Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Parts of the appendicular skeleton |
Pectoral shoulder girdle Upper limb extremities The pelvic hip girdle Lower limb extremities |
|
|
The clavicle |
Part of the pectoral shoulder girdle Most frequently broken bone Classified as a long bone but has no medullary cavity and is also a flat bone. First to begin ossification and last to fuse in the human body |
|
|
Sternoclavicular joint |
Joint between the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum Only attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton |
|
|
Acromioclavicular joint |
Joint in the superior shoulder. The junction between the acromion and the clavicle. Plane synovial joint |
|
|
Scapula |
Large triangular flat bone held in place by muscle attachment |
|
|
Spine of the scapula |
Prominent plate of bone which crosses obliquely the medial 4/5s of the dorsal surface of the scapula and its upper part |
|
|
Acromian of the scapula |
Large bony projection of the superior end of the scapula that forms acromioclavicular or AC joint. (Shoulder blade) |
|
|
Glenoid cavity (fossa) of the scapula |
Shallow pyriform articular surface which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. Forms glenohumeral joint along with humerus. Ball and socket joint |
|
|
Coracoid process of the scapula |
Small hook like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula. Stabilizes joint |
|
|
Pectoral shoulder girdle |
Consists of the clavicle and the scapula |
|
|
Upper limb extremities |
Consists of the humerus ulna radius carpals metacarpals and phalanges |
|
|
Head of the humerus |
Most proximal portion of the humerus which forms a ball and socket joint with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Tubercule |
Small rounded projection |
|
|
Greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus |
Greater- the prominent area of bone at the top of the humerus. Projects laterally Lesser- much smaller and more medially located on the bone that provides attachment for the last rotator caff muscle. Projects anteriorly |
|
|
Surgical neck of the humerus |
Constriction below the tubercles and above the deltoid tuberosity |
|
|
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus |
Rough triangular area on the anterior surface of the middle of the humerus to which the deltoid attaches |
|
|
Capitulum of the humerus |
Smooth rounded knob on the lateral portion of the distal articular surface of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius |
|
|
Trochlea of the humerus |
Medial part that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna. |
|
|
Olecranon fossa of the humerus |
Distal posterior end that receives olecranon when arm is extended |
|
|
Olecranon process of the ulna |
On the proximal end that disappears into the fossa when arm is extended |
|
|
Trochlear notch of the ulna |
Proximal end of the ulna that receives trochlea of humerus |
|
|
Head of the ulna |
On the distal end of the ulna that is connected to carpals by cartilage |
|
|
Radius |
Lateral side of the forearm |
|
|
Head of the radius |
On the distal end and capitulates with the carpals *shaft widens distally to form a concave inferior surface that articulates with 3 carpal bones (scaphoid lunate and triquetrum) |
|
|
Ulnar nerve |
Nerve that creates sensation of “hitting your funny bone” most exposed nerve in the body |
|
|
Fossa |
Shallow depression |
|
|
What carpal bone is broken 70% of the time? |
Scaphoid bone |
|
|
Carpal tunnel |
The result of inflammation that compresses median nerve |
|
|
Carpals |
8 arranged in 2 transverse rows named by shape and held in place by ligaments |
|
|
Flexor retinaculum of the carpal tunnel |
Tissue bridge that forms a tunnel that holds tendons |
|
|
Metacarpals |
Long bones that make up the palm of the hand. Numbered 1-5 and has base shaft and head. Base is proximal head is distal |
|
|
Phalanges |
“Bow line” word meaning. Each individual bone is a phalix. Also has base shaft and head |
|
|
Pelvic hip girdle |
Provides strong stable support Does not ossify until age 23 |
|
|
Illium of the pelvic hip girdle |
Largest most superior region. Word means “flank” |
|
|
Illiac crest of the illium |
Most superior border |
|
|
Illiac spines of the illium |
Points of muscle attachment |
|
|
Sciatic nerve inside of the greater sciatic notch of the illium |
Longest and largest nerve in the body |
|
|
Auricular surface of the illium |
Comes from the word oracle or ear. Where hip bones attach to sacrum |
|
|
3 regions of the hip bones or coxal bones |
Illium, ischium, and pubis |
|
|
Ischial tuberosity of the ischium |
Thing that hurts when you sit on someones lap “bony butt” |
|
|
Obturator foramen of the ischium |
Largest foramen in the body. Most of it is closed up except for opening which blood and nerves go through |
|
|
Pubis of the hipbones |
Inferior/anterior portion |
|
|
Pubis symphasis |
Where the hip bones join anteriorly by a little disc of fibrocartilage |
|
|
Obturator |
To close up |
|
|
Auricular |
Ear-like |
|
|
Differences between male and female sacrum |
Women’s is shorter and more wide mans is longer and more narrow |
|
|
Pelvic brim of the pelvis |
Plain or flat surface extends from sacral promontary to pubic symphasis |
|
|
Greater pelvis |
Everything above pelvic brim |
|
|
Lesser pelvis |
Everything below pelvic brim |
|
|
Pelvic inlet |
Same measurements as pelvic brim. Sacral promontory to the inlet |
|
|
Pelvic outlet |
From tip of coccyx to pubic synthesis |
|
|
Pelvic axis |
Imaginary curved line through true pelvis. Route babys head takes during childbirth |
|
|
Pelvimetry |
Science of measuring the pelvis |
|
|
Lower limb extremities |
Femur patella tibia fibula tarsal bones metatarsals and phalanges |
|
|
Head of the femur |
On the proximal end and articulates with acetabulum of the hip bone |
|
|
Fovea capitis of the femur |
Small centered pit in the head of the femur that holds ligament and femur in place |
|
|
Neck of the femur |
Constricted portion just beneath the head. Part that is broken in hip fracture |
|
|
Tibia |
Larger medial weight baring bone |
|
|
Lateral and medial condyle of the tibia |
Articulates with condyles of the femur and the distal end articulates with the talus |
|
|
Tibial tuberosity of the tibia |
Where patellar ligament attaches |
|
|
Anterior border or crest of the tibia |
Sharp ridge deep to the skin |
|
|
Medial malleolus of the tibia |
(Hammer) distal end of tibia or bump on ankle |
|
|
Fibula |
Smaller more lateral bone. Oftentimes used for bone graphing because it is jot weight baring |
|
|
Head of the fibula |
On the proximal end. Articulates with lateral condyle of tibia |
|
|
Lateral malleolus of the fibula |
Lump on lateral aspect of ankle. Articulates with talus. |
|
|
Tarsal bones of the foot |
“Tall centers never take shots from corners” Talus: most superior only bone that articulates with tibia and fibula Calcaneus: most posterior Navicular “little tug boat” Cuneiform 1-3 Cuboid |
|
|
Difference between partial and full hip replacement |
Partial hip replacement only involves the replacement of the femoral head full replacement replaces head of femur and acetabulum |
|
|
Greater and lesser trochanter of the femur |
Both points of muscle attachment. Greater projects laterally and lesser projects inferiorly and medially |
|
|
Medial and lateral condyle of the femur |
On the distal end of the femur. Articulates with tibia and patella |
|
|
Patellar surface of the femur |
Between the condyles. On anterior aspect of the femur. Where patella articulates with femur |
|
|
Genu valgum |
Knock kneed or knees point inward |
|
|
Genu varum |
Bow legged or knees that point outwards |
|
|
Functions of the patella |
1. Protect the knee 2. Maintains position of tendon when knee is bent 3. Increases leverage |
|
|
Patella |
“Little dish” sesamoid bone with proximal base and distal apex. |
|
|
Articular facets of the patella |
Articulates with medial and lateral condyle of the femur |
|
|
Articulation |
A joint or arthrosis is a point of contact between 2 bones, between bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth |
|
|
Arthrology |
The study of joints |
|
|
Kinesiology |
The study of motion in the human body |
|
|
What are joints classified by in the human body? |
Structure and function |
|
|
2 features of fibrous joints |
1. Little to no movement 2. Dense irregular connective tissue, no synovial cavity |
|
|
2 features of cartilaginous joints |
1. Held together by cartilage, no synovial cavity 2.little to no movement |
|
|
3 features of synovial joints |
Held together by dense irregular connective tissue Has a synovial cavity Freely moveable |
|
|
Synarthrosis joints |
Immovable |
|
|
Amphiarthrosis joints |
Slightly moveable |
|
|
Diarthrosis |
Freely moveable joints |
|
|
Suture (fibrous) |
Immoveable joint found only in skull Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue Where bone meets bone on the skull Synarthrosis (immovable) joint Fused by age 6 |
|
|
Syndesmosis (fibrous) |
Tissue arranged in a bundle to create a band or ligament allowing a greater distance between articulating bones (amphiarthrosis) |
|
|
Gomphosis (fibrous) |
“Peg in socket” joint. Only example is the teeth. (Synarthrosis) |
|
|
Interosseous membranes (fibrous) |
Sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring bones Ex: membrane between fibula and tibia (amphiarthrosis) |
|
|
Cartilaginous joints |
When bones are held together by cartilage. No synovial cavity |
|
|
Synchondroses (cartilaginous) |
Held together by hyaline cartilage. Functionally an amphiarthrosis Ex: first rib and manubrium of sternum |
|
|
Synchondroses (cartilaginous) |
Held together by hyaline cartilage. Functionally an amphiarthrosis Ex: first rib and manubrium of sternum |
|
|
Symphysis (cartilaginous) |
Held together by fibrocartilage Ex: intravertebral discs Amphiarthrosis in function |
|
|
Synchondroses (cartilaginous) |
Held together by hyaline cartilage. Functionally an amphiarthrosis Ex: first rib and manubrium of sternum |
|
|
Symphysis (cartilaginous) |
Held together by fibrocartilage Ex: intravertebral discs Amphiarthrosis in function |
|
|
Ephiphyseal cartilage (cartilaginous) |
Ephiphiseal growth plate made of hyaline cartilage Synarthrosis |
|
|
Diarthrosis (synovial) |
Contains synovial cavity and is a freely moveable joint |
|
|
Articular discs (menisci) in synovial joints |
Pads of fibrocartilage inside some synovial joints to absorb shock and provide a better fit between2 articulating bones |
|
|
Articular discs (menisci) in synovial joints |
Pads of fibrocartilage inside some synovial joints to absorb shock and provide a better fit between2 articulating bones |
|
|
Bursae |
Found in synovial joints. Fluid filled sacs situated around joints to alleviate friction. Helps joints fit together better |
|
|
Bursitis |
Inflammation of the bursae usually due to irritation |
|
|
Planar joints (synovial) |
Flat surface that moves side to side and back and forth Ex: tarsals and carpals |
|
|
Hinge joint (synovial) |
Pieces fit together most nicely. Convex shape fitting into concave shape |
|
|
Pivot joint (synovial) |
Round surface fitting into ring-like structure. Allows for rotation Ex: dens of axis of the vertebrae |
|
|
Pivot joint (synovial) |
Round surface fitting into ring-like structure. Allows for rotation Ex: dens of axis of the vertebrae |
|
|
Condyloid joint (synovial) |
Oval shaped projection that fits into oval shape depression Ex: carpals |
|
|
Pivot joint (synovial) |
Round surface fitting into ring-like structure. Allows for rotation Ex: dens of axis of the vertebrae |
|
|
Condyloid joint (synovial) |
Oval shaped projection that fits into oval shape depression Ex: carpals |
|
|
Saddle joint (synovial) |
Fits like a rider in a saddle Ex: trapezium of the carpals and metacarpals of the thumb |
|
|
Pivot joint (synovial) |
Round surface fitting into ring-like structure. Allows for rotation Ex: dens of axis of the vertebrae |
|
|
Condyloid joint (synovial) |
Oval shaped projection that fits into oval shape depression Ex: carpals |
|
|
Saddle joint (synovial) |
Fits like a rider in a saddle Ex: trapezium of the carpals and metacarpals of the thumb |
|
|
Ball and socket joint (synovial) |
Ball like surface of one bone fitting into cup-like depression of another bone |
|
|
Gliding |
Back and forth and side to side of planar joints. Flat surface with little change in angle |
|
|
Flexion |
Decrease in angle of movement. Working in sagittal plane |
|
|
Extension |
Increase on angle working in sagittal planr |
|
|
Hyperextension |
Beyond anatomical position. Sagittal plane |
|
|
Abduction |
Movement of a bone away from midline. Movement in frontal plane |
|
|
Adduction |
Movement of a bone toward the midline |
|
|
Adduction |
Movement of a bone toward the midline |
|
|
Circumduction |
Distal end of a body part moves in circles Ex: hips |
|
|
Rotation |
When a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis Ex: shaking head no |
|
|
Elevation (diarthroses) |
Superior movement of a body part Ex: opening and closing mouth |
|
|
Elevation (diarthroses) |
Superior movement of a body part Ex: opening and closing mouth |
|
|
Depression (diarthrosis) |
Inferior movement of a body part |
|
|
Elevation (diarthroses) |
Superior movement of a body part Ex: opening and closing mouth |
|
|
Depression (diarthrosis) |
Inferior movement of a body part |
|
|
Protraction (diarthrosis) |
Anterior movement of a body part in transverse plane |
|
|
Elevation (diarthroses) |
Superior movement of a body part Ex: opening and closing mouth |
|
|
Depression (diarthrosis) |
Inferior movement of a body part |
|
|
Protraction (diarthrosis) |
Anterior movement of a body part in transverse plane |
|
|
Retraction (diarthrosis) |
Posterior movement of a body part in a transverse plane Ex: moving jaw forward and back |
|
|
Inversion (diarthrosis) |
Medial movement at the tarsal joint |
|
|
Eversion (diarthrosis) |
Lateral movement at the tarsal joint |
|
|
Dorsiflexion (diarthrosis) |
Bending foot in direction of dorsum or superior surface |
|
|
Dorsiflexion (diarthrosis) |
Bending foot in direction of dorsum or superior surface |
|
|
Plantar flexion (diarthrosis) |
Bending foot in plantar direction (tip toes) |
|
|
Dorsiflexion (diarthrosis) |
Bending foot in direction of dorsum or superior surface |
|
|
Plantar flexion (diarthrosis) |
Bending foot in plantar direction (tip toes) |
|
|
Supination (diarthrosis) |
Movement of forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which palm is turned anteriorly |
|
|
Dorsiflexion (diarthrosis) |
Bending foot in direction of dorsum or superior surface |
|
|
Plantar flexion (diarthrosis) |
Bending foot in plantar direction (tip toes) |
|
|
Supination (diarthrosis) |
Movement of forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which palm is turned anteriorly |
|
|
Pronation (diarthrosis) |
Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and palm is turned posteriorly |
|
|
Opposition (diarthrosis) |
Movement of the thumb to touch fingertips on the same hand |
|
|
Opposition (diarthrosis) |
Movement of the thumb to touch fingertips on the same hand |
|
|
3 features of the shoulder joint |
Ball and socket joint Formed by head of humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula Has more freedom of movement than any other joint due to looseness of articular capsule and shallowness of glenoid cavity. Cavity recieves 1/3 head of humerus |
|
|
Muscles that make up rotator cuff |
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis |
|
|
Rotator cuff muscles |
Where most of strength comes from. Most commonly injured in baseball players |
|
|
Rotator cuff muscles |
Where most of strength comes from. Most commonly injured in baseball players |
|
|
Dislocation or luxation |
The displacement of a bone from a joint that tears ligaments, tendons and articular capsules |
|
|
Rotator cuff muscles |
Where most of strength comes from. Most commonly injured in baseball players |
|
|
Dislocation or luxation |
The displacement of a bone from a joint that tears ligaments, tendons and articular capsules |
|
|
Subluxation |
Injury to the acromioclavicular joint, a joint formed by the acromion of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle. (Partial dislocation) |
|
|
Knee joint |
Largest and most complex joint in the body. Modified hinge joint that consists of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity |
|
|
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) |
Extends posteriorly and laterally from a point anterior to the intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur. 70% of all serious knee injuries where there is a stretching or tearing of this ligament |
|
|
Anthroscopy |
Physical examination of the knee joint |
|
|
Anthroplasty |
Knee replacement |
