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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define anxiety
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troubled, uneasy in mind- oxford dictionary unpleasant feeling of fear, apprehension of uncertainty. Seligman- distinction between anxiety and fear - fear = noxious emotional state that has an object (eg dog, snake) fight and flight. -anxiety= less specific state, more chronic |
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Anxiety disorders
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normal levels of anxiety: an adaptive stress response anxiety disorders- a maladaptive stress response characterised by unrealistic / inappropriate anxiety 4 types of symptoms: - physiological/ somatic -behavioural (avoidance) -cognitive (worrying) -emotional (fear) |
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According to DSM V
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-separated into 3 distinct chapters - anxiety disorders; OCD and related; trauma and stressor related -Anxiety disorders- 7 categories: - panic disorder -agoraphobia -specific phobia -social anxiety disorder - selective mutism - separation anxiety -generalised anxiety disorder |
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Impact and prevalence of anxiety disorders
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- nxiety based problems are very common in western cultures - specific phobias - 7.2%- 11.3% - high levels of coorbitity across anxiety disorders -general anxiety disorder- 5%- twice as common in women than men - often begins in childhood |
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Generalised Anxiety disorder-
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-continual apprehension and anxiety about future events, leading to chronic and pathological worrying -DSM-V diagnosis given if: -excessive worry / anxiety occurs ore days than not for a period of at least 6 months - individual reports difficulty in controlling the worry - worry is accompanied by 3+ from irritability, muscle tension, fatuige, poor concentration, restlessness and disturbed sleep - symptoms cause clinically sig distress or impairment in social, occupational or some other area of functioning. |
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Aetiology of GAD
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- at least partially inherited: hettiman Neale and kindler: familial aggregation for AD. - Genetic involvement - Kendler: GAD and MD are result of the same genetic factors in women - Enviromental risk factors that predispose individuals to GAD may differ fro those increasing risk for depression. Cog Theories: - The role of exaggerated or distorted thoughts and beliefs - preoccupying thought centre on danger and n inability to cope. - the function of worrying- worrying is necessary to prevent future negative outcomes or catastrophes . A worrier is intolerant to uncertainty and high on perfectionism. |
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Treatment of GAD
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Pharmacological treatment: - anxiolytics - Benzodiazepines SSRIs and tricyclics CBT: - Self- monitoring -cog restructuring - relaxation training NICE say the most effective treatments are pharmacotherapy and CBT. |
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PTSD
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Samuel Pepys diaries about the Great Fire of London ' so gret was our fear. it was enough to put us out of our wits. He was anxious and couldn't sleep well: both sleeping and walking and such fear of fire in my heart, that I took little rest. - frightened by a sign of chimney fire somedistance away. |
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Traumatic events and the history of PTSD
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- Shell shock - during WW1 - punitive measures were taken by the German , British and French against shell shocked soldiers - Battle fatigue - world war 2 - a disorder when an individual repeatedly relives a serverely traumatic event. |
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DSM-I definition
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the individual has been exposed to or threatened with death, serious injury or sexual violent: by direct experience or by witnessing a traumatic event; upon learning about a violent death of family members.
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DSM - V diagnosis
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symptom criteria: 4 sets of symptoms: re experiencing at least 1 -recucurrent and intrusive thoughts or dreams - intense psychological distress cues resembling the event. avoidance: avoiding memories and external reminders. increased arousal (sleeping difficulties) negative alteration in cognitions and modds - duration of symptoms -severely disturbing normal functioning |
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prevelance of PTSD and impact
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prevalence: 5%- 6% in men, 10% -14% in individuals with at least one exposure to trauma no particular age risk High comorbidity eg depression, substance abuse 83%of people with current PTSD met criteria for another psychiatric condition |
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Aeitiology of PTSD
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Emotional processing theory: - traumatic event presents individuals with stimuli that cannont be immediately absorbed. - emotional processing results in emotional reactions being absorbed - various factors influene emotional processing Vulnerability factors: -personality- neuroticism -coping style: avoidant copying style -ethnic background: Asian or African decent |
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Treatment of PTSD
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-Many aren't properly diagnosed especially veterans -but patients also tend to be reluctant to admit their problems Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: - focus on a traumatic memory and generate a statement - Visualise the traumatic scene, briefly rehearse the belief statement -visually track the therapists index finger -blank the picture out and focus on an incompatible belief statement. |
