A&p Chapter 10

Front 1

Like nervous tissue, muscles are excitable or "irritable”
they have the ability to respond to a?

Back 1

stimulus

Front 2

Unlike nerves, however, muscles are also?

Back 2

Contractible
Extensible
Elastic

Front 3

The main functions of muscles are to?

Back 3

Create motion, Stabilize body positions and maintain posture, Store substances within the body using sphincters, Move substances by peristaltic contractions, and Generate heat through thermogenesis.

Front 4

The Three Types of Muscular Tissue are?

Back 4

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Visceral
(smooth muscle).

Front 5

What kind of muscle is Striated, multi-nucleated (eccentric), with parallel fibers?

Back 5

Skeletal

Front 6

What kind of muscle is striated, with one central nucleus?

Back 6

Cardiac

Front 7

What kind of muscle has no striations, and one central nucleus?

Back 7

Visceral
(smooth muscle).

Front 8

What kind of muscle is this

Back 8

Cardiac Muscle

Front 9

What kind of muscle is this?

Back 9

Skeletal muscle

Front 10

What kind of muscle is this?

Back 10

Visceral Smooth Muscle

Front 11

All muscle start as these spindly shaped cells from myoblasts – _____ muscle cells fuse to form large fibers

Back 11

skeletal muscle

Front 12

What muscle fibers are very long “cells” - next to neurons (which can be over a meter long), perhaps the longest in the body?

Back 12

Skeletal Muscle

Front 13

The _____ muscle contains single fibers that are at least 30 cm long

Back 13

Sartorious Muscle

Front 14

The ____, ____ , and ____ all are continuous with the connective tissues that form tendons and ligaments (attach
skeletal muscle to bone) and muscle fascia (connect muscles to other muscles to form groups of muscles)

Back 14

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

Front 15

The vein like structure in this image is called the ____ while the membrane surrounding the muscle fibers is called the ____.

Back 15

Motor Neuron, Sarcolemma

Front 16

This picture show the organization of a?

Back 16

Organization of a fasciculus

Front 17

This pirture show the Organization of a?

Back 17

Organization of a muscle fiber

Front 18

This pic shows A muscle, a fasciculus, and a ____ all visualized

Back 18

fiber

Front 19

This graphic shows the ____ ____ enveloping the entire group of quadriceps and hamstring muscles in the thing

Back 19

fascia lata

Front 20

This pic shows Many large muscle groups are encased in both a ____ and a ____ fascia

Back 20

Superficial , and Deep Fascia

Front 21

An aponeurosis is
essentially a thick
fascia that connects two muscle bellies. This epicranial aponeurosis connects the muscle bellies of the occipitalis and the frontalis to form “one” muscle: The?

Back 21

occipitofrontalis

Front 22

Veins, arteries, and nerves are located in the deep fascia between muscles of the?

Back 22

thigh

Front 23

The ____ of skeletal muscle fibers is chocked full of contractile proteins arranged in myofibrils

Back 23

cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

Front 24

List the 7 names of the internal structures of the muscle fiber.

Back 24

Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Myofibril
T-tubules
Triad (with terminal cisterns
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcomere

Front 25

Study this pic for the internal structures of the muscle fiber

Back 25

reference only

Front 26

Increasing the level of magnification, the myofibrils are seen to be composed
of filaments Thick filaments and thin Thin filaments
Study Pic

Back 26

Reference only

Front 27

What are multi-protein complexes composed of three different filament systems?

Back 27

Sarcomeres

Front 28

The thick filament system is composed of ____ protein which is connected from the M-line to the Z-disc by titin.

Back 28

myosin

Front 29

The thick filament system is composed of myosin protein which is connected from the M-line to the Z-disc by titin. It also contains myosin-binding protein C which binds at one end to the thick filament and the other to?

Back 29

actin

Front 30

The thin filaments are assembled by actin monomers bound to nebulin, which also involves tropomyosin (a dimer which coils itself around the F-actin core of the thin filament) and?

Back 30

troponin

Front 31

Nebulin and titin give stability and structure to the?

Back 31

sarcomere

Front 32

The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle fibers is the sarcomere: An arrangement of thick and thin filaments sandwiched between two?

Back 32

Z discs

Front 33

Myofibrils are built from what three groups of proteins?

Back 33

Contractile proteins, Regulatory proteins, and Structural proteins

Front 34

What proteins generate force during contraction?

Back 34

Contractile

Front 35

What proteins help switch the contraction process on and off?

Back 35

Regulatory

Front 36

What proteins keep the thick and thin filaments in proper alignment and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix?

Back 36

Structural

Front 37

The thin filaments are comprised mostly of the structural protein ____, and the thick filaments are comprised mostly of the structural protein ____?

Back 37

actin, and myosin

Front 38

In the thin filaments actin proteins are strung together like a bead of?

Back 38

pearls

Front 39

In this graphic, the____ ____ sites on the actin proteins are readily visible.

Back 39

myosin binding sites

Front 40

The regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin have been added to this graphic: The myosin binding sites have been covered. Study pic

Back 40

Reference only

Front 41

In this graphic the troponin-tropomyosin complex has slid down into the “gutters” of the actin molecule unblocking the ____ ____ site

Back 41

myosin binding site

Front 42

The troponin-tropomyosin complex can slide back and forth depending on the presence of?

Back 42

Ca2+

Front 43

What binds to troponin which changes the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex and uncovers the myosin binding sites on actin?

Back 43

Ca2+

Front 44

What is the third most plentiful protein in muscle, after actin and myosin - it extends from the Z disc and accounts for much of the elasticity of myofibrils?

Back 44

Titan

Front 45

What relates to the disease of muscular dystrophy?

Back 45

Dystrophin

Front 46

Titin is the largest known protein, consisting of 34,350 ____ ____. Titin, also known as connectin is a protein that is important in the contraction of striated muscle tissues.

Back 46

amino acids

Front 47

With exposure of the myosin binding sites on actin (the thin filaments)—in the presence of Ca2+ and ATP—the thick and thin filaments “slide” on one another and the ____ is shortened.

Back 47

sarcomere

Front 48

The “sliding” of actin on myosin (thick filaments on thin filaments) can be broken down into what 4 step process?

Back 48

Step 1: ATP hydrolysis
Step 2: Attachment
Step 3: Power Stroke
Step 4: Detachment

Front 49

This step is called?

Back 49

Step 1 ATP hydrolysis

Front 50

This step is called?

Back 50

Step 2: Attachment

Front 51

This step is called

Back 51

Step 3: Power Stroke

Front 52

This step is called?

Back 52

Step 4: Detachment

Front 53

The Sliding-Filament Mechanism.
Study pic

Back 53

Reference Only

Front 54

Sarcomere shortening produces ____ within a muscle

Back 54

tension

Front 55

What involves events at the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.

Back 55

Excitation-Contraction coupling (EC coupling)

Front 56

What involves events at the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.

Back 56

Excitation-Contraction coupling (EC coupling)

Front 57

The presynaptic membrane is on the neuron while the postsynaptic membrane is the ____ ____ ____ on the muscle cell. The two membranes are
separated by a space, or “cleft”

Back 57

motor end plate

Front 58

Conscious thought (to move a muscle) results in activation of a motor neuron, and release of the neurotransmitter ____ at the NM junction

Back 58

acetylcholine (AcCh)

Front 59

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase
breaks down ____ after a short period
of time

Back 59

acetylcholine (AcCh)

Front 60

The plasma membrane on the “far side” of the Neuromuscular Junction belongs to the muscle cell and is called the ____ ____ ___.

Back 60

motor end plate

Front 61

The receptors for AcCh are on the ____-____ ___ channels on the motor end plate

Back 61

ligand-gated sodium channels

Front 62

Na+ gates open during the
depolarization phase K+ gates open during the?

Back 62

repolarization phase

Front 63

Generating an AP on the muscle membrane involves the transfer of information from an ____ signal (down the neuron), to a _____ signal (at the NMJ), back to an ____ signal (depolarization of the sarcolemma).

Back 63

electrical, chemical, electrical

Front 64

The added complexity of a muscle action potentional (changing from electrical to chemical back to electrical signals) provides necessary ____ of the process

Back 64

Control

Front 65

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Study pic

Back 65

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Front 66

Describe Excitation-Contraction Coupling.

Back 66

The thought process going on in the brain
The AP arriving at the neuromuscular junction
The regeneration of an AP on the muscle membrane
Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sliding of thick on thin filaments in sarcomeres
Generation of muscle tension (work)

Front 67

Excitation-Contraction Coupling study pic

Back 67

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Front 68

Sources of Muscle Energy are?

Back 68

Stored ATP
Energy transferred from stored creatine phosphate
Aerobic ATP production
Anaerobic glucose use

Front 69

Stored ATP give about ___ seconds of energy.

Back 69

3

Front 70

Energy transferred from stored creatine phosphate give about ____seconds of energy

Back 70

12

Front 71

Anaerobic glucose use give about ____ seconds of energy

Back 71

30-40

Front 72

Sources of Muscle Energy

Back 72

Sources of Muscle Energy

Front 73

In a state of homeostasis, muscle use of O2 and nutrients is balanced by the production of manageable levels of waste products like?

Back 73

CO2, Heat, and Lactic acid (anaerobic)

Front 74

70-80% of the energy used by muscles is lost as?

Back 74

heat

Front 75

Oxygen Debt, or "Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption" (EPOC) is the amount of O2 repayment required after exercise in skeletal muscle to?

Back 75

Replenish ATP stores
Replenish creatine phosphate and myoglobin stores
Convert lactic acid back into pyruvate so it can be used in the Krebs cycle to replenish ATP

Front 76

In response to a single AP, cardiac muscle contracts 10-15 times longer than ____ muscle, and must continue to do so, without rest, for the life of the individual

Back 76

skeletal

Front 77

To meet the constant demand, cardiac muscle generally uses the rich supply of O2 delivered by the extensive ____ circulation to generate ATP through aerobic respiration

Back 77

coronary

Front 78

Like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (in your deep organs) is ____ and is not under voluntary control

Back 78

autorhythmic

Front 79

Unlike cardiac (and skeletal muscle) however, smooth muscle has a low capacity for generating ATP and does so only through?

Back 79

anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)

Front 80

Motor Unit is composed of a motor neuron plus?

Back 80

all of the muscle cells it innervates

Front 81

A High precision motor unit has?

Back 81

Fewer muscle fibers per neuron
Laryngeal and extraocular muscles (2-20)

Front 82

A Low precision motor unit has?

Back 82

Many muscle fibers per neuron like the Thigh muscles (2,000-3,000)

Front 83

Activities requiring extreme precision (like the subtle and rapid movements of the eye) involve muscles with?

Back 83

very small motor units (1-4 muscle fibers/neuron)

Front 84

Describe the All-or-none principle of muscle contraction.

Back 84

When an individual muscle fiber is stimulated to depolarization, and an action potential is propagated along its sarcolemma, it must contract to it’s full force—it can’t partially contract

Front 85

When a single motor unit is recruited to contract, all the muscle fibers in that motor unit must?

Back 85

all contract at the same time

Front 86

Red muscle fibers (the dark meat in chicken legs) have a high myoglobin content, and?

Back 86

more mitochondria, more energy stores, and a greater blood supply

Front 87

White muscle fibers (the white meat in chicken breasts) when compared to red muscle fibers, have less?

Back 87

myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood supply

Front 88

Slow oxidative fibers (SO) are small, appear dark red, are
the least powerful type. They are very?

Back 88

fatigue resistant

Front 89

Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (FOG) are intermediate in
size, appear dark red, and are moderately resistant to fatigue. They are used for?

Back 89

walking

Front 90

Fast glycolytic fibers (FG) are large, white, and powerful
Suited for?

Back 90

intense anaerobic activity of short duration

Front 91

Within a particular motor unit all the skeletal muscle fibers are?

Back 91

the same type

Front 92

The different motor units in a muscle are recruited in a specific order depending on the?

Back 92

task being performed (fast anaerobic activity for maximal force, etc.)

Front 93

There is a brief delay called the ____ ____ as the AP sweeps over the sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

Back 93

latent period

Front 94

After the latent periord the next phase is?

Back 94

the fiber is actively contracting

Front 95

The contracting phase is followed by relaxation as the Ca2+ ions are re-sequestered into the SR and myosin binding sites are covered by?

Back 95

tropomyosin

Front 96

Temporary loss of excitability is call the ____ ____. All muscle fibers in a motor unit will not respond to a stimulus during this short time

Back 96

refractory period

Front 97

A ____ is recorded when a stimulus that results in contraction (force) of a single muscle fiber is measured over a very brief millisecond time frame.

Back 97

twitch

Front 98

Tension in a Muscle

Back 98

Tension in a Muscle

Front 99

Two motor units, one in green, the other in purple, demonstrate the concept of progressive activation of a muscle known as?

Back 99

recruitment

Front 100

What is a type of muscle contraction in which the muscle shorten while generating force?

Back 100

Concentric isotonic

Front 101

What is a contraction in which muscle tension is less than the resistance (the muscle lengthens)?

Back 101

Eccentric isotonic

Front 102

What contractions results in no movement?
Muscle force and resistance are equal Example:
Supporting objects in a fixed position and posture

Back 102

Isometric

Front 103

Muscle Contraction

Back 103

Muscle Contraction

Front 104

After intense exercise electron micrographs reveal considerable muscle damage including?

Back 104

torn sarcolemmas and disrupted Z-discs

Front 105

Blood levels of proteins normally confined only to muscle (including myoglobin and the enzyme creatine kinase) ____ as they are released from damaged muscle

Back 105

increase

Front 106

What is A sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle within a large group of muscles?

Back 106

Spasm

Front 107

Involuntary and often painful muscle contractions
Caused by inadequate blood flow to muscles (such as in dehydration), overuse and injury, and abnormal blood electrolyte levels. This is called a?

Back 107

Cramp

Front 108

Replacement of muscle fibers by excessive amounts of connective tissues is called?

Back 108

Fibrosis (myofibrosis)

Front 109

Hardening of the muscle caused by calcification is called?

Back 109

Myosclerosis

Front 110

Both myosclerosis and muscle fibrosis occur as a result of?

Back 110

trauma and various metabolic disorders

Front 111

In part due to decreased levels of physical activity, with aging humans undergo a slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that is replaced largely by?

Back 111

fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue

Front 112

Muscle strength at 85 is about half that at age 25
Compared to the other two fiber types, the relative number of slow oxidative fibers appears to?

Back 112

increase