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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Anthropology? |
The Study of the Human experience from multiple perspectives. - Encompasses both Culture and Biology. |
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What is Culture? |
Human behaviour that is learned and shared by members of a society. -Not Inherited Biologically |
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What are the 4 Subfields of Anthropology? |
1. Sociocultural - Holistic study of human behaviour - Cross cultural studies(ethnologies) 2. Linguistics - The study of human speech and language includes both the origins of language in general and analysis of specific languages -There is an intricate link between language with culture 3. Archaeology - The study of material remains left by cultures, primarily of the pastPrehistorical - Historical - Public archeology 4. Biological/Physical Anthropology - Biological study of humans and their relatives within the framework of evolution and it’s relationship to culture - Includes: -humans as primates - human ancestry -Modern human variation |
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What are the 5 subfields of Physical Anthropology? |
1.Paleoanthropology/Evolutionary Anthropology - Study of human evolution, particularly through fossil remains 2. Molecular anthropology - Genetics is crucial to understanding evolutionary relationships .Can examine the genetic relationships between: - human populations - humans and their primate relatives -Humans and their primate ancestors 3. Primatology - Study of non-human primate behavior & biology -Primate paleontology – study of primate fossil record 4. Osteology - Study of modern human skeletons.Bone biology & physiology -Population relationships -Paleodemography -Paleonutrition -Paleopathology -Forensic Anthropology 5. Applied Anthropology - Application of anthropological principles and research in other fieldsPractical use of knowledge & expertise of anthropology -forensic anthropology - Medical anthropology |
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What is Linnaeus' Classificatory theory |
Separated Humans into 5 beings: -Americanus -Europaeus -Asiaticus -Afer -Monstrosus |
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What is Count de Buffon "Varieties of the Human species" ? |
-descriptive -rejected classifications -emphasized the unity of species -behavioral and cultural biases |
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Early Physical Anthropology |
Franz Boas (1902) -"the mental life of mankind" -"anatomical characteristics of the races of man" Blumenbach -skull shape and measurements to determine race -Coined the term "caucasian -Cranial capacity, phrenology (measurements) |
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What are the problems of classifying humans |
-Humans are both the investigators and the subjects -Inequalities and Injustices |
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What key points did Darwin and Wallace take from their studies? |
-Selection is key to evolution -Struggle for existance means that those individuals with favourable variations survive and reproduce more successfully |
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What 3 observations were made from darwin and Wallace's research? |
-There is Biological Variation within all species -All species are capable of reproducing at a faster rate than food supply -There is Competition for limited resources |
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What 5 deductions were taken from Darwin and Wallace's work? |
1. Individuals with favourable traits have an advantage 2. Traits are inherited and passed on to next generation 3. Environment determines which traits are favorable 4. Over geological time, successful variations accumulate so that later generations may be distinct from their ancestors 5. Geological Isolation may lead to a new species |
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Gregor Mendel |
-Father of Modern Genetics -Provided mechanisms of natural selection through breeding experiments with peas -Determined how one trait passed from one generation to the next |
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What is the principle of segregation? |
Each unit pair separates in gamete production so that each gamete contains 1 member of each pair. During fertilization, units come together. |
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What is the Principle of Independent Assortment? |
Units (genes) that code for different traits assort independently of each other during gamete formation and recombine offspring |
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Mendelian Inheritance Key Terms |
Homozygous: Same variants of a trait (allele) come together Heterozygous: different variants of a trait (alleles) come together Recessive: trait not expressed in heterozygous state Dominant: trait expressed in heterozygous state Genotype: genetic make up of an individual Phenotype: Observable physical characteristics of an organism |
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WHatare genes? |
-Unit of Heredity -controls trait -Portion of a DNA molecule -Contains several base pairs to direct the production of a particular protein |
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What are alleles? |
-Alternate forms of a single gene -DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid_ |
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What are Chromosomes? |
-Organized structures of DNA -Found in the nucleus of the cell |
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What is DNA replication? |
-DNA directs portion synthesis -Proteins are essential for bodily function -Proteins are made up of strands of amino acids (20 different amino acids) |
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What is a codon? |
a 3 base sequence with a gene that specifies an amino acid |
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What are the 2 Processes involved in Protein synthesis? |
1. Transcription -DNA unzips and complementary RNA transcribes the base pair sequence (uracil replaces thymine) -RNA travels out of nucleus to ribosome 2.Translation -RNA attracts complementary base pairs with amino acids attached -Amino acids connect to form protein |
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What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ? |
-complex molecule-twisted ladder -Sides made up of 2 strands of alternating sugars and phosphates -connected by 4 base pairs (Adenine-Thymine-Guanine-Cytosine) |
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What is a Genome? |
-complete sequence of DNA for a species -human genome has over 30 000 functioning genes -human genome project- mapping the human genome |
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What is Mitosis? |
Somatic Cell division: -produces an identical cell to the parent |
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What is Meiosis? |
Sex Cell division: -produces 2 daughter cells with 1/2 the chromosome of the parent |
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Mendelian vs Polygenic Inheritance |
Mendelian -Discrete or discontinuous -Discrete categories -Influenced by 1 gene -Distinct phenotype -E.g. ABO blood type Polygenic: -Continuous -No discrete categories -Influences by 2 or more genes -Expression influenced by environment -ex: skin colour |
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What is the Modern Synthetic Theory? |
Coming together of Darwinian Natural Selection and Mendelian Inheritance. |
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What is population genetics? |
Human diversity seen as the result of microevolutionary forces -small changes in allele frequencies acting on the human gene pool Macroevolution -appearance of new species due to many generational changes in allele frequencies. |
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What is mutation? |
-Copying mistakes during cell division leading to new alleles through gene alteration -chance event |
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What is Genetic Drift? |
-Chance fluctuations of the allele frequency in the gene pool of a population -Significant in small populations |
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What is Gene Flow? |
Introduction to new genes from a different population. |
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What are the 4 basic environmental variables? |
1. Thermal Environment 2.Oxygen 3.Ultravioletlight 4.Infectious disease |
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What is primatology? |
The Study of non-human primate biology & behavior |
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What are Analogies? |
-Structures that are superficially similar -Share a similar function -Built from different parts -Do not pass through similar stages during embryonic development -organisms do not share a common ancestor |
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What are Homologies? |
-Structures possessed by 2 different organisms that arise in a similar fashion -Pass through similar stages during embryonic development -organisms that share a common ancestor -May serve different functions |
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What are social groups? |
A major characteristic of all primates -One male Multimale/multi female Monogamous pairs Solitary |
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What is dominance? |
Most primate societies are organized into dominance hierarchies Function: to impose order within groups -Establish parameters -Reduce physical violence -Rank may change -Learn position in hierarchy -Ritualized behaviour behaviour removed from its original context and sometimes exaggerated to convey information -Mounting & presenting -Staring -displacement |
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What is grooming? |
Functions: -Hygiene -Social significance -Reinforce bonds |
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What is Reproduction? |
Sexual behaviour tied to female estrous -Behavioral Changes -Visual cues -No fixed breeding season |
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Mother-Infant Relationships |
-forms the basic social unit Harlow and Harlow experiment 1961 -investigated mothers role in infant developement -Raised infant macaques with a surrogate mother made of cloth or metal -No macaque raised without it's mother achieved normal sexual behaviour in adulthood |
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What is Alloparenting (aunt behaviour)? |
-common behaviour in many primate species where by individuals other than the parent hold, carry, groom and generally interact with infants ---Primate Conservation |
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How dies World wide depletion affect primates?What are possible solutions? |
-habitat destruction -hunting -Live capture for Export and Local trade Solutions: -National Parks and Wildlife Reserves -CITES -education -Economic Alternative -Breeding Colonies |
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What is Archeology? |
The study of material remains in order to describe and explain human behavior |
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What are the 3 types of Material remains? |
-Environmental -Remains of human activity -Human remains themselves |
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What are the 4 goals of Archeology? |
1.Reconstruct human past across time and space 2.Reconstruct Human lifeways (where and when) 3. Explain how and why this past occurred 4.Interpretation of cognitive and symbolic behaviours of the past |
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What is an Artifact? |
-Any object modified by human beings -Express a facet of human culture -Context is important -Primary or secondary |
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What is Typology? |
a categorization of artifacts to answer specific questions about a culture |
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What is an Ecofact? |
Items that become associated with a site through natural processes (give environmental information) |
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What is a feature? |
Things that cannot be taken back to a lab for analysis - They are part of the earth - Moving will alter or destroy them |
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What is a site? |
A spatially distinct place that exhibits evidence of human activityCharacteristics : -Fundamental unit of analysis for an archeologist -Primary unit of association for artifacts -Must be spatially distinct -May be occupied over a period of time |
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What are the 2 approaches taken by Archeologists? |
1.Ethnoarchaeology: Observe & study traditional cultures to resolve archaeological problems 2.Experimental: Make or use artifacts to determine their manufacture and function in the past |
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What are the ethical issues in Archeology? |
1.Conservation(Ancient Objects ,Historical buildings, Archaeological sites) 2. The antiquities trade 3. Indigenous Peoples 4. Gender |
