Anth Midterm

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archaeology

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The study of human behavior and cultural patterns and processes through the culture's material remains

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cultural anthropology

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The study of human socioety and culutre; describes analyzes interpretys and explains social and cultural similariies and differences

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linguistic anthropology

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The descriptive compariative and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space and society

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biological/physical anthropology

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bio= the study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolutions, genetics, growth, development, and primatology

Phys anth- see bio

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holistic

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Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology society, language, and culture

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Archaeological methods

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require Participant observation

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Excavation

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is a very small part of archaeology, for every one hour of excavation, there is 6 hours of lab work

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four field anthropolgy

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Biological or physical anthropology,Socio-cultural anthropology, Linguistic anthropology, Archaeology

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informed consent

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consent must be understood amongst all members involved

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Yanomani

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Professor M. Chagnon invenstigated. Revolutionary breakthrough due to how unwesternized the yanomani were.

Chagnon- elegedly promoted much of the violence involved in their culture

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Ethics and Anthropolgy

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it used to be little ethics, and more personal interest ran anthropolgy, not it is different

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Mechanisms of change in evolution

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Mutation,Migration,Genetic Drift, Natural Selection

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Primatology

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Primatology is the study of primates. It is a diverse discipline and primatologists can be found in departments of biology, anthropology, psychology and many others.

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Prosimians

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Prosimians are the most primitive extant primates; they have characteristics similar to forms that were ancestral to monkeys, apes and humans. Prosimians are the only primates native to Madagascar, and are also found in Africa and Southeast Asia. They include lemurs, the Aye-aye, bushbabies, and tarsiers.

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anthropoids

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The simians (infraorder Simiiformes) are the "higher primates" familiar to most people: the monkeys and the apes, including humans. Simians tend to be larger than the "lower primates" or prosimians.

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hominids

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A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes"), including the extinct and extant humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.

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Paleoanthropology

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Paleoanthropology, which combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology, is the study of ancient humans as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints.

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natural selection

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Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes.

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fossils

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Fossils (from Latin fossus, literally "having been dug up") are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.

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adaptation

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An adaptation is a characteristic of an organism that has been favored by natural selection and increases the fitness of its possessor.[1][2] The concept is central to biology, particularly in evolutionary biology. The Oxford Dictionary of Science defines adaptation as "Any change in the structure or functioning of an organism that makes it better suited to its environment."

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sexual selection

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Females often prefer to mate with males with external ornaments - exaggerated features of morphology. These can plausibly arise because an arbitrary female preference for some aspect of male morphology initially increased by genetic drift, creating, in due course, selection for males with the appropriate ornament

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genetic drift

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is the accumulation of random events that change the makeup of a gene pool slightly, but often compound over time.

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gene flow

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is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.

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taxonomy

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It uses the formal taxonomic ranks (in order) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. The lower ranks (superfamily to subspecies) are strictly regulated, e.g. by the ICZN for animals, whereas taxonomy at higher ranks is a result of consensus in the scientific community.

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opposable thumb

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The evolution of the opposable or prehensile thumb is usually associated with Homo habilis, the forerunner of Homo sapiens.[2][3][4] This, however, is the suggested result of evolution from Homo erectus (around 1 mya) via a series of intermediate anthropoid stages, and is therefore a much more complicated link.

led to higher motor skills

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bipedalism

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walking on two rear limbs

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brachiation

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is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms.

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non-human primates

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contains lemurs, the Aye-aye, lorids, galagos, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes, Non-human primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats

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behavioral ecology

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Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior, and the roles of behavior in enabling an animal to adapt to its environment (both intrinsic and extrinsic).

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Toumai/Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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is a fossil ape that lived approximately 7-6 million years ago. It is sometimes claimed as the oldest known ancestor of Homo (humans) post-dating the most recent common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. It was a species of Miocene ape, related to humans and the living African apes.

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Millennium man/ Orrorin tugenensis

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oldest known hominin ancestor related to modern humans and is the only species classified in genus Orrorin. The name was given by the discoverers who found Orrorin fossils in the Tugen Hills of Kenya. By using radiometric dating techniques, the volcanic tuffs and lavas, faunal correlation and magneto-stratigraphy, the strata in which the fossils were found were estimated to date between 6.1 and 5.8 million years ago, during the Miocene. This find is significant because it represents the earliest hominid species with evidence of bipedal locomotion.

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Australopithecus afarensis

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Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid which lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago.

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sexual dimorphism

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is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. Examples include color (specifically referred to as sexual dichromatism), size, and the presence or absence of parts of the body used in courtship displays or fights, such as ornamental feathers, horns, antlers or tusks.

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Lucy

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is the common name of AL 288-1, the 40% complete Australopithecus afarensis skeleton discovered on November 24, 1974 Ethiopia's Afar Depression. Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.[1]

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Laetoli Footprints

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The footprints demonstrate that the hominids walked upright habitually, as there are no knuckle-impressions. The feet do not have the mobile big toe of apes; instead, they have an arch (the bending of the sole of the foot) typical of modern humans. The hominids seem to have moved in a leisurely stroll.

dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and famous for its hominid footprints, preserved in volcanic ash

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Homo

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Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives

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Homo habilis

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Homo habilis is arguably the first species of the Homo genus to appear. In its appearance and morphology, H. habilis was the least similar to modern humans of all species to be placed in the genus Homo

2.2 million to at least 1.6 million years ago

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Homo erectus

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Homo erectus (Latin: "upright man") is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin to leave Africa.

around 2.0 million years ago, and dispersed throughout most of the Old World. Fossilized remains 1.8 and 1.0 million years old have been found in Africa, indonesia, vietnam, china

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Neandertal

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Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia.

600,000–350,000 years ago

bigger head than modern humans, rugged looking

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Tool and tool use

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different animals use tools for making sharp things, and for making arrows and finding food.

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stone tools

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Paleolithic-
(Oldowan, Clactonian) created rough flake tools by hitting a suitable stone with a hammerstone.

(eg Acheulean or Biface) toolmakers also used the Mode 1 flake tool method but supplemented it by also using wood or bone implements to pressure flake fragments away from stone cores to create the first true hand-axes.

neolithic- new stone age - newer polished stones

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A microlith

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is a small stone tool, typically knapped of flint or chert, usually about three centimetres long or less

made in middle stone age mesolithic

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out of africa theory

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all modern humans come from a single group of Homo sapiens who emigrated from Africa 2000 generations ago

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expansion of the genus Homo

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From africa dispersed with homo-erectus

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Archaic Homo Sapiens

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The term Archaic Homo sapiens refers generally to the earliest members of the species Homo sapiens.

many of the same features as modern humans with general tendencies toward features of earlier Hominina species.

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anatomically modern humans

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Anatomically modern humans first appear in the fossil record in Africa about 130,000 years ago, although studies of molecular biology give evidence that the approximate time of divergence from the common ancestor of all modern human populations was 200,000 years ago

anatomically modern humans evolved solely in Africa,

replaced other branches such as neandertals and homo erectus

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cave art

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Cave paintings are paintings on cave walls and ceilings, and the term is used especially for those dating to prehistoric times. The earliest known European cave paintings date to 32,000 years ago. The purpose of the cave paintings is not known. The evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas, since the caves in which they have been found do not have signs of ongoing habitation. Also, they are often in areas of caves that are not easily accessed. Some theories hold that they may have been a way of transmitting information, while other theories ascribe them a religious or ceremonial purpose.

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Paleolithic art

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"Old Stone Age" . Artistic expression emerged for the first time with ochre used as body paint and some early rock art appearing. There is also some evidence of purposeful burial of the dead which may indicate religious and ritual behaviors.

"Upper paleolithic" began expression

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Hunting-gathering

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form of early food finding. Gathering is way more important because hunting takes so much time

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!Kung san

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!Kung are nomadic hunter-gatherers that live in the Kalahari Desert in northeastern Namibia.

Have clicking sounds for words

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Oldowan

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is an anthropological designation for an industrial complex of stone tools used by prehistoric hominins of the Lower Paleolithic. The Oldowan is the first known industrial complex in prehistory. It takes its name from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, where many Oldowan tools have been discovered. In the current archaeological technical chronology the Oldowan is also called "mode one" preceding

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Acheulean

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is the name given to an archaeological industry of stone tool manufacture associated with prehistoric hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic era across Africa and much of West Asia and Europe. Acheulean tools are typically found with Homo erectus remains.

more dominant than oldowan

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Paleolithic

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refers to a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of the first stone tools. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of human history) on Earth, extending from 2.5or 2.6 million years ago, with the introduction of stone tools by hominids such as Homo habilis, to the introduction of agriculture and the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BC.The Paleolithic era ended with the Mesolithic, in Western Europe, and in areas not affected by the Ice Age with the Epipaleolithic (such as Africa

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Mesolothic

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was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age.

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Neolithic

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"New" Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology beginning about 10,000 B.C. in the Middle East[2] that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic era follows the terminal Holocene Epipalaeolithic periods, beginning with the rise of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution"

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equalitarian societies

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There have been many instances of egalitarianism found in modern hunter-gatherer groups, in several parts of the world. Even when it is within an individual's favour, or has no obvious benefit, many returning hunters will share meat with the rest of the group. The more pronounced egalitarianism can be found in leadership. Many of these groups do not have a defined leader, only for contact with modern societies (they may have mastered another language for example). This is reflected in group discussions, where individuals with mastery in one subject such as hunting will be respected, but never obeyed (if the whole group decide to go another way). If one individual does attempt to take control, then they may be ridiculed, punished or ignored.

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Man the hunter vs. woman the gatherer

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Man hunter is less important but holds higher social status

Women gatherer more important to survival but less socially

Usually equalitarian little leadership

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semi-sedentary settlements

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started springing up due to farming. Semi-permanant

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sedentary

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is a term applied to the transition from nomadic to permanent, year-round settlement. It is difficult to settle down permanently - to become sedentary, in any landscape without on-site agricultural or cattle breeding resources, since it requires: 1) sufficient on-location natural resources year-round, or 2) enough natural resources easily reachable from a location year-round (a couple of hundred meters at the most). In addition both situations requires good preservation and storage technologies - for example cooking, smoking, drying and fermenting of foods, as well as good containers such as pottery, baskets or special pits in order to keep the food protected and available.

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Agriculture

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led to food production and sedentary settlements

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ethnocentrism

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tendency to look at the world within the bounds of ones own culture and their own tendencies might appear superior to other groups

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cultural relativism

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is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture. ethical stance is debatable

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ethnography

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is a genre of writing that uses fieldwork to provide a descriptive study of human societies.

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stereotype

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\is a generalized perception of first impressions: behaviors presumed by a group of people judging with the eyes/criticizing

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emic and etic

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emic - account is a description of behavior or a belief in terms meaningful (consciously or unconsciously) to the actor; that is, an emic account is culture-specific.

etic- account is a description of a behavior or belief by an observer, in terms that can be applied to other cultures; that is, an etic account is '"culturally neutral".

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culture

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generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance.

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acculturation

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is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.

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enculturation

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is the process whereby an individual learns the accepted norms and value emphases of an established culture through repetition, so that the individual can become an accepted member of the society and find his or her suitable role.

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worldview

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Additionally, it refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs through which an individual interprets the world and interacts with it.

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Anthropology

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anthropology has been distinguished from other social science disciplines by its emphasis on in-depth examination of context, cross-cultural comparisons (socio-cultural anthropology is by nature a comparative discipline), and the importance it places on long-term, experiential immersion in the area of research, often known as participant-observation. (research participation)

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Cultural Anthropology

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It is the branch of anthropology that has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept, studied cultural variation among humans, and examined the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities.

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Socio-cultural

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reference to both cultural and social anthropology traditions. (umbrella term)

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slang

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is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language.

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Black English Vernacular

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Controversially, non-linguists sometimes call it Ebonics , popular amongst young african american culture, similar to southern vernacular

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African American Vernacular English

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same thing as black english vernacular

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sapir-whorf hypothesis

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postulates a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it.

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non-verbal communication

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is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture; body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture; symbols and infographics.

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language

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is a dynamic set of visual, auditory, or tactile symbols of communication and the elements used to manipulate them.

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gender roles

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is defined as a set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females, in a given social group or system.

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division of labor

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is the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of labour.

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empire

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is a state that extends dominion over populations distinct culturally and ethnically from the culture/ethnicity at the center of power. Scholars still debate about what exactly constitutes an empire, and other definitions may emphasize economic or political factors.

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state

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A state usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the exercise of coercive violence for the people of the society in that territory,

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chiefdom

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is a type of complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief NOT A STATE

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Mesopotamia

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cradle of civilization (located in present dat iraq)

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monte alban tomb 7

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(monte alban)- large pre columbian site in mexico

tomb 7-Classic period Zapotec tomb that was opportunistically reused in Postclassic times for the burial of Mixtec elite individuals. Their burial was accompanied by some of the most spectacular burial offerings of any site in the Americas