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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sickle Cell Disease |
An autosomal recessive disease caused by point mutation in an allele that codes for one of the polypeptide chains |
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Somatic Cells |
The cells of a body that are not sex cells |
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Species |
An interbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductively isolated through anatomy, ecology, behaviour, or geographic distribution from all other such groups. |
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Parapatric Speciation |
Speciation occurring when two populations have continuous distributions and some phenotypes in that distribution that are more favourable than others. |
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Allotropic Speciation |
Speciation occurring through geographic isolation |
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Speciation |
The formation of one or more new species via reproductive isolation. |
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Stabilizing Selection |
Selection that maintains a certain phenotype by selecting against deviations from it. |
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Stem Cells |
undifferentiated cells found in the body that can used to replicate a large number of cells or tissue. |
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Subspecies |
Group of local populations who share the same geographic range of a species and can be differentiated from other subspecies based on one or more phenotypic traits |
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Taxonomy |
The science of biological classification |
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Taxon |
A group or organisms assigned to a particular category |
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Theory of Acquired Characteristics |
The idea that changes to an organism in a single lifetime may be passed. Ie) women who get breast enlargement will have kids with huge boobies. Lamarack |
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Uniformitarianism |
The theory that the same gradual geological processes that we observe today were happening in the past James Hutton and Lyell |
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X-linked Disorders |
Genetic mutations that result from mutations to the X chromosome. They are almost always expressed in males (XY), but not always in females (XX) |
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Aristotle |
The Great Chain of Being. All aminals and humans have an immutable (non-changing) energy that places them in a heirarchy with humans at the top |
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Comte De Buffon |
Argued that life occurred spontaneously. |
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Georgen Cuvier |
Catastrophism: Some species had gone extinct after massive natural disasters, after which new and unrelated species formed. This theory was weak though because he was vague about where the new species came from |
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck |
Theory of Inherited of Acquired Characteristics: Creatures adapt to survive their envrionment and the changes that occur within one lifetime will be passed onto their children. Ie) Giraffes got long necks from stretch stretch stretching their way up to the tops of the trees so their kids automatically had long necks. |
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Darwin |
Theory of Common Origin- All species that shared similarities could be explained if all animals had come from a common ancestor. Natural Selection- Differential reproductive success over multiple generations. Adaptive Radiation- The diversification of one founding species into multiple species and niches. |
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Alfred Russel Wallace |
Shared Darwins idea of Natural Selection |
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Wilhelm Johanssen |
Coined the term 'Gene.' |
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Carolus Linnaeus |
Created the binomial nomenclature used for naming animals and plants, |
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Sherwood Washburn |
Created Physical Anthropology |
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ABO Blood Type System |
Genetic system for one of the proteins found on the surface of a red blood cell |
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Acclimitization |
Short term changes in physiology that occur in an organisms response to envrionmental changes |
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Adaptability |
the ability of an organism to adapt to stressful envrionmental changes for long or short term |
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Adaptive Radiation |
The diversification of one species into multiple species and niches |
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Allens Rule |
People living in warmer climates have longer limbs to help spread and decrease body heat |
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Amino Acid |
The building blocks of protein |
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Anagenesis |
Evolution of one species into another over time, l l l |
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Cladogenesis |
Evolution of a species through branching. Y |
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Analogous traits |
Similar traits due to similar use, not heritage Ie) bats wings and butterfly wings |
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Homologous traits |
Similar traits resulting from a shared heritage. Ie) human hands and monkey hands |
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Autosomal Recessive Diseases |
A disease cased by recessive alleles |
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Balanced Polymorphism |
Stable polymorphism that prevents any of the other phenotypes from being fixed or lost |
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Bergmans Rule |
Individuals living in cooler temperatures will have stockier bodies than those living in warmer climates because it helps stay warm |
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Binomial Nomenclature |
Genus and Species used to name animals and plants Linneaus |
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Biogeography |
the Distribution of plants and animals on earth |
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Catastrophism |
the belief that multiple creations occurred because of large natural disasters that wiped out a species and another, totally unrelated one, took its place. Weak because there is no explination as to where the unrelated species comes from. |
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Chromatin |
DNA during the interphase of a cell cycle |
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Chromosomes |
Carry DNA |
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Convergent Evolution |
Similar features brought on by similar events, not by shared ancestry |
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Crossing-over |
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes that makes for genetic recombination |
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Diploid |
46 chromosomes in the human body |
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Haploid |
23 chromosomes in the human body |
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Directional Selection |
Natural Selection that drives evolutionary change by selecting for more or less of a given trait |
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Fitness |
Reproductive success |
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Founder Effect |
Populations separated from each other will carry the genetic information of their founders |
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Gametes |
Sex Cells |
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Gene |
Unit of heredity |
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Gene flow |
movement of genes through populations |
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Genetic bottleneck |
temporary dramatic reduction in the size of a species |
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Genome |
All genes carried by a person |
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Genotype |
Genetic make upp of an individual |
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Gradualism |
Darwinian view of slow evolutionary change |
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Group Selection |
The belief that animals act in the best interest of their group. However thsi is proven to be incorrect |
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Herebility |
The production of phenotypic variability that can be attributed to genes |
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Hetero Advantage |
The advantage given to individuals with hetero genes, they are less likely to carry certian diseases like Sickle cell anemia but remain immune to malaria |
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Lamrackian Evolution |
Organisms adapt to their envrionment in a simgle life time and pass it on to their kids |
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Meiosis |
Production of sex cells |
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Mitosis |
the production of identical daughter cells |
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Melanin |
the chemical in our skin that gives it certian colours |
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Law in independent Assortment |
Every individual organism contains two alleles for each trait and these alleles segregate so that a gamete has one allele |
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Law of Independant Assortment |
Alleles for different traits are passed independantly from one another to the off spring |
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Microevolution |
The study of small changes that occur within a species Ie) folds in Asian eyelids |
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Macroevolution |
The study of majour phenotypic changes over a short period of time |
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Mitochondrial DNA |
Maternal DNA in the Mitochondria |
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Natural Selection |
Different reproductive success over multiple generations |
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Phylogeny |
An evolutionary tree indicating relatedness |
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Polygenic |
Multiple genes create one phenotype |
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Pleitropic |
One gene creates multiple phenotypes |
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Polymorphic |
two or more distinct phenotypes that exist within a population |
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Population |
an interbreeding group of organisms |
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Population Genetics |
The study of genetic variation within a population |
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Protein Synthesis |
the assembly of proteins from an amino acid |
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Prokaryotes |
Single celled organism whos genetic material isnt held within a nucleus |
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Eukaryotes |
Organisms whos genetic material is held within a nuclear membrane |
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Punctuated equilibrium |
Model of evolution characterized by rapid bursts of change, then stasis |
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Race |
Both cultural and biological subspecies of humans |
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Reproductive isolation |
any factor, physical, ecological, or behavioural that prevents animals of different species from mating |
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Ribosomes |
structures composed of RNA that are responsible for protein synthesis |
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Recombination |
Occurs in Meiosis |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
Differences in colour, size, and shape of animals of different sexes within the same species |
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Sexual Selection |
Differential reproductive successes of one sex of a species |
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Types of Mutations |
Deletion: When a section of DNA is lost or deleted Insertion: When extra base pairs are added to the Amino Acids Point: A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence Neutral: Changes in the DNA sequence that are neither harmful nor beneficial to an organisms survival rate |
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Polymorphism |
The presence of genetic variation within a population, upon which natural selection can operate |
