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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The goals of anthropology include which of the following
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e. all of the above
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Which of the following are the five disciplines of anthropology
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d. cultural, physical, archaeological, linguistic, applied
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Ethnography is the_______________________ while ethnology is ______________________________.
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c. the scientific description of a society’s customs, its people and culture | study of people in various environments while looking for similarities, differences and relationships
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The process by which one learns his or her culture is called
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e. enculturation
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Essentially, anthropology as a discipline aims to study
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b. all of human kind in all times and places
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A cultural anthropologist conducting research involving cross-cultural, comparative studies of ethnographic data would be practicing _______.
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c. ethnology
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“People have to eat, but culture teaches us what, when, and how to do so.” This is an example of how
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a. culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways.
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In what way was Michel de Montaigne’s essay “Of Cannibals” ahead of its time?
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c. It used ethnography to critique Western society and values
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Which statement best describes the philosophy of Herbert Spencer’s influential book The Social Organism (1860)?
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a. The evolution of societies moves from simple to complex. Similar to an organism, change is driven by innate desire to survive.
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According to Herbert Spencer, a primitive society
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c. has simple technology, undifferentiated social structure, and lacks economic specialization
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Morgan’s idea that all societies must evolve through progressive stages of savagery, barbarism and civilization describes which idea?
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b. unilinear evolutionism
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In Edward Burnett Tylor’s book Primitive Culture, evolutionary theory is applied to what aspect of culture?
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e. religion, as originating in the concept of animism
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According to Kottak, which method of data gathering would be best suited for conducting current, qualitative research on a small, isolated community?
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b. ethnography
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The theory of functionalism is important to anthropology because it postulates that
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institutions and social structures and other separate parts of society affect each other and operate together, functioning like a system
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Which of the following is true of applied anthropology?
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e. It uses anthropology to develop solutions to social problems
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Why did Barbara Myerhoff begin her project as described in the film Number Our Days?
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d. Her Hispanic consultants in Los Angeles suggested that she look into her own people
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Which of the following was NOT a student of Franz Boaz?
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a. Marvin Harris
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According to Kottak, long-term research of a culture, society or region usually based on repeated visits is described as:
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d. longitudinal research
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This term describes the attitude of one’s culture being superior to others:
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e. ethnocentrism
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According to Kottak, which of the following are different levels of culture?
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e. all of the above
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the film First Contact, a “sing sing” was
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d. the dance the indigenous Papuans performed to tamp down an airstrip
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Anthropologists’ early interest in Native Americans
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d. is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S.
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Kottak tells us that a pidgin tongue, a mixed language that usually develops from direct trade and commerce between different cultures, is an example of what?
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a. acculturation
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In the film Number Our Days, Barbara Myerhoff says that she witnessed the extraordinary act of one old man
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a. choosing the time of his own death
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In anthropology, cultural relativism is not a moral position so much as a methodological one. It states that
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c. to understand another culture, we must try to see how the people in that culture see things.
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In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact
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c. achieved in large part by engaging in participant observation
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According to lecture, the fact that you have limited time to finish this exam means that you are exemplifying
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d. M-time (monochronic time)
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The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions is known as
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c. kinesics
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What term refers to the arrangement and order of words into sentences?
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a. syntax
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What are phonemes?
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d. the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language
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Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf?
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b. the influence of language on thought
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The linguistic study of the structure of words and their meaning is
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d. morphology
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According to lecture, which of the following is NOT among the practical steps for preparing for ethnographic fieldwork?
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e. obtain a bachelors degree in anthropology
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Traditional ethnography prior to the advent of feminism tended to be
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c. androcentric
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Anthropology as natural science / natural history is all of the following except
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e. impartial
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Despite the variety of research techniques that the ethnographer may utilize in the field, in the best studies the hallmark of ethnography remains
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e. the discipline’s profound commitment to understanding human diversity
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Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space. However,
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b. there has been a shift within the discipline toward a recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information.
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The ethnographer most associated with interpretive anthropology:
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c. Clifford Geertz
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According to your textbook, where does copula deletion occur in BEV (Black English Vernacular)
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a. where SE has contractions
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“Slash and Burn” is a land clearing technique utilized within which subsistence system?
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b. horticulture
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According to Elman Service, under which level of political organization does a formalized authority structure
emerge? |
c. chiefdom
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A pristine state
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c. emerged on its own with no outside influence or contact with other states
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What statement most accurately describes the living condition of modern-day foraging societies?
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d. Many are dependant upon government subsidies for survival, living in poverty on society’s fringes
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What are the three types of reciprocity?
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a. general, balanced and negative
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The flow of goods to center, then back out is called
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e. redistribution
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Elman Service’s division of political organizations includes
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d. band, tribe, chiefdom and state
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Morton Fried divided political organizations into what three social types?
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a. egalitarian, ranked and stratified
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ponsors of this event give away food, blankets, metals, and other items to gain prestige:
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d. potlach
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This exchange of items common between closely related people (kin) or close friends:
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d. generalized reciprocity
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Despite differences due to environmental variation, traditional foraging economies have shared one essential feature:
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e. their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of
plants and animals. |
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Which of the following is not a typical or common characteristic of band-level societies?
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d. permanent village residence
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Which of the following does not occur as you move along the cultivating continuum?
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b. societies become more egalitarian
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Intensive agriculture
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d. has significant negative environmental effects such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of
ecological diversity. |
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Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, most notably kinship, in all of the
following kinds of societies except |
a. industrialized states
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Which of the following statements about political leaders in foraging bands is true?
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d. They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.
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Tribal societies (in Elman Service’s opinion), which are typically organized by village life and/or membership in
descent groups, tend to be relatively egalitarian. However, egalitarianism diminishes |
b. as village size and population density increase.
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According to lecture, a good example of why we should heed Morton Fried’s warning that the concept of “tribe”
might be problematic is |
e. the murder of Conquering Bear by Lieutenant Grattan.
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In the context of ranked societies, what is a “big man?”
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c. a person who creates his reputation through redistribution and generosity to others
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A big man's position depends on all of the following except
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b. status inherited from his father
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The presence and acceptance of which of the following is one of the key distinguishing features of a state?
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d. pronounced social stratification
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The influential sociologist Max Weber defined three related dimensions of social stratification. They are:
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a. wealth, power, prestige
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When compared to other kinds of societies, all of the following are true about foragers except
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d. sexual promiscuity is rampant and severely punished.
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In which type of society would you expect women's status to be highest as compared to men?
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d. hunters and gatherers
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Gender characteristics and tendencies are not inborn but rather are
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c. constructed
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Women generally have more power and influence in which type of traditional society?
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a. foraging groups
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In which well-known society (discussed in the text and in lecture) were women known to have significant political
power and ritual influence? |
a. Iroquois
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People of Native American descent who believe they have more than one gender are known as:
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e. Two-Spirit people
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Domestic violence tends to be more common in which type of society?
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b. patriarchal
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Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that
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e. the relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy, the importance of
warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy. |
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Ethnographic evidence has revealed that traditionally, Pawnee women worked wood, and among the Hidatsa
women made boats. Cases such as these suggest that |
d. patterns of division of labor by gender are culturally general—not universal.
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What does the domestic–public dichotomy refer to? The separation of
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d. home and the outside world
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Research among horticultural societies has found that
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e. women are the main producers.
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Among horticulturalists with matrilineal descent and matrilocality,
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c. female status tends to be high.
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If a patriarchy is a political system ruled by men, what would a matriarchy be—a political system ruled by
women? Anthropologist Peggy Sanday, who investigated these questions among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, concluded that |
d. although matriarchies do exist, they are not mirror images of patriarchies because, at least for the
Minangkabau, both men and women are seen as cooperative partners for the common good. |
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According to lecture, most (adult) people in the world are _______ intolerant.
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b. lactose
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According to your textbook, which of the following statements about human skin color is not true?
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c. The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body’s ability to process lactose.
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According to lecture, what is the best definition of racialism?
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c. an ideology that claims there are biologically fixed races with different moral, intellectual and physical
characteristics that determine individual aptitudes and that some are superior to others. |
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!Kung women contribute ____________ of the total food (by weight) consumed by the traditional !Kung band.
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d. 60 to 80%
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The !Kung might be said to have an egalitarian social structure. This means that
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d. most group decisions are reached through consensus.
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Marjorie Shostak has fond memories of the first time she met Nisa.
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b. False
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Nisa’s younger brother:
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d. Kumsa
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After three months in the field, Shostak reports that
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a. the !Kung sounds became a little less strange.
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Though highly mobile at all times, the !Kung travel mostly
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d. during the wet season when water is widely available.
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In !Kung society as described by Shostak, how often did women gather on average in a week?
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d. 2–3 days
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In !Kung society, how does weaning children between the ages of 3 to 5 benefit overall reproductive fitness?
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d. Extended breast feeding of offspring aids in inhibiting ovulation among women, which provides longer, more
sustainable birth intervals. |
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Which of the following statements about purported attempts to assign humans to discrete racial categories based on
common ancestry is true? They are |
e. culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology.
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What is ascribed status? A status that
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a. people have little or no choice about occupying
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Marjorie Shostak’s !Kung name:
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d. Hwantla
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The exclamation point in the word “!Kung” indicates that the word begins with a(n)
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b. Alveolar-palatal pop
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The social institution characterized by sacred stories, symbols, and symbolism is called
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b. religion
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A social movement that occurs in times of great duress and change and in which religious leaders emerge and
undertake to alter a society is called |
d. revitalization
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What concept did E. B. Tylor propose, referring to the earliest form of religion as belief in spirits or beings?
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a. animism
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Which of the following is not one of the three stages of the rite of passage?
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d. preparation
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What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?
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b. magic
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What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had
contact with it? |
a. contagious magic
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What is the term for the marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage?
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d. liminality
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As pertaining to rites of passage, “communitas” can be described or defined as
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b. collective liminality
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What kind of religion is most frequently found in foraging bands?
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b. shamanic
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What term refers to a custom or social action that operates to reduce differences in wealth and bring standouts
in line with community norms? |
e. leveling mechanism
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For a !Kung healer to be effective, he must enter a state of
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a. half death
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Which of the following is NOT a function of religion as discussed in lecture?
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d. helps P-time people navigate in M-time
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What are rituals of intensification?
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c. rituals directed toward (or celebrating) the welfare of the group or community rather than the individual
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Durkheim’s notion of effervescence and Turner’s communitas refer to
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d. the intense emotional and social experience of ritual
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Although the incest taboo is a cultural universal, cultures define incest differently. For example, in many
cultures it is incestuous to marry parallel cousins but not cross-cousins. What is the difference? |
a. The children of two brothers or two sisters are parallel cousins. The children of a brother and a
sister are cross-cousins. |
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What term refers to one of two descent groups in a given population?
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c. moiety
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Sometimes, two religions meet because of acculturation and merge, forming a new amalgamated religion. This
process is known as |
e. syncretism
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The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but
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b. not all cultures define incest the same way.
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There is no simple or universally accepted explanation for the fact that all cultures ban incest. However, the
most accepted explanation for the incest taboo is |
a. genetically programmed instinctive horror.
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What term refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs?
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d. endogamy
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In the United States, the rise in female employment, especially in professional careers, when coupled with
__________, has dramatically increased household incomes in the upper classes. This pattern has been one factor sharpening the contrast in household income between the richest and poorest populations of Americans. |
a. homogamy
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When the actor-hunter entered the village in the movie N!ia, he lifted his son up in the air and said:
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a. “Hello you little creep!”
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In the film Nai: the Story of a !Kung Woman, what was not major consequence of white people moving into
!Kung territory? |
e. the !Kung lived in smaller groups away from others
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Marjorie Shostak returned to Botswana for a second fieldtrip after a period of _______ years.
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b. four
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Nisa’s daughter Nai was killed by
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e. Nai’s husband
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What term refers to a gift made by the husband and his kin to the kin of the bride?
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d. bridewealth
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What is the name of the custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife?
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a. sororate marriage
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According to lecture, what percentage of the world’s societies allow for multiple spouses?
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d. 75%
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Which is not one of the family models discussed in class?
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c. Normal
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A genitor is
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a. a biological father
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When a woman has more than one husband, it is called
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c. polyandry
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The position on a genealogy chart that is darkly shaded and usually square is
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a. ego
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According to lecture, which of the following is not a function of marriage?
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d. ensure stable family structure through monogamy
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The cultural practice of bestowing power or rule to the eldest son through mechanism of inheritance is an example of what?
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a. primogeniture
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In this type of unilineal descent, children are in their father’s descent group exclusively:
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a. patrilineal
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Someone who is related to you by marriage is a(n):
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c. affinal relative
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A person’s male relations are
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d. agnatic relatives
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In a bifurcate merging kinship system, which of the following would be called by the same term?
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b. M and MZ
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In the Sudan, a Nuer woman can marry a woman if her father has only daughters but no male heirs. This is
done to maintain the patrilineage. The “wife” has sex with a man or men until she gets pregnant. The children born are then accepted as the offspring of both the female husband (the “pater”) and the wife. What is important in this example is |
b. social rather than biological paternity, illustrating how kinship is socially constructed.
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Which of the following would be ego’s cross cousin?
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a. MBS
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Inclusion of the father in the household is less important in which type of society?
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d. matrilineal
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This type of kinship system gives each related person a different label or title:
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b. Sudanese
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A unilineal descent group whose members demonstrate their common descent from a known (not mythic) apical ancestor is a
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b. lineage.
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What does it mean that kinship, like race, is culturally constructed?
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e. Some genealogical kin are considered to be relatives whereas others are not, and the rules
underlying such considerations vary across cultures. |
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Which of the following does not belong to ego’s matrilineage?
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a. FM
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A unilineal descent group whose members demonstrate their common descent from an unknown (mythical) apical ancestor is a
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a. clan.
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What is the name of the postmarital residence pattern in which the married couple is expected to establish its
own home? |
b. patrilocality
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Like ethnicity and language, religion also is
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e. associated with the social divisions within and between societies and nations
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How did socioeconomic theorist Karl Marx perceive socioeconomic stratification within the 19 century
industrial (capitalist) system? |
d. A division between two opposed classes; the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
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For 10 extra points, name the five universal aspects of humor as presented in class:
Burlesque of : |
1. the sacred
2. foreigners or strangers 3. sex and obscenity 4. physical harm, tragedy, illness, and need 5. the self |
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What is the name for the family in which a child is raised?
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b. family of orientation
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