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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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superior |
toward the head
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inferior
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toward the feet
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medial
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toward the mid-line of the body
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lateral
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away from the mid-line of the body
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proximal
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part of the LIMB closest to the trunk
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distal
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part of the LIMB farthest from the trunk
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sagittal plane
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left and right halves
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frontal/coronal plane
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front and back halves
(frontal and posterior) |
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transverse/horizontal plane
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top and bottom halves
(superior and inferior) |
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functions of cell
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-obtain nutrients from surrounding body fluids
-use nutrients to make the molecules it needs to survive -dispose of its wastes -maintain shape and integrity -replicate itself |
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what are cell functions carried out by?
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organelles
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3 main parts of human cell
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-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm -nucleus |
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plasma membrane
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outer boundry of cell
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cytoplasm
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-bulk of cell
-contains most cellular organelles -surrounds nucleus |
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nucleus
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controls cellular activities
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ribosomes
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produce protein
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endoplasmic reticulum
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part of production
-rough ER produces proteins -smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium |
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golgi apparatus
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packages and ships proteins
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lysosomes
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break down used protein and cellular debris
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mitochondria
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make energy
produce ATP |
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functions of plasma membrane
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-protection
-receptors to specific molecules -control of what enters and leaves the cell |
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endocytosis
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how large particles and macromolecules enter cells
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phagocytosis
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cell eating
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pinocytosis
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cell drinking
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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entry via receptors
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4 types of tissue
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-epithelium
-muscle tissue -nervous tissue -connective tissue |
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epithelium
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-a sheet of cells that line body cavities
-sit on basal lamina to help adhere cells to underlying tissue -have ability to regenerate: undergo mitosis |
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endothelium
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inner tube in blood vessels
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functions of epithelium
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-protection
-absorption or diffusion -all glands in the body are derived from epithelium |
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cells in epithelia are connected via ______?
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gap junctions |
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gap junctions
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little places where cells adhere to each other so they can communicate
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tight junction
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prevent passage of material between cells
(skin doesn't leak, urinary bladder doesn't leak) |
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basal lamina
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"basement" tissue
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simple epithelium
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single layer of cells
usually involved in absorption lines air sacs of lungs and allows for diffusion of O2 and CO2 lines blood vessels |
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stratified epithelium
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multiple layers of cells
usually involved in barriers lines oral cavity and portion of the pharynx and esophagus |
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squamous epithelium cells
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flat
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cubodial epithelium cells
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cube-like
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columnar epithelium cells
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tall and skinny
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integumentary system
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skin
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functions of skin
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protection
temperature regulation hydroregulation major sensory organ skin holds 5% of blood in the body stem cells |
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2 layers of skin
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epidermis
dermis |
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epidermis
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-stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized
-5 sub-layers -replaces itself every 26-42 days |
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5 sub-layers of epidermis
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1) stratum corneum
2) stratum lucidum* 3) stratum granulosum* 4) stratum spinosum* 5) stratum basale *only need to recognize name |
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stratum corneum
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keratinized superficial layer
dead cells |
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stratum basale
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germinative layer
mitotically active layer stem cell layer |
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2 major cell types of stratum basale
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1) keratinocytes
2) melanocytes merkel cells (sensory) |
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keratinocytes
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proliferating cells
continually dividing stem and nerve cells |
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melanocytes
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produce melanin
determine color of skin form umbrella over basal layer insulate themselves among the keratinocytes |
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cell types in epidermis
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keratinocytes*
melanocytes* merkel cells-sensory* dendritic or langerhaus *part of basale layer |
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dermis
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connective tissue
contains all cell and fiber types blood vessels and nerves travel through dermis to reach epidermis holds 5% of total blood volume |
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what grows into the dermis?
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roots of hair
sebaceous glands sweat glands |
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2 layers of dermis
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1) papillary layer
2) reticular layer |
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papillary layer of dermis
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superficial layer
25% thickness |
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reticular layer of dermis
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deep layer
75% thickness collagen fibers are aligned parallel to the stresses put on the specific area of the skin |
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langer lines
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lines of force
tension lines determined by the orientation and density of collagen fibers in the dense, RETICULAR LAYER of the DERMIS want to make incisions PARALLEL to the langer lines to prevent gaping of the wounds |
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all skin appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands, etc) are derived from where?
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basal layer of the epidermis
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first-degree burn
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-only epidermis is damaged
-redness, swelling, pain -typical inflammatory reaction to tissue damage |
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second-degree burn
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-epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
-redness, swelling, pain, and BLISTERS |
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third-degree burn
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-FULL THICKNESS BURNS
-burned area is white, red, or blackened -skin from somewhere else must be grafted onto burned area |
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dandruff
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excessive exfoliation of epidermis
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albinism
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absence of melanocytes
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cephalic
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head
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frontal
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forehead
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temporal
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temples
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buccal
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cheeks
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occipital
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back/bottom of head
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nasal
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nose
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oral
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mouth
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orbital
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eye
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parietal
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top of head
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brachial
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arm
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antebrachial
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forearm
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manus
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hand
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pollex
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thumb
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femoral
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thigh
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coxal
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hip
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carpal
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wrist
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bone
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is rigid
is alive blood and calcium are exchanged in osteoclasts bone is continuously remodeling |
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cartilage
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swiss cheese
extracellular matrix is NOT calcified invested with perichondium |
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chondrocytes
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cells of cartilage
reside in lacunae |
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lacunae
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little holes in extracellular matrix
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perichondrium
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highly vascularized, it is innervated
cells inside can produce chondroblasts (new cartilage) does NOT cover articular cartilage of joint surfaces |
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do blood vessels run through cartilage?
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no
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3 general types of cartilage
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hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage fibrocartilage |
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hyaline cartilage
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articular cartilage of joints
costal cartilage embryonic/fetal skeleton |
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elastic cartilage
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matrix contains elastic fibers and collagen fibrils
more elastic than hyaline cartilage epiglottis (in larynx) is made up of elastic cartilage |
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fibrocartilage
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resists strong compression and strong tension (pulling) forces
contains thick collagen fibers surrounding chondrocytes |
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appositional growth
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growth from outside
growth of cartilage |
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interstitial growth
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growth from within
growth of cartilage |
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is calcified cartilage bone?
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no, bone and cartilage are always distinct tissues
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bone
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not uniform (has marrow cavities)
extracellular matrix is rigid invested in periosteum calcified |
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bone structure
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dense, outer shell of compact bone
outer shell encloses network of spongy bone bones are "hollow" |
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trabecular bone
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spongy bone
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hollow part of bone is...
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marrow cavity
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red marrow
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blood forming
early age |
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yellow marrow
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fatty tissue
older age |
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periosteum
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dense connective tissue sheet
invests bone very vascular essential for healing and remodeling of bone innervated contains osteoblasts |
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diaphys
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shaft/long axis of bone
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epiphyses
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bone ends
covered with thin layer of articular cartilage |
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functions of bone
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support
movement protection mineral storage blood cell formation and energy storage energy metabolism |
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bone cells are willing to share nutrients with other bone cells via...
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junctions -- very efficient and orderly system
Haversion system (osteon) |
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Haversion system (Osteon)
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fundamental functional unit of compact bone
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trabecular bone is lined up to support what?
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pressures and stress
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osteoblasts
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produce bones
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osteoclasts
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break down bone
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osteocytes
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"maintain status quo"
help with balance |
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simple fracture
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bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin
healing time: 6-8 weeks |
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compound fracture
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broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
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reduction (in terms of fracture)
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the realignment of the broken bone ends
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closed reduction
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bone ends are coaxed back into position by the physician's hands
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open reduction
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bone ends are joined surgically with pins or wires
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simple fracture healing phases
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1) hematoma formation
2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3) bony callus formation 4) bone remodeling |
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hematoma formation
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hemorrhaging
blood vessels break in the periosteum and inside the bone blood clots to form a hematoma |
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fibrocartilaginous callus formation
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new blood vessels grow in the clot
proliferation of bone-forming cells invade clot and fill it with repair tissue called SOFT CALLUS soft callus becomes dense connective tissue (contains fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage) soft callus is now FIBROCARTILAGINOUS CALLUS |
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bony callus formation
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trabeculae of new bone begin to form in the new callus
callus is not called BONY CALLUS |
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bone remodeling
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bony callus is remodeled (over many months)
excess bony material is removed from exterior end of the shaft and from interior of the medullary cavity |
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rudiments of skeleton are present at how many weeks of gestation?
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8 weeks
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hyalin cartilage
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found on many joint surfaces
no nerves or blood cells |
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epiphysial lines or plates
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"remains" of the site where growth in length of long bones occur
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3 types of bone cells
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osteocytes
osteoblasts osteoclasts |
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osteocytes
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live in lacunae
maintain "status quo" homeostatis |
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osteoblasts
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make bone
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osteoclasts
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break down bone
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2 ways that skeleton grows/develops
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1) intramembranous ossification
2) endochondral ossification |
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intramembranous ossification
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bone develops on a pre-existing membrane
seen most commonly on skull cap seen also on clavicle result is flat bones that form calvaria |
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calvaria
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skull
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endochondral ossification
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bone REPLACES PRE-EXISTING CARTILAGE MODEL
seen in long bones (femur, tibia, humerus, etc) cartilage model is usually formed in hyalin cartilage |
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end result of skeleton growth
(always the same) |
compact bone enclosing a cavity containing spongy or trabecular bone
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fontanelles
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areas or membrane that still exist at birth between developing flat bones of the skull
allow skull to grow/expand rapidly for first two years of life close/ossify after less than two years |
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microcephaly
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premature closure of sutures
compromises normal brain and growth development |
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development process
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1) long bones of body develop as models formed by hyalin cartilage
2) primary ossification centers appear in long bones 3) cartilage component of the model will grow and contribute to increased length 4) cells at either end of the primary ossification center are involved in the breakdown of cartilage and its replacement by bone 5) at birth, a shaft that is bone, surrounded by periosteum 6) secondary ossification centers appear after birth, up to about 18 years 7) for many long bones, a second secondary center will appear at the other end of the bone 8) GROWTH PLATE is name for the cartilage between the ossification centers 9) closure of epiphysial plates will end growth in length of long bones 10) secondary ossification enters of bones appear at relatively specific times during growth of individual |
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two types of epithyses
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1) growth epithyses
2) traction epiphyses |
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growth epithyses
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where bone will grow in length
located at end of bone (head, condyles) |
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traction epiphyses
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sites for muscle attachment
(trochanters of femur and tiber tuberosity) not at ends of bone |
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what bones have ONLY a primary ossification center
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most carpal and tarsal bones
centers dont appear until AFTER birth |
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problems with bone development
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achondroplasia: compromise in normal cartilage and in growth plates
osteoperosis: one cell type takes over to a greater extent than the other |
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axial skeleton functions
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support
protection "levers" - movement calcium repository (location for storage) axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
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axial skeletion parts
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skull and mandible
vertebral column rib cage and sternum |
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skull
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29 pairs of bones
bones develop as they surround the soft tissues of head connected by sutures bones are complex because it forms around soft tissues of head |
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sutures
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jagged edges for extra "fit" together so no movement
joints at which little to no movement occurs sites where bones developing from several ossification centers meet |
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fontanelles
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areas of membrane between skull bones
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what are the last areas where bone is deposited in the growth of the skulls
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sutures and fontanelles
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movable joints
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synovial joints
temporomandibular joint middle ear ossicles |
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synovial joints
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between bones in the head
where movement occurs MOVABLE JOINT |
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temporomandibular joint
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allows for movement of the mandible
jaw joint free and easy movement TMJ joint "clicking" MOVABLE JOINT |
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middle ear ossicles
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malleus, incus, stapes
articulate by means of synovial joints that move MOVABLE JOINT |
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skull parts
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cranial
facial skeleton |
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cranial
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houses brain
calvaria- "skull cap" cranial base- "floor" of cranial cavity |
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bones that form calvaria
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frontal
parietal occipital temporal sphenoid |
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bones that form cranial base
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frontal
ethnoid sphenoid temporal occipital |
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cranial base parts
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foramina
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foramina
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holes in the cranial base
spinal cord passes through foramen magnum |
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facial skeleton
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associated with digestive and respiratory tracts
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facial skeleton parts
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paranasal sinuses- to lighten skull
all hollow cavities have connections with nasal cavity |
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vertebral column
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central axis of body
has curvations |
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vertebral column bones
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cervical
thoracic lumbar sacral |
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curvations
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develop over time
help column to withstand weight |
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primary curves
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convex to the posterior
thoracic sacral comes first |
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secondary curves
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convex to the anterior
cervical lumbar develop with the growth of the column after birth |
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intervertebral discs
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jelly-like discs between vertebral bones
facilitate movement shock absorbers make up 25% of column height |
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annulus fibrosis
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outer concentric rings of fibrocartilage
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nucleus pulposus
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semigelatinous center of discs
70% water |
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kyphosis curvature
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hump out on top on back
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lordosis curvature
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curve far in on bottom of back
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scoliosis curve
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sideways curve in middle/top of back
more common in females |
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5 regions of vertebrae
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cervical (7)
thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal (4) |
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body of vertebra
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disc-shaped
bears weight |
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vertebral arch
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arch between spinous process and transverse process
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