Ap Biology Chapter 7 & 8 Test Review

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Purpose of cell fractionation

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to take cells apart, separating the major organelles so that their function can be studied

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Light Microscope

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uses visible light, and because of resolving power, it can magnify effectively up to 1,000 times

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Transmission electron microscope

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mainly used by cell biologists to study the internal ultrastructure of cells

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Scanning electron microscope

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Useful for detailed study of the surgace of a specimen, 3D image

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Chloroplast

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contains chlorophyll along with the enzymes and molecules that function in the photosynthetic production of sugar (solar energy to chemical energy)

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Grana

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Inside chloroplast, double membrane stacks of thylakoids; involved in light reactions

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Thylakoids

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membranous system inside chloroplasts in the form of flattened sacs -- site of light-dependent reactions (chlorophyll)

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Cytochrome Enzymes

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CF1 - needed for the energy for light independent functions

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Uses the proteins from its attached ribosomes (in cisternal space), secretory proteins are made (ex. glycoproteins), makes transport vesicles and grows in place with the addition of proteins and phospholipids (membrane production)

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Contains enzymes that synthesize lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates glycogen hydrolysis, detoxify drugs and poisons, contraction of muscle cells, and make steroid hormones

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Cytoskeleton

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Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, organizes structures and activities of the cell, mechanical support, holds organelle in place, shape, and cell motility

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Microfilaments

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part of cytoskeleton, two intertwined strands of actin (maintains cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division)

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Microtubules

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Part of cytoskeleton, hollow tubes, walls consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules, cilia and flagella (maintains cell shape, motility, chromosome movements in cell division, and organelle movements)

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Intermediate filaments

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Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables (8 keratin strands), (maintains cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina)

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Actin

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A globular protein, a twisted double chain of actin subunits = microfilament; with myosin works in muscle cell contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming

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Tubulin

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A globular protein, builds the walls of microtubules, two different polypeptide subunits (alpha and beta), ATP, cell movement, can be disassembled and reassembled

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Golgi Apparatus

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products of ER are modified and stored and sent to other destinations (secretion), enzymes can modify olgiosaccharide portions of glycoproteins, and products a variety of them; with ER, produces lysosomes

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Parts and Faces of Golgi Apparatus

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Cis Face - receives the vesicles containing ER products; Trans Face - dispatches the vesicles to other parts of the cell; Cisternae - flattened membranous sacs

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Centriole function and structure

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found in region of cell near the nucleus where the cells microtubules are initiated (the centrosome), made up of nine sets of three microtubules arranged in a ring; organizes microtubule assembly, and pressure resisting girders

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Cilia function and arrangement

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locomotor appendages that protrude from some cells, move fluid over the surface of the tissue; core of microtubules sheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane, nine doublets arranged in a ring, dynein extend from each doublet

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Cell Wall

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protects plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

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Primary Cell Wall

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first, outside layer -- relatively thin and flexible wall

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Middle lamella

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between the primary walls of adjacent cells -- thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides (pectin), glues the cell together

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Secondary Cell Wall

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wall added when the cell matures and stops growing, deposited in several laminated layers -- has a strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support

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Tonoplast

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PLANT cells - membrane that encloses a large central vacuole, can hold reserves of organic compounds (proteins), and plant cell's main repository of inorganic ions (potassium and chloride), disposal site for metabolic by-products (sap and H2O)

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Why are tonoplasts important

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its acts as a disposal site for metabolic by-products that would endanger the cell if they accumulated

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Ribosomes

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builds proteins, and coded by the nucleolus

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Lysosomes

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membrane-bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules (made by RER and transferred to Golgi Apparatus

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Importance of lysosomes

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carry out intracellular digestion (phagocytosis)-- food vacuole fuses with the lysosome, enzymes also used to recycle the cell's own organic material (autophagy), destruction of cells by their own enzymes, imp. in development of multicellular organisms

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Mitochondria

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the sites for cellular respiration, the catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels, with the help of oxygen (cristae = infolding of inner membrane)

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Peroxisome

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metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane, contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide

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Important functions of peroxisomes

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uses oxygen to break fatty acids to be transported to mitochondria, detoxify alcohol, converts fatty acids to sugar, synthesizes chlosterol and bile; its is toxic but peroxisomes contain an enzyme that converts the hydrogen peroxide to water

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Do prokaryotes have the same organelles?

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all cells are bounded by a plasma membrane, and contain cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes; difference = chromosomes in euk. cells are in nucleous and in pro. DNA is in nucleoid (no true nucleus)

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Prokaryotes organelles

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DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid, and no membrane separates this region, absence of membrane-bound organelles, absence of a nucleus; contains pili, ribosomes, pm, cell wall, capsule, flagella

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Cell Membrane make-up

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peripheral proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and integral proteins

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Peripheral proteins

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proteins NOT embedded in the lipid bilayer, appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane often to the exposed parts of integral proteins

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Carbohydrates

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restricted to the exterior surface, important for cell to cell recognition (usually branched oligosaccharides with fewer than 15 sugar units)

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Cholesterol

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steroid cholesterol is wedged between the phospholipid molecules in the pm of animal cells, different effects on membrane fluidity (warm = less fluid), lowers the temp. required for membrane to solidify

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Integral Proteins

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proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, many are transmembrane proteins that span the membrane; (ex. integrins = give cells a stronger external framework)

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4 Functions of Integral proteins

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signal transduction (transmits stimuli between the cell's external environment and its interior), provides as transport, hydrophilic channel across the membrane, intercellular joining, cell to cell recognition - gylcoproteins, attachment of cytoskeleton to ECM

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Glycoproteins/ glycolipids

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carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to either lipids or proteins, important in cell-cell recognition, and body immunity

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What is meant by fluid mosiac model

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membrane is a fluid structure with various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer of phospholipids (proteins float in bilayer), membranes held together by hydrophobic interactions

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why does water go through cell membrane

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because of osmosis, the concentration gradient, and the positive and negative charges

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Active Transport

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the pumping of solutes against the concentration gradient, requiring the cell to spend its own metabolic energy (ATP), imp. for cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules that differ from the environment

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Passive Transport

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in diffusion across a membrane, a substance will diffuse down its concentration gradient, spontaneous, and requires no energy

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Membrane potential

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the voltage across a membrane, that acts as an energy source that affects the traffic of all charged substance across the membrane (favors the passive transport of cations into the cell, and anions out)

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Na+ and K- importance

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with every pump, 3 sodium ions move out and 2 potassium ions into the cell (net transfer of one positive charge from cytoplasm to ECM), stores energy in the form of voltage

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Gated channel

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opens and closes the cell when itis electrically stimulated

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Nerve cell function

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ion diffuses down its electrochemical gradient, gated channels allow resting Na ion to fall down its electrochemical gradient, CALCIUM

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Carrier molecules

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in facilitated: forms a channel through which H2O molecules or a specific solute can pass, alternating between two conformations (aquaporins and gated channels), Active transport - ATP induces protein to change conformation

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Glucose movement

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goes into blood from the small intestines by facilitate diffusion

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hydrophilic molecule passage

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facilitated diffusion, active transport, endo and exocytosis

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Cotransport protein

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works in different directions, ATP pump leaks a substance to one side of the membrane and another substance leaks back across through specific transport proteins

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Ions move due to...

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the inside of the cell is negative compared to the outside, the membrane potential favors the passive transport of cations into the cell and anions out; electrochemical gradient

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Amphipathic properties

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molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, related to the need of transport proteins and selectively permeable layer