for his "iron curtain" speech; led the British during World War II; agreed Hitler should be conquered; was thrown out by his own people.

Front 345

D-Day

Back 345

June 6, 1944; Americans and British forces under General Dwight Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy; this was history’s greatest naval invasion.

Front 346

Battle of Stalingrad

Back 346

Turning point for Germany in the war

Front 347

Edouard Daladier

Back 347

French leader of the radical socialists; accepted Hitler’s terms for peace.

Front 348

Francisco Franco

Back 348

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Front 349

Lebensaum

Back 349

Room to move. Phrase used by Hitler to justify invasion of other countries.

Front 350

Lend-Lease Program

Back 350

1941, the US lent money and resources to the European states to help reconstruction.

Front 351

Maginot Line

Back 351

- Line of defense built by France to protect against German invasion. Stretched from Belgium to Switzerland.

Front 352

Munich Conference

Back 352

1938; Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany.

Front 353

Pacificism

Back 353

Anabaptists laid great stress on this; they would not run for office or serve in the armed forces; not being involved in many wars.

Front 354

Potsdam Conference

Back 354

Brought forward many differences over east Europe; postwar conference in July of 1945; Stalin would not allow any type of freely elected government in east European countries; Roosevelt had died and was succeeded by Harry Truman, who demanded free elections.

Front 355

Rome-Berlin Axis -

Back 355

1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini’s lingering doubts about the Nazis.

Front 356

Erwin Rommel

Back 356

"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.

Front 357

Russo-German Nonaggression Pact

Back 357

Hitler and Stalin promised to remain neutral if either country were to become involved in war; August 1939. Was supposed to last 10 years, but Hitler invaded Russia in 1941.

Front 358

Joseph Stalin

Back 358

Communist statesman; leader of Bolshevik Party; became ruler of USSR after Lenin; assumed full military and political leadership.

Front 359

Sudetenland -

Back 359

Hitler wanted German speaking people in West Czech; this would be given to Germany.

Front 360

Teheran Conference

Back 360

Meeting in 1943; Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill; confirmed their defense to crush Hitler.

Front 361

Yalta Conference

Back 361

On the Black Sea; the Big Three met in February 1945 in southern Russia; it was agreed that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation and would pay heavy reparations to the soviet Union in the form of agricultural and industrial goods; when the Big Three met in 1945 at Yalta in southern Russia they agreed that east European governments were to be freely elected but pro-soviet.

Front 362

Konrad Adenauer

Back 362

Chancellor of Germany in 1949; the former mayor of Cologne and a long-time anti-Nazi, who began his long highly successful democratic rule; West Germany had a majority of Christian Democrats; helped regain respect for Germany

Front 363

Clement Attlee

Back 363

Socialist Labor Party under him moved toward establishment of a "Welfare State"; formed government of England after Churchill; nationalized industries.

Front 364

Willy Brandt

Back 364

West German chancellor; sought peace with East Germany; went to Poland in December 1970; laid a wreath at the tomb of the unknown soldier and another monument commemorating the armed uprising of Warsaw's Jewish ghetto against Nazi armies after which the ghetto was destroyed and survivors were sent to the gas chambers

Front 365

Brezhnev Doctrine

Back 365

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Front 366

Brinkmanship

Back 366

International relations involving the deliberate creation of a risk of war to apply pressure on the other party.

Front 367

COMECON

Back 367

The economic association organized by the communist states

Front 368

Containment

Back 368

Attempt to contain communism in areas already occupied by the Red Army as indicated in the Truman Doctrine.

Front 369

Council of Europe

Back 369

Brought about by the Marshall Plan in 1948 as an attempt to evolve into a Parliament yet became only a multinational debating society.

Front 370

Charles De Gaulle

Back 370

Leader of Free French General that resigned in 1946 after re-establishing the free, democratic Fourth Republic.

Front 371

de-Stalinization

Back 371

Liberalization of the Soviet Union.

Front 372

Anthony Eden

Back 372

Opposed Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement towards Hitler. Became Prime minister in 1955, resigned in 1957.

Front 373

Ludwig Erhard

Back 373

Minister of the economy, bet on the free economy while maintaining the extensive social welfare network inherited from the Hitler era.

Front 374

Euratom

Back 374

European Atomic Energy Community established by the treaty of Rome to regulate and research nuclear energy merged with the EEC.

Front 375

European Coal and Steel Community

Back 375

international organization to control and integrate all European coal and steel production. Consisted of West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France. Number 1 goal to be so close together economically that war against them impossible. "The six".

Front 376

European Economic Community

Back 376

caused by the Marshall Plan.

Front 377

Hungarian Revolution

Back 377

1956. Led by students and workers, installed Liberal Communist Imre Nagy. Forced soviet soldiers to leave and promised free election, renounced Hungary’s military alliance with Moscow. Revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union.

Front 378

"Inner Six"

Back 378

members of the EEC.

Front 379

Iron Curtain Speech

Back 379

March 1946 Winston Churchill at Fulton College Missouri; said an "iron curtain" had fallen across the Continent.

Front 380

Nikita Khrushchev -

Back 380

Russian premier after Stalin. Led de-Stalinization of Russia. A reformer who argued for major innovations.

Front 381

Marshall Plan

Back 381

U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall urged Americans to offer economic aide- this was the Marshall Plan. Refused by Stalin.

Front 382

Imre Nagy

Back 382

liberal communist reformer installed as Chief by the people of Budapest.

Front 383

NATO

Back 383

North Atlantic Treaty Organization- formed in 1949 by U.S. anti-Soviet Military alliance of Western Governments.

Front 384

"peaceful coexistence"

Back 384

Krushev’s foreign policy; peaceful coexistence with communism was possible.

Front 385

Schuman Plan

Back 385

called for special international organization to control and integrate all European coal and steal production.

Front 386

Treaty of Rome

Back 386

Six nations of Coal and Steal Community signed to create EEC

Front 387

Warsaw Pact

Back 387

Created by Stalin to counter NATO and to tighten his hold on satellites.

Front 388

Perestroika

Back 388

Economic restructuring by Gorbachev

Front 389

Glasnost

Back 389

A newfound openness of government and media.

Front 390

restalinization

Back 390

Soviet Union started a period of stagnation. Saw de-Stalinization as a dangerous threat.