Anatomyclass_Abdomen1

Front 1

1. What is the main blood supply to the internal organs?

Back 1

Abdominal Aorta

Front 2

2. What separates the pelvis from the perineum?

Back 2

Pelvic Diaphragm

Front 3

3. What separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity?

Back 3

thoracic diaphragm

Front 4

4. What separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity?

Back 4

no physical separation between the 2 cavities

Front 5

5. Where is the transpyloric plane?

Back 5

crosses tips of the 9th costal cartilages anteriorly and the lower 1st lumber vertebra posteriorly

Front 6

6. What organs are found at the level of the transpyloric plane?

Back 6

1. pylorus of stomach 2. superior part of the duodenum 3. duedenojejunal flexture 4. Fundus of the gall bladder

Front 7

7. What innervates all of the superficial abdominal muscles?

Back 7

6 lower intercostals nerves and L1

Front 8

8. What is the linea alba?

Back 8

Joining of the aponeurosis of the right and left external abdominal oblique muscles

Front 9

9. What is the lowest portion of the aponeurosis 腱膜 called?

Back 9

inguinal ligament (false ligament)

Front 10

inguinal canal 有兩個開口
內部的開口: Deep inguinal ring, 是由 ________ 構成的
外部的開口: Superficial inguinal ring, 是由 ________ 構成的

Back 10

Deep inguinal ring: transversalis fascia
Superficial inguinal ring:external oblique abdominal aponeurosis

Front 11

11. What is the cremaster muscle(提睪肌)
a continuation of?

Back 11

Continuation of internal abdominal oblique muscle into the spermatic cord(精囊腺)

Front 12

12. What innervates the cremaster muscle(提睪肌)?

Back 12

Genital branch of genitofemoral n.

Front 13

13. What are the afferent innervations of the cremasteric reflex?

Back 13

Afferent- Femoral branch of the genitorfemoral nerve and/or ilioinguinal N.

Front 14

14. What are the efferent innervations of the cremasteric reflex?

Back 14

Efferent- genital branch of the genitofemoral N.

Front 15

15. What is a prolapse of the uterus?

Back 15

round ligament of uterus stretches out & uterus drops (after multiple pregnancies)

Front 16

16. What does the extension of the internal abdominal oblique muscle look like in females?

Back 16

Thin fibers reach the round ligament of the uterus

Front 17

17. What happens to the rectus sheath below the umbilicus (beneath the arcuate line)?

Back 17

All aponeurosis are anterior to the rectus abdominis (only posterior are transverse fascia and peritononeum)

Front 18

18. What is the origin of the epigastric vessels?

Back 18

Internal thoracic artery (internal mammory artery)

Front 19

What are the contents of the rectus sheath?

Back 19

1. Rectus abdominis muscle
2. Inf/Sup epigastric vessels
3. 5 lower intercostals N. (including Subcostal N.)

Front 20

20. Whats not contained in the rectus sheath?

Back 20

1. Illiohypogastric n.
2. Illioinguinal n.

Front 21

21. What are the medial umbilical folds 內側臍褶 remnants of?

Back 21

Umbilical arteries
brought deoxygenated blood from fetus to mother

Front 22

22. What becomes the round/teres ligament of the liver?

Back 22

Umbilical vein
brought oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

Front 23

What is the median umbilical fold (also called the median umbilical ligament or the urachal cord) a remnant of?

Back 23

Urachus- embryonic urinary tract

Front 24

24. What two muscle aponeurosis join to make the conjoint tendon 聯合肌腱?
又稱作 inguinal falx 腹股溝鐮

Back 24

transverse abdominis &
internal abdominal oblique muscle

Front 25

1. Because linea alba is avascular, is often cut in surgery and doesn’t heal well. 2. After surgery, hernia can occur along scar because of weakening to area 3. Can occur at sight of any incision
稱作: _____

Back 25

incisional hernia 切口疝氣

Front 26

26. When does an umbilical hernia usually occur?

Back 26

during pregnancy (sometimes congenital)

Front 27

27. What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a femoral hernia?

Back 27

Inguinal is above inguinal lig. While femoral is below inguinal lig

Front 28

28. Where is the deep inguinal ring located?

Back 28

Fascia transversalis

Front 29

29. Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?

Back 29

Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscles

Front 30

30. What are the contents of the inguinal canal in female ?

Back 30

Female- round ligament of uterus, lymphatics

Front 31

31. What are the contents of the inguinal canal in Male?

Back 31

Male- spermatic cord (contains vas deferens, testicular vein and artery, illioinguinal N. genitofemoral N. lymphatics, cremaster N.

Front 32

32. Where do the left and right testicular veins drain?

Back 32

1. Left- left renal vein 2. Right- Inf. Vena Cava

Front 33

33. When do the testis begin and end moving out of the abdominal cavity?

Back 33

Begins at 7 weeks (of fetus life) and ends by 7th month

Front 34

Testes fails to descend (typically results in infertility)
稱作_____

Back 34

隱睪症(Cryptorchidism)

Front 35

35. What are the 1-3 characteristics of a direct inguinal hernia?

Back 35

1. Medial to epigastric vessels
2. Parallels spermatic cord
3. Low risk of strangulation

Front 36

36. What are the 4-6 characteristics of a direct inguinal hernia?

Back 36

4. Almost always acquired
5. Typically middle aged man
6. Smaller in size

Front 37

37. What are the 1-3 characteristics of an indirect inguinal hernia?

Back 37

1. Lateral to epigastric vessel
2. Passes through deep inguinal ring
3. Pushes into spermatic cord

Front 38

38. What are the 4-7 characteristics of an indirect inguinal hernia?

Back 38

4. High risk of strangulation
5. Can be congenital
6. In younger people
7. Bigger in size

Front 39

41. What are the roots of the greater splanchnic nerve?

Back 39

T5-T9 (referred pain in epigastric region)

Front 40

42. What are the roots of the lesser splanchnic nerve?

Back 40

T10-T11 (referred pain in umbilical region)

Front 41

43. What are the roots of the least splanchnic nerve?

Back 41

T12-L2

Front 42

連接壁層腹膜和臟層腹膜的構造就是________

Back 42

腸繫膜(Mesentery)，在腹側為ventral mesentery，在背側為dorsal mesentery。

Front 43

________：是 greater omentum (大網膜) 和gastrosplenic lig. (胃脾韌帶) 的附著點。
greater omentum 上有gastromentum artery (胃網膜動脈)，負責供應greater curvature。

Back 43

greater curvature (胃大彎)

Front 44

59. When does fluid accumulate in the rectouterine pouch?

Back 44

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or ovulation

Front 45

60. What does excess fluid in the right hepatorenal pouch of Morrison cause?

Back 45

e.g. after surgery, If patient is laying down, the excess fluid can stimulate the diaphragm causing coughing

Front 46

61. List the parts of the foregut:
(1)起自腹腔食道，終止於十二指腸下行部中點。
(2)由Celiac trunk（腹腔動脈幹）供應

Back 46

食道腹段(abdominal esophagus)
胃(stomach)
十二指腸(duodenum)的上段
肝(liver)
膽囊(gallbladder)
胰臟(pancreas)

Front 47

62. List the parts of the midgut:
(1)連接前腸，之後會發育成十二指腸(duodenum)的下段，一直到橫結腸(transverse colon)
近端2/3 和遠端1/3 交接處。
(2)由Sup. Mesenteric a.（上腸繫膜動脈）供應。

Back 47

十二指腸(duodenum)的下段
空腸(jejunum)
迴腸(ileum)
盲腸(cecum)
昇結腸(ascending colon)
橫結腸(transverse colon)的近側2/3

Front 48

63. List the parts of the hindgut:
(1)起自左結腸曲，發育成橫結腸(transverse colon)遠側1/3，終止於肛管(anal canal)中點。
(2)由Inf. Mesenteric a.（下腸繫膜動脈）供應。腹主動脈在L3 發出下腸繫膜動脈。

Back 48

橫結腸(transverse colon)的遠側1/3
降結腸(descending colon)
乙狀結腸(sigmoid colon)
直腸(rectum)
肛管(anal canal)

Front 49

64. List the blood supply of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut:

Back 49

Foregut: Celiac Truck
Midgut: Superior Mesenteric A
Hindgut; Inferior mesenteric A

Front 50

65. What is the parasympathetic innervations of the gut?

Back 50

1. Esophagus up to 2/3 right of transverse colon Vagus N.
橫結腸(transverse colon)之前: vagus nerve
2. 1/3 left of transverse colon to anal canal- Splanchnic N( S2-S4)
降結腸(descending colon)以下: Splanchnic N( S2-S4)

Front 51

66. What is the sympathetic innervations of the lower esophagus to the anus?

Back 51

Spinal segments of T5-T12

Front 52

67. Where does the esophagus begin and end?

Back 52

1. Begins C6 ends T10-T12
2. Lies on vertebral column
3. 25-30cm long

Front 53

食道最後經過橫膈，在沒有食物經過的時候，食道是彎曲的，有食物通過的時候才會往
外擴張，經過橫膈上會有一肌肉束將它束住，形成_________，約在T10 的水平位上。

Back 53

Esophageal hiatus（食道裂口）
1. May act as sphincter 2. 40cm from incisor teeth 3. Accompanied by 2 vagus n.

Front 54

69. What are the 3 narrowing’s of the esophagus?

Back 54

1. Upper sphincter =頸狹窄(Cervical constriction
2. Aortic narrowing
3. Diaphragmatic narrowing 橫膈狹窄

Front 55

70. What is the innervation of the esophagus?

Back 55

Sympathetic & parasympathetic Vagus N

Front 56

71. What is the blood supply of esophagus?

Back 56

1. Upper- Inf. Thyroid A.
2. Middle- Thoracic Aorta & bronchial A.
3. Lower- left gastric A and Inf Phrenic A.

Front 57

72. What is the venous drainage of the esophagus?

Back 57

1. Inf Thyroid vein
2. Azygos vein
3. Hemiazygos vein
4. (Left)Gastric vein

Front 58

73. Where do the gastric veins drain into?

Back 58

Into Portal vein 門靜脈
(portal-caval anastomosis)

Front 59

91. What stimulates the secretion of gastric juices?

Back 59

1. Nervous secretion (Vagus N.): taste, smell, sight 2. Gastric/digestive phase secretion: food ingestion

Front 60

93. What is the blood supply of the stomach?

Back 60

1. Left gastric A. (from celiac A.(腹腔動脈幹))
2. Right gastric A. (from common hepatic A.)
3. Short gastric A. (from splenic A.)
4. Left gastroepiploic A. (from splenic A.)
5. Right gastroepiploic A. (from gastroduodenal A.)

Front 61

94. What is the venous drhttp://www.flashcardexchange.com/editcard?rec=%20yui-rec78&id=52367212#tab2ainage of the stomach?

Back 61

1. Portal Vein
2. Splenic vein
3. Right gastroepiploic vien

Front 62

96. What is the parasympathetic innervations of the stomach?

Back 62

Anterior/ posterior vagus trunks – stimulates glandular secretion & peristalsis

Front 63

97. What is the sympathetic innervations of the stomach?

Back 63

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers from synapse of splanchnic N. in celiac ganglion – inhibits peristalsis & gastric secretion, cause pyloric secretion, convey pain

Front 64

食道和胃真正的交接處，以上是食道黏膜(Esophageal mucosa)，以下是胃黏膜
(Gastric mucosa)，可以當作插鼻胃管的界線，約在T11 椎骨高度。

Back 64

Z-line（Esophagogastric junction）

Front 65

正常情況下，Z-line 在橫膈下方，所以胃酸不會到食道。但是當食道往上擠，Z-line
到了橫膈上方，在橫膈上方就會有胃酸產生。在平躺的時候，沒有橫膈限制住胃酸，
胃酸就會往食道侵犯，而灼傷食道，形成所謂的胃食道逆流，損傷食道壁。稱作 ________

Back 65

Hiatal hernia（裂口疝氣）

Front 66

胃的分區:
食道和胃交接: ______：
胃和十二指腸交接的區域: pyloric(幽門)

Back 66

1. cardia (賁門)
2. pyloric(幽門)：，由二個部分組成。
pyloric antrum（幽門竇）和pyloric canal（幽門管）

Front 67

108. What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Back 67

Duodenum(十二指腸)、Jejunum(空腸)、Ileum(迴腸)。

Front 68

duodenum 的 _____part:
1. Most common place for ulcer (duodenal cap 或稱作 ampulla(壺腹))
2. 還在小網膜的位置(和肝之間有腹膜相連結
─hepatoduodenal lig.)。
3. 屬腹膜內臟器。

Back 68

1st part (superior)

Front 69

duodenum 的 ___ part:
1. Opening for common bile duct
2. Major duodenal papilla (main pancreatic duct)
3. Minor duodenal papilla
4. 屬腹膜後(retroperitoneal)臟器。

Back 69

2nd part (descending)

Front 70

duodenum 的 ___ part:
1. Sup. Mesenteric a./v. 從主動脈分出後直接跨在此段上。
2. 屬腹膜後(retroperitoneal)臟器。

Back 70

3rd part- horizontal

Front 71

duodenum 的 ___ part
1. 往上升後會轉一個彎，稱為 duodenojejunal flexure(十二指腸-空腸彎曲)，為 duodenum 與 jejunum 交接處。
2. 屬腹膜後(retroperitoneal)臟器。

Back 71

4th part (ascending)

Front 72

124. List the characteristics of the ileum:

Back 72

Ileum: 1. Right lower quadrant 2. Less vascular 3. Pale pink 4. Thin wall 5. Short vasa recta 6. More acrades 7. More fat 8. No window in mesentery 9. Many peyers patches 10. Few/low circular folds

Front 73

_______
1.為肌肉結構。
2.存在於後腹壁，是 duodenojejunal flexure(十二指腸-空腸彎曲)的成因。
3.將十二指腸接到空腸的部分往上提之後會形成一個C字型的結構。
4.此肌肉來源有三種，骨骼肌來自橫膈，平滑肌來自十二指腸的腸管和空腸(jejunum)肌組織。
5.由於為骨骼肌與平滑肌所構成，此懸韌帶可收縮，收縮後管腔會擴大，方便此處的食糜往下走(腸道上提)，因為這裡的腸道不會蠕動。

Back 73

Suspensory lig. of duodenum = Lig. of Treitz
十二指腸懸韌帶

Front 74

右 ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine. 與肚臍連線外三分之一處，在臨床上，此部位稱為McBurney’s point。

Back 74

闌尾(Vermiform appendix )

Front 75

升結腸與橫結腸的前2/3 的 blood supply : Sup. mesenteric a. 分支:
1. 中結腸動脈(middle colic a.)
2. 右結腸動脈(right colic a.)
3. ______________

Back 75

迴腸結腸動脈(Ileocolic a.) 、

Front 76

橫結腸的後1/3 到上直腸的 blood supply: 下腸繫膜動脈(Inf.
mesenteric a.)的分支:
1. 左結腸動脈(Lt’ colic a.)
2. _________
3. 上直腸動脈(Sup. rectal a.)

Back 76

乙狀結腸動脈(Sigmoid a.)

Front 77

大腸的3個特徵:
1. Tenia coli
2. Haustra
3. Omental appendix 腸脂垂
What are absent from the rectum?

Back 77

Haustra and teniae

Front 78

138. What is the innervations of the anal canal below the pectinate line?

Back 78

pudendal N. (sensitive to pain)

Front 79

Rectum 直腸的 blood supply
1. superior rectal a. ← Inferior mesenteric a.
2. middle rectal a. ← _________
3. inferior rectal a. ← internal pudendal a.

Back 79

internal iliac a.

Front 80

pancreas 的 blood supply
Gastroduodenal a.→ant. & post. Sup.pancreatico-duodenal a.
Superior mesenteric a.→ant. & post. Inf. pancreatico-duodenal a.
Splenic a.→ ___________ / dorsal pancreatic a.

Back 80

greater pancreatic a.

Front 81

What is the remnant of ductus venosos (shunted blood from umbilical vein to IVC in order to bypass portal vein)?

Back 81

ligamentum venosum

Front 82

肝門(porta hepatis)位於肝的下方，會有三條管子經過，稱為肝門三合體(portal triad)，這三條管子分別是

Back 82

1. 肝管(hepatic duct)
2. 肝動脈(hepatic a.)、
3. 肝門靜脈(portal v.)
( hepatic duct + cystic duct = bile duct )

Front 83

What are the ureters crossed by?

Back 83

1. Male- vas deferens
2. Female- Uterine A. & vein

Front 84

Ureter 的動脈供應(由上而下排列)
(1) branch of renal a.)。←最主要
(2) branch of ___________
(3) branch of abdominal aorta
(4) branch of common iliac a.

Back 84

Ovarian artery / testicular artery