A&p - Endocrine

Front 1

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Back 1

exocrine glands have ducts, endocrine glands are duct-less and therefore secrete hormones directly into the blood.

Front 2

Name a lipid based hormone

Back 2

- any glucocorticoid

- any mineralocorticoid

- thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)

Front 3

What type of hormone is insulin?

Back 3

A peptide based hormone

Front 4

Name a hormone that works in a positive feedback loop

Back 4

- oxytocin

Front 5

Which part of the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus with nervous tissue?

Back 5

Posterior pituitary gland

Front 6

What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 6

The hypothalamus controls which hormones the anterior pituitary gland releases by secreting either inhibitory or releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary gland via the network of capillaries that connect them. (Pituitary portal system)

Front 7

Which endocrine gland is known as the master gland?

Back 7

The Anterior pituitary gland as it has influence over many other endocrine glands either stimulating or inhibiting the release of other hormones.

Front 8

Which hormone is secreted during pregnancy to encourage the production of breast milk?

Back 8

Prolactin, it’s is released from the anterior pituitary which is stimulated by the hypothalamic secretion of prolactin releasing hormones.

Front 9

Name the 3 hormones released by the Thyroid

Back 9

- Thyroxine (T4)

- Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

- Calcitonin

Front 10

What is the function of Calcitonin?

Back 10

It works in exact opposition to parathyroid hormone it lowers blood calcium levels by promoting the storage of calcium in the bones and inhibiting the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney tubules.

Front 11

How is Cortisol released into the blood?

Back 11

- the hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) which promotes the synthesis and release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary gland.

- ACTH stimulates the growth and activity of the adrenal cortex which increases the secretion of Cortisol from the Zona Fasciculata into the blood stream.

Front 12

Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 12

- ADH

- oxytocin

Front 13

What is ADH also known as?

Back 13

Vasopressin

Front 14

True or false lipid based hormones can enter through the membrane of the target cell to carry out its function

Back 14

True peptide based hormones are unable to enter the cell and must bind to membrane based cell surface proteins in order to carry out their function

Front 15

What affect do thyroid hormones ( T3 & T4) have on the target tissue?

Back 15

They increase the metabolic rate of the cell, regulating metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, they enhance the effect of other hormones and are essential for normal healthy development and growth.

Front 16

Which hormones are produced in the Adrenal Medulla?

Back 16

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Front 17

What is the function of Cortisol?

Back 17

- regulation of metabolism (stimulates insulin release and maintains blood sugars)

- involvement in inflammatory and immune response

- released in response to stress (catabolism of proteins and fats for additional energy under stress)

Front 18

Name the most important mineralocorticoid

Back 18

Aldosterone

Front 19

What is the purpose of the RAAS system?

Back 19

- Increase blood volume

- Increase blood pressure

- maintain homeostasis

Front 20

what hormones are released from then Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans?

Back 20

a cells = glucagon

B cells = insulin

D cells = somatostatin

Front 21

What are the functions of insulin?

Back 21

- acts as a key to allow glucose into the cells

- promoted the storage of glucose and other nutrients by increasing conversion of glucose to glycogen, accelerating uptake of amino acids by cells and the synthesis of proteins, promoting the storage of fat as adipose tissue, decreasing by glycogenolysis and preventing gluconeogenesis.

Front 22

What is t he function of Somatostatin?

Back 22

It is an inhibitory hormone affecting the secretion of a wide range of other hormones to maintain negative feedback loops and homeostasis.

Front 23

Which hormone is secreted by the Pineal gland?

Back 23

Melatonin

Front 24

What is the function of melatonin?

Back 24

It is thought to have some coordination over circadian rhythms, and mood it is thought to have a possible connection to seasonal depressive disorder.

Front 25

Name organs with secondary endocrine functions

Back 25

- kidneys (erythropoietin)

- heart (atrial natriuretic peptide)

- ovaries/ testies (Inhibin)

- Thymus (Thymosin)

- Placenta (human chorionic gonadotropin)

- Gastric mucosa (Gastrin)

- intestinal mucosa (secretin & cholecystokinin)

- adipose tissue (leptin)

Front 26

Name a local hormone

Back 26

- histamine

- seratonin

Front 27

Define prostaglandins

Back 27

A lipid based substance found in most tissues, they act upon their neighbouring cells and the actions are short lived, eg inflammation response.

Front 28

True or false thyroid hormone travel in the blood bound to a protein

Back 28

True they bind to a protein called thyroglobulin

Front 29

Name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

Back 29

- zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)

- zona fascialata (glucocorticoids)

- zona reticularis (androgens)