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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a joint?
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site where two or more bones meet
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How are joints classified?
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- structure
- function |
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What is the structure of a joint?
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what holds the joints together
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What are the different joint structures?
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- fibrous
- cartilaginous - synovial |
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What is the function of a joint?
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how much freedom of movement is allowed
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What are the different types of joint functions?
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- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses - diarthroses |
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What are fibrous joints?
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bones joints by fibrous CT
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What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
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no joint cavity so very little movement at joints
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What type of sutures do fibrous joints have?
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synostose
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What are the characteristics of synostose fibrous joint sutures?
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- no movement
- seam only found between bones of skull - overlapping or interlocking of two bones - junction filled with very short CT fibers |
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What are the characteristics of syndesmose fibrous joint sutures?
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- very limited movement
- cord (ligament) or sheet (interosseous membrane) of fibrous CT |
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What are the characteristics of gomphose fibrous joint sutures?
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- peg-in-socket
- e.g. tooth in bony socket |
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What are cartilagenous joints?
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joints united by cartilage
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What are the characteristics of cartilagenous joints?
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have no joint cavity
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What type of sutures do cartilagenous joints have?
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- synchondroses
- symphysis |
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What are synchondroses?
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areas of growth between each of 1st seven ribs and sternum
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What are are symphysis?
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articular surface covered with hyaline caritlage linking plate of fibrocartilage
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What are the benefits of symphysis?
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offer strength with flexibility
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What types of joints are synovial joints?
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most joints
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What type of movement is offered by synovial joints?
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lots of movement
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What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
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- have articular cartilage
- joint cavity = synovial cavity - have synovial fluid - have reinforcing ligaments |
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What does the artilcular cartilage of synovial joints do?
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covers opposing bone surfaces, cushioning so that bone isn't crushed
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What is the role of synovial fluid?
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- fills joint cavity
- reduces friction |
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What are the role of reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints?
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- restrict movement of joint
- some have fatty pads for cushioning or articular discs to improve fit |
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What are bursae?
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bags of lubricant that reduce friction
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What is a bursa?
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sac lined with synovial membrane & containing thin film of synovial fluid
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Where are bursa found?
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where ligaments, muscles, ksin, or tendons overlie & rub against bone
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What is a tendon sheath?
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elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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What is a bunion?
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enlarged bursa at the base of a big toe
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What factors influence joint stability?
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- articular surfaces
- ligaments - muscle tone |
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How do articular surfaces contribute to joint stability?
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- through their shape
- deep ball & socket joints provide good stability |
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What do ligaments contribute to joint stability?
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- more ligaments = more strength
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What does muscle tone do to contribute to joint stability?
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- tendons of muscles crossing joints most important stabilizing factor
- muscle tone keeps tendons taut |
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What are the most common types of joint injuries?
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- spains
- cartilage injuries - dislocations |
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What happens to partially torn ligaments?
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repair themselves slowly due to poor vascularization
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What happens to completely torn ligaments?
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require surgery
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Where do cartilage injuries typically occur?
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knee
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What happens in cartilage injuries?
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- because cartilage has no blood supply, can't repair itself
- pieces break off interfering with joint function - requires arthroscopic surgery |
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What are disclocations?
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bones forced out of their normal positions at a joint
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What happens in dislocations?
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- need to be reduced
- repeat dislocations common |
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What are the classes of movements allowed by synovial joints?
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- angular
- rotations - special movements |
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What is determined by the shape of articulating surfaces?
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the types of movement permitted by these synovial joints
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What are the types of synovial joints?
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- plane joint
- hinge joint - pivot joint - condyloid joint - saddle joint - ball-and-socket joint |
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What are the characteristics of a plane joint?
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2 flat opposing surfaces gliding
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What are the characteristics of a hinge joint?
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- cylinder into trough
- flexion/extension movement |
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What are the characteristics of a pivot joint?
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- insertion into a ring or sleeve
- rotation |
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What are the characteristics of a condyloid joint?
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- "knuckle-like"
- both articulating surfaces oval - all planes of motion |
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What are the characteristics of a saddle joint?
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similar to condyloid but permit more freedom of movement
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What is an example of a plane joint?
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intercarpal joints
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What is an example of a hinge joint?
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elbow
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What is an example of a pivot joint?
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between atlas & dens of axis
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What is an example of a condyloid joint?
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radiocarpal joint
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What is an example of a saddle joint?
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thumb
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What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
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shoulder, hip
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What are the movement of the knee joint?
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- flexion
- extension - slight rotation |
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What are the three joints within the knee joint?
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- femoropatellar
- lateral tibiofemoral - medial tibiofemoral |
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What replaces the joint capsule in knee joints?
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three broad ligaments that are continuous with the quadriceps tendon
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What are the intracapular ligaments of the knee joint?
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- anterior cruciate
- posterior cruciate |
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What are the menisci of the knee joint?
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- medial menisci
- lateral menisci |
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What are the menisci of the knee joint attached to?
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fibrous capsule
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What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?
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- fibular collateral
- tibial collateral |
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What is a subcutaneous prepatellar bursa?
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water on the knee
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What type of joint in the elbow?
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hinge joint
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How is the elbow joint formed?
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largely through articulation of trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch on ulna
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How is the elbow stabilized?
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by collateral ligaments
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What does the annular ligament of the elbow allow?
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- rotation of radius during pronation and supination
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What type of joint is the shoudler joint?
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glenohumoral joint
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How is the glenoid cavity broadened?
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by glenoid labrum
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What is the glenoid labrum?
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fibrocartilagenous rim
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What type of joint is the hip?
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deep ball-and-socket
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What may cause arthritis of the hip joint?
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- damage to artery of the ligamentum teres
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What are the extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?
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- iliofemoral
- pubofemoral - ischiofemoral |
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How is the temporomandibular joint articulated?
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articulation of mandibular condyle with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone
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How is the temporomandibular joint stabilized?
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by lateral ligament
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What is the role of the articular discs in the temporomandibular joint?
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divides synovial cavity into superior and inferior parts
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