Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Sexually Dimorphic
|
A phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species, meaning that there is obvious differences between males and females
|
|
|
Sex VS Gender
|
Sex: Refers to the biological differences between males and females
Gender: Refers to the "socially constructed roles, behaviors, actions, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women". Gender is different in Different cultures |
|
|
Masculinity VS Femininity
|
Masculinity: Possession of the qualities traditionally associated with men
Femininity: Possession of the qualities traditionally associated with females |
|
|
Margaret Mead (1935) Study of Sex And Temperature
|
among the (Arapesh) both men and women were appreciative, aggressive and responded to the needs of others (traits we consider feminine). [mundugumor] were expected to be fierce, ruthless and aggressive. (Jchambul) there was complete reversal of the male female temperament considered unusual in our society
|
|
|
Transgender And Androgynous
|
Transgender: Someone who was assigned a sex at birth but has a different gender identity
Androgynous: A person who doesn't fit clearly into societies typical masculine and feminine gender roles and may share a combination of both characteristics |
|
|
Charles (Allender And Lee Kochems) (1983)-Two Spirits
|
~113 Native American groups provide a this gender as a legitimate social alternative. Two spirits adopt some of the roles and traits if the opposite gender
|
|
|
Hijras
|
undergo an emasculation rite, present themselves as being "like women" or female impersonations, do not function sexually as men, claim to have no sexual feelings for women, dress themselves in women's clothing and carry themselves as women do
|
|
|
Human Sexuality And Gender Roles
|
Human Sexuality: The expression of sexual sensations to related intimacy between human beings
Gender Roles: Distinction between what men are expected to do and what women are expected to do |
|
|
Gender Stratification
|
Cuts across all aspects of social life, cuts across all social classes and refers to men and women's unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of their sex
|
|
|
Purdah And Adat
|
Purdah: Domestic seclusion and veiling
Adat: People, animals, and wild life should be nurtured so that society will be strong |
|
|
Sexual Asymmetry
|
The universal tendency of women to be is a subordinate position in their social relationship with men
|
|
|
Ernestine Friedl (1978)
|
People who control the allocation of resources (usually men) possess the currency needed to create and maintain powerful political alliances and obligations
|
|
|
Feminization of Poverty And Female Infanticide
|
Feminization of Poverty: The impoverishment of women worldwide
Female Infanticide: The killing of female babies in hope of producing more males (ex: China) |
|
|
Gender Ideology
|
I'm which we define a system of thoughts and values that legitimizes gender roles, statuses and customary behavior (ex: women unable to obtain drivers licence, bank accounts, passport, even birth control. blaming women for the original sin of the the Apple cursing man to labor. men's preferential treatment for education and work)
|
|
|
Female Genital Cutting (FGC)
|
(aka Female circumcision) An operation in which a females genitalia (labia and clitoris) are either practically or completely removed, surgically
|
|
|
Double Workload
|
Employed married women (especially those with children) carry double world load by both working and being primary responsible for housework and children
|
|
|
Occupational Segregation
|
Gender Discrimination in the work place, gender segregated occupations
|
|
|
Men Moralities
|
In the US men have a higher on the job mortality rates, professions such as mining, construction, and deep sea fishing. They abuse their bodies with drugs, alcohol, tobacco. (More than women)
|
|
|
Extra Credit
|
Shatar just turned 21 (name if flower that grows between Iraq and Turkey)
|
|
|
Sex + Biology
|
Male: XY
Females: XX Rare double DNA ladder biochemical take between DNA, may end up with two sets of Sex organs: XYXX |
|
|
Kamars
|
Animals with two DNA ladder (intra species)
|
|
|
Sexual Orientation
|
Person's desire as a sex partner, notion that (in us) sexual orientation is something that doesn't change, once you claim it you are that (not true)
|
|
|
Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, And Asexual
|
Heterosexual: Attracted to the opposite sex
Homosexual: Attracted to the same sex Bisexual: Attracted to both Female And Male Asexual: Attracted to anyone who provides Sexual desire |
|
|
Latin America And Gender
|
Men are penetrators, if a male penetrates another male the are still considered male
|
|
|
Influence VS Power
|
Influence: Can be fluid sometimes, influence is influence
Power: Authority and power go together, power implies force |
|
|
Foragers/Bands (Level 1): Political & Social Organization
|
Small autonomous bands, no leader people among then have influence, high value on sharing cooperation and generalized reciprocity, please amount of political integration, leadership is informal, have influence but not authority or power, lead by experiences and examples
|
|
|
Horticulture/Pastoralism:Tribal (Level 2): Political & Social Organization
|
leadership informal: based on traits such as wisdom integrity intelligence caring. Headman have influence but don't have authority or power. Pan tribe mechanisms integrated local segments (villages) into a larger whole: Clans, age grades, secret societies. Expect Balance Reciprocity. Animals influenced clan name (bear clan)
|
|
|
Horticulture/Pastoralism: Tribal: Clans, Age Grades, Secret Societies, Pan Tribal Mechanisms
|
Clans: Common descent from the same (unmarried) ancestor
Age Grades: Warriors and elder statuses Secret Societies: Have their inside and outside secret groups (Ex: War canoes, dead poets society) Pan Tribal Mechanisms: Include tribal association such as clans, age grades, and secret societies |
|
|
Population And Surplus/Chiefdoms (Level 3): Political & Social Organization
|
Integrated a number of local communities in a formal and permanent way (informal to formal). Rank and status. Political Leader=Chief, an office that must be continuously filled, insult by hereditary. Creates a social and political elite class and commoners. Chiefs are the center of a redistribution economic system
|
|
|
Chiefdoms (Level 3A)
|
Surplus from subjects flows into the chiefs office, offers to redistribution in form of feats gifts and parties-this helps cover the needs of the needy and to reward loyal functions. Chiefs have the authority over land allocation recruitment to the military and labor for public works. Formal methods of punishment
|
|
|
Paramount And Local Chiefs (Level 3B)
|
Chiefdoms may have local chiefs who settle local issues and a paramount chief who settles Intergroup issues/dispute. The paramount chief may also embark on cross-segment infrastructure projects, wage wars, enforce social norms. Chiefs may acquire personal wealth but most often do not because of the ideology that a good chief is generous with his people
|
|
|
State System of Government: States (Most complex form/Agriculture) (Level 4)
|
A hierarchical form of political organization that governs many communities within a large geographic area. States collect taxes, recruit labor for armies and civilian public work projects and have a monopoly on the right to use force. Police punishment and armed forces
|
|
|
Requirements For A State
|
1) Agricultural Surplus
2) Labor specialization 3) Concentration of population (where we get cities) 4) Sofia stratification 5) Law and regulation 6) Specialized political roles (bureaucracy) 7) Record Keeping |
|
|
Class Societies And Caste Systems
|
Class Societies: Position determined by birth ascribed, and achieved characteristics
Caste System: Position determined by ascribed characteristics of birth |
|
|
Ascribed And Achieved
|
Ascribed: Born into it
Achieved: Learned/gained through experience |
|
|
Four Varnas (Hindu Caste System In India) And Dalit
|
1) Blahmins (Priests and Scholars)
2) Kashatriyas (Warriors) 3) Vaishyas (Tradesmen) 4) Shudras (Farmers and Servants) 5) Untouchables (Outcasts) Dalit: Literally means "The crushed" or "oppressed people" |
|
|
Political Organization
|
The way in which power is distributed within a society so as to control people's behavior and maintain social order
|
|
|
Political Integration
|
The size of the territorial groups that comes under the control of the political structure
|
|
|
Band Societies Traits
|
1) A high value is placed on getting along with one another
2) Least amount of politic integration, that is, the various bands are independent of one another and are not part of a larger political structure |
|
|
Band Societies Traits Continued
|
3) Difficult to distinguish between political decisions and those recognized as family, economic or religious
4) Leadership is informal, instead older men that are respected share input |
|
|
Social Mobility (State Societies)
|
In class system a certain amount of upward and downward social mobility exists, an individual can change his/her social position
|
|
|
Nation VS State
|
Nation: A group of people who share a common symbolic identity, culture, history , and often religion
State: A particular type of political structure |
|
|
Social Control
|
Every society must ensure that most of the people behave in appropriate ways, written laws, judge bureaucracies, prisons, execution chambers, and policy forces
|
|
|
Deviance And Sanctions
|
Deviance: Refers to the violation of social norms
Sanctions: Societies develop patterns of institutionalized ways of encouraging people to conform to social norms |
|
|
Positive Sanctions VS Negative Sanctions
|
Positive Sanctions: Approvals through rewards
Negative Sanctions: disapproval through punishment |
|
|
Socialization
|
If a society is to survive it must pass on it's social rule and norms from one generation to another
|
|
|
Public Opinion
|
Social pressures, people wish to be accepted by other members of their society, desire to be liked
|
|
|
Supernatural Belief System
|
Belief in supernatural forces such as God's, witches, and sorcerers
|
|
|
Witchcraft
|
The belief that misfortunes are not due to natural causes but rather influence and negative thoughts. Inborn, involuntary, and unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people
|
|
|
Corporate Lineages
|
Are kinship groups who's members often live, work, play, and pray together
|
|
|
Song Duel
|
A fight which is fought with song and lyrics, rather than weapons. The contestant that received the loudest applause wins
|
|
|
Moots
|
Informal airings of disputes involving kinsmen and friends of the litigants, generally deal with domestic disputes such as mistreating a spouse, disagreeing about inheritance, or not paying debts
|
|
|
Oath
|
Is a formal declaration to a supernatural power that what you are saying is truthful or that you are innocent
|
|
|
Ordeal
|
A test to determine guilt, it is believed that supernatural forces determine innocence
|
|
|
Crimes
|
When such disputes become violent conflicts (such as their, assault, of homicide)
|
|
|
Rebellion VS Revolution
|
Rebellion: Attempts to displace the people in power
Revolution: Attempts to overthrow the entire system of Government |
|
|
E. Adamson Hoebel (1972): 3 Basic Forms Of Law
|
1) Law without the force to punish of deprive is no law at all
2) Legal system allocate official authorities to privileged people who are able to use coercion legitimately 3) Law is based on regularity and a certain amount of predictability, new laws are based on old ones |
|
|
Extra Credit
|
Brianna went to College at ASU (Arizona State Univerity). She took an anthropology class this year.
|
|
|
Emile Purkheim (2001)
|
Argued that religion enables people to transcend their individual identities and to see themselves as part of a larger collective
|
|
|
Religion
|
A set of beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense if the world and slice important problems. Deals with major issues of human existence (meaning of life and death)
|
|
|
Magic
|
Directed towards specific immediate problems (curing illness, bringing rain) believe can control or manipulate nature or other people. Involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events
|
|
|
Imitative Magic VS Contagious Magic
|
Imitative Magic: Based on the principal "what you do is what you get"
Contagious Magic: The notion that an object has been in contact with a person retain a magical connections to that person |
|
|
Sorcery
|
Which often involves the use of materials, potions, and medicine, is the deliberate use of supernatural powers to bring about harm
|
|
|
Social Control
|
Encouraging socially acceptable behavior and discouraging social inappropriate behavior. When social sanctions (rewards and punishments) are backed with supernatural authority, they become more compelling, belief that the power of supernatural sanctions that determine the level of conformity
|
|
|
Conflict Resolution
|
Reducing the stress and frustration that often lead to social conflicts (ex: famine attacks near by villages, they focus on religion rather than conflict)
|
|
|
Reinforcement of Group Solidarity
|
Intensifies the group solidarity of those who practice it. Religion enables us to express their common identity in an emotionally charged environment
|
|
|
Cognitive Function VS Emotional Function
|
Cognitive Function: Whereby religion provides a Mental framework for explaining parts of our world we don't understand
Emotional Function: To help individual's deal with the anxieties that often accompany illness, accidents, deaths, and other misfortunes |
|
|
Cult
|
In a general sense to refer to forms of religion that have their own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals
|
|
|
Individualistic Cults (Food Collectors)
|
No religious specialist, most basic level of religious structure. Each person had a relationship with one or more supernatural beings whenever he/she has a need for control or protections, do not make distinctions between specialists and lay person's, all people are their own specialists, do it yourself religion
|
|
|
Shamanistic Cults
|
Part time specialists (Food collectors, pastoralism, horticulture)
|
|
|
Shamans
|
Part time specialists who are thought to have supernatural powers by virtue of birth, use powers for: healing, divining, and telling fortune during times of stress
|
|
|
Communal Cults
|
Groups of ordinary people conduct religious rites and ceremonies for the larger community (horticulture, pastoralism)
|
|
|
Rites of Passage
|
Are ceremonies that make a change in a person's social position, have religious significance, help both individual's and society deal with important life changes, such as puberty and marriage
|
|
|
Arnold Van Gennep (1960) Life Cycle Rituals
|
1)Separation: characterized by the stripping away of the old status
2) Transitional Stage: Cut off from old status but not integrated into the new status 3) Reintergration: Ritual incorporation of the individual into the new status |
|
|
Rites of Solidarity
|
Directed towards the welfare of the community rather than the individual, wider social participation
|
|
|
Ecclesiastical Cults (Industrialization)
|
Full time specialists in hierarchy are characterized by full time professional clergy who are fully elected or appointed, full time priests conduct rituals that occur at regular intervals
|
|
|
Liberation Theology
|
Merged Catholic theology with activism for social justice for the poor
|
|
|
Revitalization Movement
|
Religious movement with the aim of breathing new life and purpose into the society
|
|
|
The Human Condition
|
Ear, famine, death, pesticides (the four horsemen of the apocalypse)
|
|
|
Human Paradox
|
We understand our own morality (self awareness) gives us anxiety/ grief (consciously)
|
|
|
Supernatural
|
The extraordinary realm outside (but believed to impinge upon) the visible world
|
|
|
Olympian (Agriculture and Archaic States)
|
Pantheon of supernatural beings who are anthropomorphic (like humans) or zoomorphic (like animals or animal/human crosses) often associated with a single domain (God of love) full tune religious specialists (Priests)
|
|
|
Monotheistic (Industrialists And Agriculture)
|
Full time religious specialists (Priests) and a single identity who is deemed to be eternal, omniscient (all seeing) omnipotent (all powerful) and all omnipresent (everywhere 24/7)
|
|
|
Awe Theory (Emotionalists Theories)
|
Religious experience is touched with intense feelings if the grandeur of the universe in relation to the south and the vulnerability of the self
|
|
|
Confidence Theory (Emotionalists Theories)
|
Religion is designed to quiet fears of disease, death, misfortune and explain then away (especially those who believe in the afterlife) through prayer/rituals
|
|
|
Psychology Theory Of Religion (Emotionalists Theories)
|
Melford Spino theorized that basic psychological drives correlate with religious functions. Cognitive: Adjustive (explanation) hwy do we die. Substantive: adaptive (solutions) pray did rain victory in battle. Expressive: integrative (painful drives, motives, paradox) aggression, sex. Human beings take pride in hard work
|
|
|
Sociological Approach (Emotionalists Theories)
|
Emile Durkheim viewed religion as a manifestation of social solidarity and common belief, he was the first to argue that members of society to create religious objects, rituals, beliefs, and symbols in order to integrate their culture. In this view, that which is sacred promotes social solidarity, that which is profane promotes social discord
|
|
|
Marx's Conflict View (Emotionalists Theories)
|
Thought that religion served to consolidate control of the after life and to understand their daily trials as a test of religious worthiness was in his view perfect ideological justification against achieving economic justice in workers lifetime. His analysis only works well for capitalist economies
|
|
|
Holistic Approach (Emotionalists Theories)
|
Anthropological approaches include psychological and sociological perspectives but add historical and semantic evidence to the interpretation of localized systems of religious meaning and practice
|
|
|
Neopagans
|
Harnesses the diffused power of nature, death based religion
|
|
|
Diviners
|
Specialists who use special techniques and interpretative powers to discover the will and wishes of the supernatural (witch doctors) Palm readers
|
|
|
Prophets
|
Who convey divine revelations usually fined through visions or dreams
|
|
|
Myth
|
A narrative with a plot that involves the supernatural maybe oral or written. often used as teaching tools. Myth (not equal to) falsehood
|
|
|
Sorcerers
|
So concept potions amulets, and rituals to achieve benign ends such as love and healing or malignant ends such as illness or misfortune
|
|
|
Familiar Patterns of Trance
|
The Human brain hates random, it tried to take random images into meaningful images
|
|
|
Deep Trance
|
As trance deepens it moves from personal memory to toward deep cultural themes- universal phenomenon, some people can easily obtain trance while others almost never do
|
|
|
Music And Dance (Trance)
|
Music, rhythm and dance are the most common method used world wide to create religious state, basic dance moves that are repeated can last for 24 hours. Music And Dance are often combined with other trance generating dance
|
|
|
Prayer/Meditating And Fasting (Deprevation Techniques)
|
Many religions require fasting particularly before major rituals, as a form of deprivation. Used to higher the sense of other techniques. Prayer and Meditation: Are basic techniques that can be used to reach altered States, the notion of a mantra is central to meditation. Mantra: simple phrase repeated over and over
|
|
|
Cathedrals
|
Used overstimulation to create States, as well as other places of worship are sophisticated trance machines, use architecture to create feelings of heights, vastness, flying or falling
|
|
|
Sacred Pain
|
Pain is a final classic way that religious States can be achieved. Pain creates is called prostaglandin. Physiologically: endorphins that help turn pain sensors off. In some cultures they pierce their muscles, dance for 24 hours with no food or water
|
|
|
Drugs and Religion
|
Many religion include the basic role for the use of hallucinogenic drugs. This is particularly true for the new world, where psychoactive plants are common
|
|
|
Trance is Synthetic
|
It combines senses, trance is knowledge and state specific, trance is created by over stimulation or under stimulation (or a combination of the two)
|
|
|
Religion And Death
|
Most religions have rituals for the treatment and disposal of the death, as well as what death actually is
|
|
|
Puritan Death
|
Earl New England settlers: viewed death important and frightening cemeteries were centrally located, intended to be frightening. Death was an intimate experiences, you saw it all around you, it was in the home
|
|
|
Romantic Death
|
Romantic Era: Death became art, death was the moment of transcendence. Death bed scenes became critical and cemeteries became parties
|
|
|
Rational Death
|
Rationalist were dist, Death just happened not to be feared or longed for but to be approached with confidence in an orderly passage to an afterlife
|
|
|
Medical Death
|
Second half of the 19th century, death moved from being primarily religious (and inevitable) to being substantially medical (and preventable). Just as medicine became professionalized and regulated, so too death became professionalized and regulated
|
|
|
Commercial Death
|
This century: Death became an industry, disposal of the death has been taken over by professionals. New cemeteries are businesses operate for profit. They are concerned with fast, official disposal of the dead and convenient maintenance. They encourage anonymity
|
|
|
Informational Death
|
Death moved from heart death to brain death. Molecular biology machines that can repair the body.
Be animation Rituals: People are frozen and wait till in the future they can be revived |
