Animal Behavior Exam #2

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activational

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the effect of a hormone on a physiological system that has already developed. If the effect involves the brain, it can influence behaviour. An example is facilitation of sexual arousal and performance.

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actogram

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The graphical display of a time series (rhythm) along two time axes.

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adaptive

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a type of behavior that is used to adjust to another type of behavior or situation.

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Batesian Mimicry

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a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species

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alarm calling

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for warning conspecifics of approaching predators

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B. F Skinner

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invented the operant conditioning chamber to measure responses of organisms (most often, rats and pigeons) and their orderly interactions with the environment.

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amygdala

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Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions

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aposematic coloration

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warning colouration

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arrhythmic

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without rhythm

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associated breeders

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use external cues, gametes are only mature during mating season

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cryptic coloration

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Cryptic coloration is the most common form of camouflage

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cerebellum

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a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control

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challenge hypothesis

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predicts that plasma testosterone (T) concentration is high when male–male competitions are high and decreases when males are engaged in paternal care.

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Charles Darwin

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He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.

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Co-evolution

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the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object

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deceitful signal

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when one animal can exploit another in order to improve its fitness

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Daniel Lehrman

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Ring doves and testicular hormones/behaviors --> bow coo and nest coo

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convergent evolution

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the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.

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corticosterone

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learning in rats

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cortisol

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learning in humans

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dilution effect

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organisms live and feed in large groups, giving each organism a smaller chance of being eaten by a predator

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dissociated breeders

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rely on internal clocks as opposed to external cues to know when to breed

garter snakes

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divergent evolution

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accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species

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hippocampus

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consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation

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endogenous factors

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Brown squirrels once they are blinded shift their times of hibernation a little, but still had the rhythms

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entrained

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rhythmic physiological or behavioral events match their period and phase to that of an environmental oscillation.

ie Circadian rhythms

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estrogen

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Estrogen is important in facilitating territorial behavior

-FAD blocks estrogen production

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exogenous

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attention being drawn without conscious intention

or an action or object coming from the outside of a system.

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frequency- dependent selection

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the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population

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free-running cycle

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cycles that lasted the same length, but were not timed to anything so would happen sporadically

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Occam’s Razor

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law of parsimony

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opportunistic breeders

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do not rely much on photoperiodic cues but instead depend on short-term factors that signal local environmental conditions such as rainfall, food abundance, temperature, etc (climate is unpredictable)

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Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

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devised an experiment showing the existence of a circadian rhythm in plants, presumably originating from an endogenous clock

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John Krebs

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he use of optimality models to predict foraging behaviour

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kin selection

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strategies in evolution that favor the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to their own survival and/or reproduction.

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Konrad Lorenz

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imprinting, geese

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organizational

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relatively permanent effects of hormones on structure and function of the body. Often there is a critical period

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Pleiotropy

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when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits

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molecular clock

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rates of molecular change to deduce the time in geologic history when two species or other taxa diverged

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Müllerian mimicry

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two or more harmful species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals

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ritualization

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the evolutionary process whereby a signal behavior is established or improved in such a way that it becomes a more effective or efficient

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runaway selection

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Some traits—such as prominent plumage, elaborate courtship behaviours, or extreme body ornamentation—are so strongly preferred by females of certain species that they will mate only with those males possessing the strongest expression of the trait

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sensory exploitation

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if females hear some sounds (for example, those of predators) or see some colors (for example, those of foods) better than others, then these sensory biases may “incidentally” affect their choice of mates.

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Signal attenuation

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the disruption of signals

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Social cohesion hypothesis

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ndividuals who engage in more (affiliative) interactions are less likely to disperse.

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spectogram

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used to identify phonetic sounds, to analyse the cries of animals

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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tiny region on the brain's midline, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms.

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wild-type

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the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature

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Progesterone

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makes the organism more sensitive to hormones in brain cells

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aromatase

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the enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen

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garter snakes

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wake up from hibernation ready to mate, mate over food (dissociated reproductive pattern)

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comparative method

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testing a hypothesis by looking at other species

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Kettlewell

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moths on tree branch, most obvious to humans most likely to be eaten by predator

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alarm signal hypothesis

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warning conspecidics that a predator is near, increase survival of offspring

(stotting)

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social cohesion hypothesis

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form groups and flee together

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confusion effect hypothesis

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confuse and distract a predator

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by-product hypothesis

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selection for some other, truly adaptive sttribute is thought to have as its by-product the development of something else (enlarged clit in hyenas)

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androgens

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produced by more dominant females

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male whitling moths

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use ultrasound to communicate with each other

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animals who have honest signals

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baby birds --> hungry
European toads --> size for fighting

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novel environment theory

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the maladaptive response of the receiver is caused by a proximate mechanism that once was adaptive but is no onger

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synchronized hatch

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mayflies

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aggression -
reproduction -
social recognition -
learning -

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tesosterone
steroids
peptides
cortisol

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allomone

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different species

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challenge hypothesis

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testosterone is elevated under challenging conditions

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oxytocin

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very importnat for social recognition in mice

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Proximate cause of rhythms

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endogenous vs. exogenous

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Ultimate causes of rhythms

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environment
preparing for activities
doing things at the right time

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organizational effects in sex differences

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in brain structure

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activational effects in sex differences

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in behavior