Anatomy/physiology Hole 8Th Edition:ch. 20 Pregnancy, Growth, And Development

Front 1

PREGNANCY, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT

Define "Growth"

Define "development"

Define pregnancy

Back 1

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE.

Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another.

Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.

Front 2

Preg2

A male deposits ____ in the vagina during sex.

How to sperm cells move within the female reproductive tract?

Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally take place?

Back 2

semen.

Sperm cell lashes its tail to move. It is aided by muscular CONTRACTIONS in the female reproductive tract.

Uterine tube.

Front 3

Preg3

During fertilization, an ____ helps a sperm cell penetrate the ____ ______.

When a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell membrane, changes in the _____ and ____ _____ prevent entry of _____ _____ _____

Fusion of the _____ of a sperm cell and an ____ _____ completes fertilization.

The product of fertilization is a _____ with ____ chromosomes.

Back 3

enzyme, zona pellucida

membrane, zona pellucida, additional sperm cells

nuclei, egg cell

zygote, 46

Front 4

Preg4

Briefly describe fertilization

Back 4

1)penetration of zona pellucida of egg cell by sperm cell (enzyme helps)
2)changes in egg cell membrane to prevent entry of additional sperm cells
3)fusion of the nuclei of a sperm cell and egg cell ->zygote

Front 5

Preg5

Describe the process of cleavage

What else happens during cleavage.

Once it reaches the uterine cavity, what happens?

Back 5

Starting from the zygote, the cells undergo MITOSIS, giving rise to SMALLER and smaller cells.

The developing offspring MOVES down the uterine tube to the uterus (about 3 day trip)

In the cavity, the developing offspring remains free, but eventually IMPLANTS in the endometrium (at this point it is called a blastocyst)

Front 6

Preg6

define embryo

Define fetus.

Back 6

The term given to the developing offspring from the embryonic stage up to the end of 8 weeks (when the basic structural form of the human body is recognizable).

Fetus is the term given after embryo, up until birth.

Front 7

Preg7

Describe the formation of the placenta.

What are its functions?

Back 7

Eventually, cells surrounding the embryo, with cells of the endometrium, form a complex vascular structure called the PLACENTA. (therefore, EMBRYONIC and MATERNAL cells form the placenta)



The placenta 1)exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes between maternal blood and the embryo's blood. 2)secretes hormones.

Front 8

Preg8

Which hormone produced during pregnancy maintains the corpus luteum. Where is that hormone produced?

Back 8

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the embryonic cells.

Front 9

Preg9

Name the hormones produced by the placenta, and their function.

What other hormonal changes happen in pregnancy?

Back 9

1)estrogens and progesterone - maitain the uterine wall, and inhibit FSH and LH secretion
2)progesterone and relaxin inhibit uterine contractions
3)estrogens cause enlargement of the vagina
4)relaxin helps relax the ligaments of the pelvic joints
5)placental lactogen stimulates development of maternal breasts and mammary glands

1)increased aldsterone - retention of sodium and body fluid.
2)increase PTH - high concentraiton of maternal blood calcium.

Front 10

Preg10

The embryonic stage extends from the beginning of the _____ week through the ____ week of development.

During the embryonic stage, the ____ and the main internal and _____ body structures develop.

Back 10

second, eighth

placenta, external

Front 11

Preg14

Name the primary germ layers

How do they form?

Back 11

endoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

THey form from the inner cell mass (the group of cells in the blastocyst stage, near time of implantation, that go to form the offspring)

Front 12

Preg15

List the major body parts derived from the primary germ layers.

Back 12

1)ectodermal cells - nervous system, special sensory organs, epidermis, hair,nails, glands of skin, linings of mouth/anal canal

2)mesodermal cells - muscl, bone, bone marrow, blood, blood and lymphatic vessels, connective tissues, internal reproductive organs, kidnesy, epithelial linings of the body cavities

3)endodermal cells - intestines, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra

Front 13

Preg16

What is the placental membrane made of.

What structures does it separate?

What happens across the placental membrane?

Back 13

Placental membrane = the epithelium of the chorionic villi and epithelium of the capillaries inside the villi.

It separates embryonic blood in the capillaries of a villus from the maternal blood in lacunae.

Across this membrane, oxygen and nutrients diffuse FROM MATERNAL blood into fetal blood. Carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse in FROM FETAL blood into maternal blood.

Front 14

Preg17

Distinguish between the chorion and amnion.

Back 14

During the blastocyst stage (pre-embryo), cells from the outer blastocyst form a layer of cells called the trophoblast. Another layer of cells develops and lines the trophoblast, called the CHORION. The trophoblast later helps form the placenta.

While the placenta forms, around the second week, another membrane called the AMNION envelops the tissues attached to the underside of the embryo. Between the amnion and the embryo, AMNIOTIC FLUID develops.

Front 15

Preg13

Embryonic stage (continued)

The _____ extends from the yolk sac into the connecting stalk. The connecting stalk attaches the _____ disc to the developing _____. The allantois gives rise to the umbilical ____ and _____

By the beginning of the eighth week, the embryo is recognizable as ____

Back 15

allantois, embryonic, placenta, arteries, veins

human

Front 16

Preg11

Embryonic stage (continued)

During the embryonic stage, the cells of the ____ ___ mass organize into _____ ____ ____.

The ____ ____ becomes cylindrical, and attaches to the developing _____

Back 16

inner cell, primary germ layers

embryonic disc, placenta

Front 17

Preg12

Embryonic stage (continued)

a fluid-filled ____ develops around the embryo

The _____ ______ forms as the amnion envelops the tissues attached to the ______ of the embryo.

The ____ sac forms on the _____ of the embryonic disc.

Back 17

amnion

umbilical cord, underside

yolk, underside