Ap Biology

Front 1

stroma

Back 1

a semiliquid substance surrounding the thylakoid membrane

Front 2

C3 Pathway

Back 2

Carbon fixation occurs only through the Calvin cycle and the enzyme rubisco

Front 3

phycobiloproteins

Back 3

accessory pigments in cyanovacteria composed of proteins attached to a tetrapyrrole group

Front 4

photon

Back 4

a particle of light that acts as a discrete bundle of energy

Front 5

photorespiration

Back 5

the incorporation of O2 in RuBP that undergoes additional reactions to release CO2

Front 6

photoelectric effect

Back 6

occurs when a photon transfers energy to electrons and its strength depends on the wavelength of light

Front 7

cytochrome/b6- complex

Back 7

it uses the energy from the passage of electrons to move protons across the thylakoid membrane

Front 8

stomata

Back 8

specialized opening in the leaf that closes to conserve water

Front 9

photosystem I

Back 9

this complex uses energetic electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH during photosynthesis

Front 10

C4 Pathway

Back 10

the capture of CO2 occurs in one cell and the decarboxylation occurs in an adjacent cell

Front 11

atenna complex

Back 11

a light-harvesting complex that captures photons and channels them to the reaction center in a photosystem

Front 12

thylakoid membrane

Back 12

a continuouse phospholipid bilayer organized into flattened sacs that contains photosynthetic pigments

Front 13

noncyclic photophosphorylation

Back 13

two photosystems acting in series where elctrons ejected from one photosystem do no return

Front 14

absorption spectrum

Back 14

the range and efficiency of photons a pigment is capable of absorbing

Front 15

light-dependent reaction

Back 15

process in photosynthesis involving the capture of energy from light to make ATP and reduce NADP+

Front 16

chlorophylls

Back 16

the main photosynthetic pigment in plants and cyanobacteria containing a porphyrin ring

Front 17

reaction center

Back 17

a transmembrane protein-pigment complex where the photochemical reactions occur in a photosystem

Front 18

cyclic photophosphorylation

Back 18

a light-energized electron ejected from a photosystem reaction center returns, producing ATP but no NADPH

Front 19

chloroplast

Back 19

a specialized organelle in plants and algae that carries out the photosynthetic process

Front 20

photosystem II

Back 20

a complex that absorbs two photons, exciting electrons that are passed to plastoquinone and the b6-f complex

Front 21

enhancement effect

Back 21

the rate of photosynthesis when red and far-red light are together in greater than the sum of individual rates

Front 22

crassulacean acid metabolism

Back 22

perform both the C3 and C4 pathways in the same cell at different times

Front 23

action spectrum

Back 23

the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in promoting photosynthesis

Front 24

carotenoids

Back 24

perform a valuable role in capturing light energy and also in scavenging free radicals

Front 25

light-independent reactions

Back 25

the series of reactions used in photosynthesis to convert inorganic carbon in CO2 into carbohydrates

Front 26

carbon fixation

Back 26

the third, light-independent stage of photosynthesis that take place via a cyclic series of reactions

Front 27

pigments

Back 27

molecules that absorb light energy in the visible range and have a characteristic absorption spectrum

Front 28

What do green plants do for us?

Back 28

They produce oxygen and releases it in the atmosphere as a result of water splitting.

Front 29

Where does most of the biomass of plants come from?

Back 29

Through experiments, we know that most of plants' biomass comes from the air.

Front 30

Why is "dark reactions" not the best name for the process of carbon fixation?

Back 30

Carbon fixation requires the products made from the light-dependent reaction

Front 31

Why do green plants look green to us?

Back 31

Plants do not absorb green wavelengths so they reflect it and that is what we see.

Front 32

Why do the leaves of many trees turn shades red, yellow, or orange in the fall?

Back 32

Once it gets cooler, chlorophyll isn't produced and carotenoid is more available; it reflects reds, oranges and yellows and absorbs green.

Front 33

What is the function of a photosystem?

Back 33

Photosystems are made up of chlorophyll a. That is an accessory pigment and other proteins. They have an antenna complex that captures photons, and a reaction center that energizes and passes electrons.

Front 34

Where are the pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis located?

Back 34

thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts

Front 35

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Back 35

Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics;respirations breaks down energy-rich to synthesize ATP.

Front 36

Where does the Calvin cycle occur in C4 plants?

Back 36

in bundle-sheath cells

Front 37

Equation for Photosynthesis

Back 37

6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O2 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Front 38

In Photosystem I, what are light-energized electrons replaced by?

Back 38

reduction of NADPH (NADP+)

Front 39

How can a plant short-circuit photosystem I to produce additional ATP?

Back 39

pass it back to b6-f complex

Front 40

high-energy photons have what kind of wavelengths?

Back 40

short wavelengths

Front 41

What molecule has their electrons excited by solar energy and raised to higher energy levels?

Back 41

chlorophyll

Front 42

Compared to retinal, how can chlorophyll be described as a pigment?

Back 42

narrow absorption range and high efficiency

Front 43

What type of atom is at the center of the chlorophyll porphyrin ring?

Back 43

magnesium

Front 44

What is the primary photosynthetic pigment of all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria?

Back 44

chlorophyll a

Front 45

What occurs in the light-dependent reaction?

Back 45

electron transport
chemiosmosis (movement of H+ ions from high to low)
splitting of water molecules

Front 46

What is the protein matrix of a photosystem's atenna complex analogous to?

Back 46

rack used to position the pool balls before the break

Front 47

What is the reaction center pigment in plant photosystem II?

Back 47

P680-

Front 48

What supplies the energy and reducing power needed to run the Calvin cycle?

Back 48

ATP and NADPH

Front 49

What temperature is photorespiration most likely to occur?

Back 49

high temperature

Front 50

Photorespiration

Back 50

short-circuits photosynthesis
it works against photosynthesis because it releases carbon dioxide as photosynthesis releases oxygen

Front 51

What is made at the end of the Calvin cycle?

Back 51

glucose

Front 52

How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of RuBP?

Back 52

5

Front 53

What part of the ATP molecule is linked to its energy storage capabilities?

Back 53

the bond between phosphates

Front 54

chloroplasts

Back 54

site of photosynthesis

Front 55

anaerobic

Back 55

process does not require oxygen

Front 56

aerobic

Back 56

process requires oxygen

Front 57

glucose

Back 57

C6H12O6

Front 58

ATP

Back 58

energy storing molecule

Front 59

Kreb's Cycle

Back 59

process occurs in a mitochondrion

Front 60

Glycolysis

Back 60

the anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid

Front 61

energy

Back 61

the ability to do work

Front 62

ADP

Back 62

adenosine diphospate

Front 63

Autotrophs

Back 63

organisms that make their own food

Front 64

Heterotrophs

Back 64

organisms that do not make their own food

Front 65

How do cell store and release energy using ATP?

Back 65

Cells store energy by intaking sunlight and water. After oxygen in released, electrons are excited and go through the Electron Transport Chain. By ATP Synthase, ADP+Pi is changed into ATP which stores energy.
Energy is released by breaking down glucose in glycolysis making pyruvate, going through Kreb's Cycle, and then the ETC. 38 ATP is produced after that process.

Front 66

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 66

Pyruvic Acid ------------> 2 ethanol

(grapes)

Front 67

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 67

Pyruvic Acid ------------> 2 Lactic Acid

(humans)

Front 68

What are the three process of cellular respiration and the # of ATP produced?

Back 68

1) Glycolysis --- 2 ATP
2) Kreb's Cycle --- 2 ATP
3) Electron Transport Chain --- 34 ATP

Total ATP for 1 Glucose = 38

Front 69

What are the stages, starting molecules, and products of photosynthesis?

Back 69

Light-Dependent-----sun light and water---ATP, NADPH, oxygen

Light-Independent---RuBP, Carbon Dioxide, ATP, NADPH, glucose

Front 70

When and why does our body use lactic acid fermentation?

Back 70

Our bodies use lactic acid fermentation when not enough oxygen is being inhaled to produce enough energy to keep the muscles going. It usually happens when you are working out.

Front 71

-----Photosynthesis----
Location
Occurs
Reactants
Products
Energy Source
What happens to the energy
Reaction Type
Metabolism
Energy Formation
Final Electron Acceptor
Who Does it?

Back 71

chloroplast
in light
Carbon Dioxide, water
ATP, NADPH
Sunlight
storage of energy
reduction (reduction of CO2 to glucose)
Anabolic: makes sugar requires energy(endergonic)
Glucose and Oxygen
NADP+ ---> NADPH
Autotrophs

Front 72

------Respiration-----------
Location
Occurs
Reactants
Products
Energy Source
Result
Reaction Type
Metabolism
Energy Formation
Final Electron Acceptor
Who Does it?

Back 72

mitochondria
all the time
glucose and oxygen
ATP, NADPH, FADH2
chemical bonds in food
release of energy
oxidation (oxidation of glucose to CO2)
catabolic:break down sugar makes energy exergonic
carbon dioxide and water
oxygen ---> water
autorophs and heterotrophs

Front 73

What happens to energy when living cells break down molecules?

Back 73

energy is released as heat and stored as ATP

Front 74

In cellular respiration, when is the most energy transferred?

Back 74

The electron transport chain

Front 75

What donates electrons to the electron transport chain?

Back 75

FADH2 and NADH

Front 76

What is the breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP known as?

Back 76

cellular respiration

Front 77

What does glycolysis produce?

Back 77

pyruvic acid

Front 78

What two products of the Kreb's Cycle drives the electron transport chain?

Back 78

NADH and FADH2

Front 79

What happens to electrons as they are transported along the ETC?

Back 79

they combine with oxygen and protons to form water

Front 80

In Cellular Respiration, what stage involves the combination of a two-carbon molecule with a four-carbon molecule?

Back 80

The Kreb's Cycle

Front 81

Acetyl coenzyme A

Back 81

-formed from the breakdown of pyruvic acid
-enters the Kreb's Cycle
-can ve used in synthesis of needed molecules

Front 82

What is formed during the Kreb's Cycle?

Back 82

FADH2, NADH, CO2

Front 83

What does the Kreb's cycle and ETC do?

Back 83

-provide organisms an alternative to glycolysis
-break down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP
-produce most of the ATP needed for life

Front 84

In aerobic respiration, what does glycolysis produce?

Back 84

-carbon dioxide
-NADH
-H+
-citric acid

Front 85

What bond must be broken for energy to be released from ATP?

Back 85

two phosphate groups

Front 86

Where does glycolysis take place

Back 86

cytoplasm

Front 87

Where does the Kreb's Cycle and ETC take place

Back 87

mitochondrion

Front 88

What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

Back 88

adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

Front 89

where is chlorophyll found

Back 89

thylakoid membrane

Front 90

what is the source of electrons is water

Back 90

water is the source of electrons in photosynthesis.