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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main functions of the Larynx? |
1. Protects Trachea (airway) 2. Phonation (Voicing) |
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Where is the larynx located? |
The front of the neck connecting the inferior/ bottom of the pharynx with the top of the last ring of the trachea |
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What is Phonation? |
The vibration of vocal folds for production of speech voicing |
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Vocal Folds |
The vibrating component of the larynx used to produce sound- constrict the airway Made out of muscle and epithelial tissue |
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What are the benefits of the vocal folds allowing us to hold our breath? |
-Childbirth -Swimming -defecation -assists in lifting |
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How does Respiration help phonation? |
Respiration provides the energy to allow phonation |
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What's the thyroid notch? |
Adam's apple! |
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Epiglottis? |
Flexible flap at the end of the larynx by the throat that switches between the larynx and the esophagus to permit air to enter the airway to the lungs and food to pass into the esophagus |
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Bernoulli Effect |
If there's a constant volume flow of air or fluid, if there's a constriction, there will be a decrease in air/ liquid pressure and an increase in speed of flow |
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How does the Bernoulli Effect affect everyday life? |
-Airplane wings- front of wing is fatter and back is narrow so the air on the upper surface moves faster than the underbelly which reduces the air pressure above the wing---plane gets sucked into the air! -Baseball- smooth surface of ball towards the front and the seam of the ball rotates to the side of the ball- seam is constriction so the seam side pressure is lower than smooth side -Water Hose |
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Adduction |
The process of moving two structures closer together |
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Abduction |
The process of moving two structures farther apart |
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What type of structure is the larynx? |
Musculo-cartilaginous |
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What are the three UNPAIRED cartilages the larynx is comprised of? |
Cricoid Cartilage, Thyroid Cartilage and Epiglottis Cartilage |
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What are the three PAIRED cartilages the larynx is comprised of? |
Arytnoid Cartilage, Corniculate Cartilage and Cuneiform Cartilage |
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What are the laryngeal membranes? |
Thyrohoid Membrane and fibroelastic membrane |
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Thyrohoid Membrane |
membrane that stretches across the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage |
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Fibroelastic Membrane |
made up of upper quadrangular membranes Aryepiglotticfolds, Conuselasticus and Vocalligament |
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Aditus |
entrance of the larynx |
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Vestibule |
Cavity between the aditus (entry) to larynx and ventricular/vestibular folds |
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Ventricular/ Vestibular Folds |
aka "false vocal folds" outter folds that lead to vocal folds |
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glottis |
space in between vocal folds |
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Laryngectomy (9 points) |
-Surgical removal of the larynx -Lose ability to produce sound -procedure done if cancer -have to breathe through tracheostoma- surgical opening in trachea by surgical procedure tracheostomy. -cant expose stoma to water or pollutants -trouble coughing or getting rid of phlegm -flavor of foods greatly reduced bc no longer breathes through nose -stoma has to be filtered to prevent foreign objects -may cause extreme dryness due to damage of salivary glands |
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Aryepiglottis Fold |
courses from the side of the epiglottis to to the arytenoid apex (tip) |
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What are the 5 layers of the vocal folds? |
1. (outermost) squamous epithelium -glistening 2. superficial lamina propria - highly elastic 3. Intermediate lamina propria 4. deep lamina propria 5. thyroarytenoid muscle |
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Label the vocal folds and surrounding structure |
-aryepiglottic fold |
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What separates the ventricular folds from the vocal folds? |
Laryngeal ventricle |
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Cricoid Cartilage |
-unpaired cartilage -most inferior cartilage of larynx -vocal folds pass over the low anterior cricoid arch -posterior elevation provides point of articulation |
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What is this? |
The cricoid cartilage! |
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Thyroid cartilage |
-unpaired cartilage -largest laryngeal cartilage -two plates: a. thyroid laminae b. thyroid angle -thyroid notch -2 sets of cornua (horns)- inferior and superior |
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what is this? |
Thyroid Cartilage! |
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Arytenoid and Corniculate Cartilages |
-Paired -among most important parts of larynx for phonation -reside on superior or cricoid cartilage - provide mechanical structure for voicing -pyramid shaped -corniculate cartilage is above the apex of the arytenoid |
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What are these? |
Arytnoid and Corniculate cartilages |
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label the cartilages |
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Epiglottis |
-unpaired -leaflike structure -attaches to thyroid cartilage by the thyroepiglottic ligament -sides are joined by arytenoid cartilages -above hyoid bone -attached to the root of the tongue -valleculae: pair of small indentations between the tongue and epiglottis |
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What are the pharyngeal processes? |
Valleculae and piriform sinuses |
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Cuneiform Cartilage |
-embedded in aryepiglottic folds -situated above corniculate cartilages -provide support for laryngeal covering |
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Hyoid Bone |
-Unpaired -Union between tongue and laryngeal structure -only bone in body not attached to ANOTHER BONE but is attached by ligaments |
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6 muscles Hyoid bone is attached to |
1. mylohyoid 2. sternohyoid 3. omohyoid 4. stylohyoid 5. genioglossus 6. geniohyoid |
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What's this? |
Hyoid Bone! |
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List the functionally mobile parts of the larynx |
Cricothyroid joint- permits thyroid to rock down in front and to glide forward and backward slightly -major adjustment to pitch change cricoarytenoid joint-permits rocking, gliding and minimal rotation -permits the vocal folds to make contact |
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Valleculae and Swallowing |
-"little valleys" between epiglottis and tongue -normal swallowing, larynx elevates and the epiglottis folds down to protect the airway from food and liquid-passes over tongue through valleculae on either side of epiglottis--esophagus -if swallowing defecit, larynx may not rise fully and food can build up in valleculae -sign of dangerous swallowing dysfunction is really bad breath |
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Vocal Fold Hydration |
-vocal folds are extremely sensitive and need to stay hydrated -when abused, nodules or contact ulcers can occur -spray the throat, drink fluids, avoid caffine, alcohol and smoking |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles |
Muscles with both origin and insertion in the larynx -open, close, tense and relax the vocal folds -Adductors, Abductors, tensors, relaxers |
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Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles |
Mucsles with one attachment in the larynx and one attachment outside the larynx -major adjustments to larynx |
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Which Intrinsic Muscle is... Lateral Cricoarytenoid Transverse Arytenoid Oblique Arytenoid |
Adductors |
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Which Intrinsic Muscle is... Posterior Cricoarytenoid |
Abductors |
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Which Intrinsic Muscle is... Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid)Crycothyroid, pars recta, and pars oblique |
Tensors |
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Which Intrinsic Muscle is... Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid) |
Relaxers |
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Which Extrinsic Muscles are... Digastricus Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Hyoglossus Genioglossus Thyrpharyngeus and Cricopharyngeus |
Hyoid and Laryngeal Elevators |
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Which Extrinsic Muscles are... Stemohyoid Omohyoid stemothyroid thyrohyoid |
Hyoid and Laryngeal Depressors |
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______ of the tongue _______ of the larynx |
elevation, elevation |
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Referral in Voice Therapy |
SLP's have to refer if voice is breathy/ hoarse for too long- refer to an ENT to see if it's just something small like laryngitis or dangerous like caner -myasthania Gravis neurological speech disorder |
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Vocal Hyperfunction |
Laryngeal misue may cause: Nodules-excessive loud phonation or forceful adduction Ulcers Alcohol Cigarettes Cigar smoke (primary or secondary) excessive dry air esophageal reflux |
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What is vibration determined by? |
Elasticity of material stiffness of object inertia- it's mass |
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Vocal Fold Paralysis |
Most common reason for paralysis is nerve damage during thyroid surgery and blunt trauma |
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What reflexes protect the larynx? |
coughing and throat clearing |
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What are the three attacks for phonation? |
-Simultaneous Vocal attacks: phonation initiated through simultaneous vocal folds adduction and expiration "zany" -breathy vocal attacks: initiating expiration before adduction of the vocal folds "harry" -glottal attacks: phonation onset that ocurs with the adduction before onset of expiration "onion" |
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Ventricular Phonation |
Sometimes if someone has a problem with their vocal folds, they force the walls close together so they can vibrate- comes out deep and raspy |
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What's Termination? |
abducting the vocal folds- bringing the vocal folds together |
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What is Sustained phonation and it's purpose? |
Vocal folds being held in place to cause them to interact with the airflow causing vibrations. Sustained causes adduction and abduction |
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3 types of Vocal Register |
Modal register: mode of vibration used for daily speaking Glottal Fry: A low frequency mode of vibration characterized by rhythm and generated by low subglottal air pressure Falsetto: high in frequency, produced by significant increase in laryngeal tension that results in thinned vocal margins (Whispering- no vocal fold vibration, air flows through tensed vocal folds causing friction sound source) |
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when frequency ______, pitch _____ |
when frequency increases/decreases, pitch increases/ decreases |
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oscillation |
repeated vibrations of a body at the same frequency |
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Optimal Pitch |
best pitch for a certain voice- depends on sex and age |
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habitual pitch |
pitch a person normally uses |
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Average fundamental frequency |
the average frequency of vibration over a certain amount of time |
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pitch range |
highest frequency- lowest frequency |
