Anthropology Test 1

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Culture

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learned and shared ways of behaving and thinking

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6 Key characteristics of human culture:

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1. Culture is learned
Enculturation- process of learning a culture.
2. Culture is shared
Individuals and families do not have own personal culture.
3. Culture is patterned
4. Culture is symbolic or cultures have symbols
5. Culture is historical (based in human evolution)
6. Culture is adaptive

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Microculture (subculture)

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a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within a larger culture

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Societies

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an organized group of individuals with specific boundaries or criteria of membership. Ex.= frats, sororities, religious groups, San Marcos

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Ethnicities

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can be used as a synonym for a culture but it is also a euphemism for race

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Ehtnocentrism

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The opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct

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Culture Relativism

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understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living

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Research In Anthropology

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Anthropology is a field-based discipline
Research in cultural anthropology is conducted (with only a few expections) among living people's

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Fieldwork

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research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found

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Research Process

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1. Developing a research topic
2. Preparing for the field
3. Working in the field
4. Data analysis
5. Share findings

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Deductive

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A research method that involved posing a research question or hypothesis, gathering data related to the question and then assessing the findings in relation to the original hypothesis. Generally associated with quantitative data.

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Inductive

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a research approach that avoids hypothesis formation in advance of the research and instead takes its lead from the culture being studied. Generally associated with qualitative research.

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Research in cultural Anthropology

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is mostly inductive/qualitative

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Participant Obsvation

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the method of anthropologist use to gather information by living as closely as possible to the people whose culture they are studying

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Effective participant observation entails

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Immersing self in filed setting
Considerable time 1 year minimum in the field
Building rapport with people being studied
Gaining and Emic perspective
Emic: insiders perspective (meaning)
Etic: outsiders perspective (measurement)
Careful note taking

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Field Notes

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detailed desecription of people, places, experiences recorded typically on a daily basis

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Emic

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Insiders perspective (meaning)

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Etic

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Outsiders perspective (measurement)

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Culture Shock

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persistent feeling of uneasiness loneliness and anxiety that often occur when a person has shifted from one culture to a different one

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Savagery

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technology = fire, bow and arrow, and potter

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Barbarism

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domesticated animals, agriculture, and medal working

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Civilization

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characterized by writing

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Uncentralized

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Bands(foragers/hunter gatherers)
A form of Chicago organization comprised of small groups of people with 50 or fewer members. Membership is flexible and social relations are highly egalitarian
Tribes- A form of social organization generally larger than a band, members usually farm or herd for a living, social relation

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Centralized

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Chiefdoms (monarchy's)- A forma of social organization in which the leaguers and the chiefs close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power and prestige.
States- A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police. A state has a separate set of governmental institutions designed to enforce laws and collect taxes and tributes

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Structure Functionalism

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A position that explores how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of the society
Sacred cow example- Function of protecting the cows was to protect earlier functional activities

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Franz Boas

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Went to arctic to study ice and lived with the natives there. Ended up studying the people who lived their and studied their way of life. Developed the idea of Cultural Relativism. Father of American anthropology

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Boaz and students found cultural and personality school

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Characterized by:
Fieldwork
Studies of indigenous people
Arguments that personality traits are culturally based, not a product of biological evolution
Anti-racist

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Positivist Approach

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Characterized anthropology through the 1950s
Attempts to explain how the world works
Etic perspective
Goal: to produce objective knowledge, knowledge about reality that is true for all people In all times and in all places

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3 Major Changes in Discipline since events of 60s and 70s

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1. Specialized Focus
2. Innovative Methadologies
3. Theoretical Diversity

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Specialized Focus

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Medical anthropology
Applied anthropology
Feminist anthropology
Gay and lesbian anthropology
Native anthropology

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Innovative Methodologies

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Community based participatory research
Multi sited research
Ethnographies as:
Films
Plays
Poetry

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Theoretical Diversity

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Cultural ecology
Cultural materialism
Interpretive anthropology
Post modernism
Political economy

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Language

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A form of communication that is based on a systematic set based on symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation.
Language is bicultural

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Speech

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Spoken language

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Communication

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transfer of information from one person to another

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4 characteristics that make human language distinct

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1. Productivity
2. Displacement
3. Arbitrariness
4. Prevarication

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Phonology

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(sounds of a language)
Phones- individual sounds
Phonemes- equivalent versions of the same sound
Example- ph, f, ff, gh

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Morphology

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( how words are put together)
Morphemes- minimal units of meaning in a language

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Syntax

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(sentence structure)
Subject, object, and verb
SOV, SVO, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS
Example- yoda= OSV

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Semantics

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(meaning)
Formal- how words are linked in a language
Dictionary definitions
Informal- how words are actually used
Metaphor

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Pragmatics

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(language within context)
Linguistic context- the other words, expressions, and sentences that surround the expression whose meaning we are trying to determine
Example- who's that

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Paralanguage

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Intonations
Pacing
Pauses
Example- It was great. (can be sarcastic or serious)

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Non-verbal Language

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Emblems- discrete gestures that mean something by themselves
Illustrations- use hands and gestures when talking
Speaking Distance

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7 components of language

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1. Phonology
2. Morphology
3. Syntax
4. Semantics
5. Pragmatics
6. Paralanguage
7. Non-Verbal Language

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Linguistic Competence

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Mastery of adult grammar

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Comunicative Competence

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mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech

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Heteroglossia

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Knowing and being able to use discourse genera. how u change the way you talk to parents compared to friends

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Pidgins

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a contact language that blends elements of least two languages and emerges when people who speak different primary languages need to communicate
Example hawaii pidgin

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Creole

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a new primary language which results from the combination of two or more languages
Example- Patois (Jamaican creole

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Psychological Anthropology

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the (sub) subfield of anthropology that is concerned with the interaction of culture and mental processes. How does culture affect personality

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Basic areas of human experience

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1. Perception
2. Cognition
3. Motivation

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Perception

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the process by which people organize and interpret information that is primarily sensory origin.
What do we as human beings perceive?
Does everyone perceive these things in the same way? No
the problem with a positivist perspective- not being objective, impaired somehow, or lying to you

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Schemas

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Patterned, repetitive experiences
Schemas are often embedded in practical activities and labeled linguistically
Examples- christmas, football, elections, church services

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Prototype

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Typical instances, elements, relations or experiences within a culturally relevant domain.
Prototypes often have fuzzy boundaries. Examples- salad, libraries, families

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Cognition

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How people think, alternatively the mental processes by which humans gain knowledge

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Cognitive Style

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recurring pattern of problems occurring in our life
Global ( field dependent)
Viewing the world holistically; seeing a bundle of relationships and only later the bits and pieces that are related
Traditionally associated with non-Western societies
Articulated ( field independent)
Viewing the world as smaller and smaller pieces which can then be organized into larger chunks
Traditionally associated with Western societies

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Intelligence

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Capacity of learning abstract thought, understanding, planning, problem solving, and so forth
How is intelligence measured in the U.S.? Ex= SAT, ACT, GRE, IQ
Is the IQ test a culturally based test? Yes

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Emotions

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A state of feeling
Universal emotions
Display rules 3 options
Show
Mute
Mask
Culture Specific Emotions

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Enculturation

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the process by which human beings learn the ways of thinking and feeling that are appropriate in their respected cultures

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Socialization

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process by which human beings cope with the behavioral rules established by their respective societies