Anxiety And The Anxiety Disorders

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An unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread, and physiological arousal.

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Anxiety

Front 2

An individual’s tendency to
respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety.

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Trait anxiety

Front 3

An individual’s level of anxiety at a specific time

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State anxiety

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Chronic, pervasive, and debilitating nervousness.

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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Panic attacks that cause ongoing distress or impairment.

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Panic disorder

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Discrete episode of acute terror in the absence of real danger

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Panic attack

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An intense, persistent, and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

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Phobia

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A phobia in which fears are
focused on social situations or other activities where there is a possibility of being observed and judged.

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Social phobia

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A fear of wide open spaces or crowded places.

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Agoraphobia

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Any phobia that is not a social phobia or agoraphobia.

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Specific phobia

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An anxiety disorder in which distressing and unwanted
thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly
interfere with daily functioning.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses.

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Obsessions

Front 13

Irrational rituals that are
repeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obsessional thoughts

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Compulsions

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An emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is a possibility of death or
serious injury to oneself or a loved one.

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Trauma

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Significant posttraumatic
anxiety symptoms that occur within one month of a traumatic experience.

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Acute stress disorder

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Significant posttraumatic anxiety symptoms occurring
more than one month after a traumatic experience.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder

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The presence of two or more
disorders in one person, or a general association between two or more different disorders.

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Comorbidity

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A term used by Latino populations in Latin America and in the United States to
describe a range of symptoms of nervous distress.

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Nervios

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A term used in some
Latino cultures to describe an episode of intense anxiety.

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Ataque de nervios

Front 20

An anxiety syndrome recognized
in China including symptoms of physical or mental exhaustion, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, physical pains, dizziness,
headaches, and memory loss.

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Shenjing shuairuo

Front 21

An anxiety disorder recognized
in Japan characterized by worry that one’s body or aspects of one’s body will be displeasing or offensive to others.

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Taijin kyofusho

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Learning that takes place via automatic associations between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.

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Classical conditioning

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A form of learning in
which behaviors are shaped through rewards and punishments.

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Operant conditioning

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Learning based on observing and imitating the behavior of others; see also social/observational learning

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Modeling

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Two events occuring closely together in time

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Temporal contiguity

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Increasing the probability
of a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs.

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Negative reinforcement

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The weakening of a connection between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned
response.

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Extinction

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Classical conditioning
based on an evolutionarily derived sensitivity to
certain stimuli that were dangerous in an ancestral
environment.

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Prepared conditioning

Front 29

Intervention involving gradually increasing exposure to a conditioned stimulus (such as a feared object)
while practicing relaxation techniques.

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Systematic desensitization

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Technique for teaching people to calm themselves by regulating their breathing and attending to bodily sensations.

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Relaxation training

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In systematic desensitization,
a list of feared situations ranging from least to most terrifying.

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Fear hierarchy

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Behavioral desensitization
training in which the client is actually confronted with the feared stimulus

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In vivo desensitization

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Behavioral desensitization
intervention for phobias in which the client practices relaxation techniques while imagining being confronted with the feared stimulus.

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Covert desensitization

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Intensive exposure to a feared stimulus

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Flooding

Front 35

Deliberate induction of the physiological sensations typically associated with a panic attack.

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Interoceptive exposure

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A behavioral intervention in which clients are encouraged
to confront a frightening thought or situation and then prevented from engaging in
anxiety-reducing behaviors.

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Exposure and response prevention

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Exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder for clients whose compulsions are mental processes (not behaviors).

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Covert response prevention

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A behavioral intervention in which clients suffering from
posttraumatic stress disorder are encouraged to describe the traumatizing experienc(s) in detail.

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Prolonged imaginal exposure

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Mental models of the world that are used to organize information.

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Cognitive schemas

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Irrational beliefs and thinking processes.

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Cognitive distortions

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A cognitive distortion involving thinking in terms of extremes and absolutes.

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Dichotomous reasoning

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A cognitive distortion involving the tendency to view minor problems as major catastrophes.

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Catastrophizing

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A cognitive distortion in which people or situations are characterized on the basis
of global, not specific, features.

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Labeling

Front 44

A cognitive distortion in
which one wrongly assumes that he or she is the cause of a particular event.

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Personalization