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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nucleus |
Contains chromosomes/chormatin and nucleolus |
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Chromosome/Chromatin |
Diapered thin strands of DNA |
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Histones |
DNA dispersed by chromatin |
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Nucleolus |
Composed of rRNA and proteins |
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Cell membrane |
Outer limit of the cell, controls what goes in and out of the cell Phospolipid bilayer Selectively permeable |
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Flagellum |
Hair like projections from cell surface tha aid in cell movement |
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Ribosomes |
Composed of rRNA and serves in protein synthesis |
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Mitochondria |
Membranous sacs with inner partitions; generates energy |
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Rough ER |
Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side. Synthesis proteins |
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Modifies proteins |
Add sugar to protwin glycoproteins |
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Smooth membrane |
No ribosomes. Helps in synthesis of lipids |
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Centrioles |
Used to produce cilia and flagella |
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Lysosomes |
Enzymes containing sacs. Digest worms out cell parts unwanted substances |
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Mitosis |
Diploid number of chromosomes divide once to form two cells |
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23 |
Number of pairs in a single chromosomes |
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Interphase |
Is a period of synthesis and growth. The newly formed cell growth, as organelles replictae to replace previous lost. |
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Prophase |
Longest of the 4phase Chromosomes condensed and getting shorter and thicker Centioles separates and move to the opposite poles of the cell Spindle from pole to pole to each chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disintegrates. Nucleolus disappear |
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1. Chromosomes condensed and getting shorter and thicker2. Centioles separates and move to the opposite poles of the cell3. Spindle from pole to pole to each chromosomes.4. Nuclear envelope disintegrates. Nucleolus disappear |
What happens in prophase |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibees at their centromere Chromosomes align on the equator |
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Anaphase |
Very rapid stage Centromeres separates and spindle shortens pulling chormatids to the pole |
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Telophase |
Chromosomes strengthens. Spindle fibers breakdown Nuclear envelope reforms and nucleolus reappears |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of cytoplasm to make to cells |
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Epithelial tissue |
Tissue that covers and lines body surface |
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Connective tissue |
Binds and supports body parts |
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Muscle tissue |
Enables movement of the body |
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Nervous |
Enables response to stimuli and coordinates body functions |
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Serous membrane |
Line body cavities thay do not open to the outside Reduce friction Inner lining of thorax and abdomen Secrete fluid |
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Mucous membranes |
Line tubes and organs that open to outside world Lining of the mouth, nose, throat etc Secret mucus |
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Cutaneous membranes |
Covers body Skin |
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Synovial membranes |
Composed entirely of connective tissue Lines joint |
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1. Clotting occurs (clotting and plasma protein) and scab is formed 2. Epithelial cells multiply and fill in over the granulation tissue 3. Restore epithelium thickens. Area matures and multiply |
Inflamation process |
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Clotting occurs (clotting and plasma protein) scab is formed |
Inflammatory chemicals are released from injury White blood cells seep into injured area |
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Epithelial cells multiply and fill in over the granulation tissue |
Granulation tissue restores the vascular supply |
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1. Hemostasis phase 2. Inflammatory phase 3. Proliferation phase 4. Maturation or remodeling ohase |
Tissue repair phases |
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Hemostasis phase |
Phase where cut blood vessels bleed into the wound |
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Inflammatory phase |
Blood clot forms and leukocytes clean wound |
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Proliferation phase |
Blood vessels regrow and granulaiton tissue forms |
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Maturation or remodeling phase |
Epithelium regenerates and connective tissue fibrosis occurs |
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Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
3 types of muscle tissue |
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Skeletal tissue |
Move the whole body Muscle attached to the bone Long and cylindrical Multiple peripheral Voluntary control |
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Cardiac muscle |
Heart contraction to proper blood through the body Heart Branched Usually single, central Intercalated discs Involuntary movement |
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Smooth muscle |
Compression of organs, ducts and tubes Wall of hollow organs, blood vessels, glands Spindle shape Single central Cell to cell attachment Involuntary movement |
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Dendrites |
Parts of neurons that receive signals from other cells |
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Cell body |
Parts of neurons that organizes qnd keeps the cell functional |
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Cell membrane |
Parts of neurons the protects the cell |
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Axon hillock |
Generates impulse in the neuron |
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Node of Ranvier |
Parts of neurons that allow diffusion of ions |
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Schwann cell |
Parts of neuron that produces the myelin sheath |
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Nucleus |
Parts of neurons that controls the entire neuron |
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Axon |
Parts of neuron that transfer signals to other cells and organs |
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Myelin sheath |
Parts of neurons the increases the speed of the signal |
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Axon terminal |
Parts of neurons that forms junctions with other cells |
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Mechanical Chemical Osmotic Specializer |
4 types of function cells |
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Mechanical |
Types of function cells that can be seen in muscle cells |
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Chemical |
Types of function cells that is involve in synthesis of protein |
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Osmotic |
Types of function cells involved in synthesis of protein |
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Osmotic |
Types of function cells that refers to the uptake of materials to the outside |
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Specializer |
Types of function cells that is dependent on its function |
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Microvili |
Found in lumen RBC and doesn't have nucleus |
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Cuboidal |
Square cell shape |
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Columnar |
Rectangular cell shapes |
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Spindle cells |
Cells from stomach, small intestine |
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Spider like cell |
Bone cell |
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Squamous cell |
Skin flat cells |
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Water Inorganic ions Orgamic molecules (carbon containing) |
Cells are composed of |
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Water 70% |
Most abundant molecule in cells |
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Sodium Magnesium Potassium Calcium Phosphate Chloride Bicarbonate |
Inorganic composition of cells |
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Oligosaccharide (sucrose and lactose) |
Few sugars joined together resulting to polymer called |
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Polysaccharides (glycogen and starch) |
If large number of sugars are involved resulting to polymers or macromolecules |
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Proteins |
Polymer of 20 different amino acids Transmitting info between cells And providing defense against infection |
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Proteins |
Has the ability to act as enzymes to catalyst Transport and storage of small molecules |
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Lipids |
Are fatty acids which consist of long hydrocarbon chains |
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Phospholipid |
Component of cell membrane consist of two fatty acids joined to polar head group |
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Glycolipids |
Consist of two hydrocarbon chains linked to polar headgroups that contains carbohydrates |
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Cholesterol |
Consist of 4 hydrocarbon rings rather than linear |
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Nucleic acid |
Building block of nucleotides DNA-RNA are the principal informational molecules of cell |
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
Stores genetic info Has a unique rolenas the generic material which in eukaryotic cells is located in the nucleus |
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RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
Participates in a number of cellar activities |
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mRNA |
Carries information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis |
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rRNA and tRNa |
Involved in protein synthesis |
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Adenine - Guanine Cytosine - Thymine (AT, GC) |
2 purines of DNA |
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A-U G-C |
RNA purines |
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) |
Energy currency of cells, capable of storing and providing energy |
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Nucleic acid |
Are only way a cell has to store information on ita own processes and transmit that info to its offspring |
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Genetic diseases |
Occurs when errors are introduced into the genes DNa carries |
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Acid |
Have pH value ranging from 1 to 7 |
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Base |
Have pH value ranging from 7-14 |
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Passive transport |
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane and does not require energy. Depends on thw permeability of the cell membrane |
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Filtration |
Movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure |
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Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion |
3 main kinds of passive transport |
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Diffusion |
The movement of molecules from region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
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Facilitated diffuaion |
Does not require ATP but does require cell membrane proteins which are called carrier proteins to carry the molecules across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Osmosis |
The movement of water across semi permeable membrane to a higher concentration of solutes |
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Active Transport |
Requires energy (ATP) to move from the area of lesser concentration to the area of greater concentration |
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Phagocytosis |
Moving cells engulf something Takes in larger substances |
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Pinocytosis |
Stationary cell engulf something Takes in fluids and solute |
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Hypertonic solution |
The water diffuses out of cell Causes the cell to shrivel or shrink up |
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Hypotonic solution |
The water diffuses into the cell to swell and possible explode |
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Isotonic solution |
Water diffuses into and out of the ce at the same rate |
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Respiratory System |
Series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide |
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Nose Mouth Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx |
Upper respiratory tract |
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Trachea Bronchi Lungs |
Lower respiratory tract |
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Respiration |
Refers to the interchange of gases between organism and the environment |
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Internal respiration |
Exchnage of gases between the tissue cells and the blood |
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External respiration |
The exchange of oxygen and co2 between the blood and the pulmonary alveoli |
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1. Air distributor 2. Gas exchanger 3. Filters, warms and humidifies air 4.influence speech 5. Allow for sense of smell |
Functions of Respiratory system |
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Nostrils Walls of nasal cavity Large number of capillaries |
Parts of nose |
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Nostrils |
Contain hairs which traps dirts and foreign particled from entering the body |
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Walls of nasal cavity |
Are lined with mucus which trap dirt and moistens the air |
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Large number of capillaries in the nose |
Near the surface of the nostrils warm the air as it enters the body |
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Nasal septum |
Walls dividing the left and right cavities of the nose |
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Hard palate |
Forma the floor of the nasal cavity |
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Nasolacrimal duct |
Carry tears from the eyes also ppen into the nasal cavity |
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Conchae |
Bony ridges of the nose Air is filtered, warmed, moistened and humidified |
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Superior Middle Inferior |
3 prominent conchae |
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Paranasal sinuses |
Air filled, mucus line and spaces in the skull that communicate with nasal cavity, provide speech resonance |
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Maxillary Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid |
Paranasal sinuses |
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Pharynx |
Receives air from the nasal cavity and transmit it to the larynx |
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Pharynx |
(throat) Receives food and water from mouth and transmit it to the esophagus |
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Nasopharynx |
Behind nose pharynx |
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Oropharynx |
Behind mouth pharynx |
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Laryngopharynx |
Pharynx hyoid bone to esophagus |
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Vibrissae |
Hairs which serves to filter the dust in the air |
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Mucus |
Producwd by the mucus membrane in the nasal cavity which traps the debris in the air |
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Cilia |
On the surface of the mucus membrane sweep the mucus posteriority to the pharynx, where it is swallowed |
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Larynx |
(Voice box) The air passes, composed of cartilages, vocal cords |
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Vocal Chords |
Pairs of membranes, stretched across the larynx. Their vibration creates sound |
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True vocal cords |
Involved in voice production (phonation) |
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Force of air |
Controls the loudness of voice |
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Tension of the true vocal chords |
Controls the pitch of the voice |
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Thyroid cartilage |
Adam's apple, larger in males due to testosterone |
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Epiglottis |
Flap of skin on trachea, moves when swallowing and speaking. Closes of trachea when swallowing food |
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13cm |
How long is a trachea |
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Trachea |
(Windpipe) Connects the larynx and is covered by epiglottis to prevent choking |
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Bronchi |
2 large cartilage ringed tubes that branched off the trachea Entrance way to the lungs |
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Right superior Right middle Right inferior |
Right lobar bronchus |
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Left superiors Left inferior |
Left lobar bronchus |
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Bronchioles |
Branch of the bronchi divide and become smalle, thinner with less cartilage |
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Alveoli |
Air sacs where gas exchange happens |
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Lungs |
Principal organ of respiration |
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Right lung |
Shorter, broader, & larger. Handles 55% of gass exchange |
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Left lung |
Shares the left side side of thoracic space with the heart |
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Brionchiole |
Small branches of the airway within each lobule |
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Surfactant |
Mixture of lipoprotein molecules produce by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium of the lung. Serves as lubricant to prevent collapse of the alveoli |
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Breathing |
Physical procwss by which air is moved in and out of the lungs |
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Inhalation |
Draws air into the lungs Active phase of breathing Ribs are pulled up and out, diaphragm is pulled downward |
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Exhalation |
Allows air out from the lungs Passive phase of breathing Diaphragm relaxes and moves up |
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Diaphragm |
Skeletal muscle Inferior to both lungs. Contracts during inspiration to reduce pressure inside the thorax, drawing air into respiratory tract |
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Oxygen rich air from environment Nasal cavitiea Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Oxygen and co2 exchnage at alveoli Bronchioles Bronchi Trachea Pharynx Nasal cavities CO2 rich air to the environment |
Movement of oxygen and co2 in and out of respiratory system |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
Volume that can he inspired beyond a restful inspiration |
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Tidal Volume |
Volume of a single breath, usually at rest |
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Expiratory Reserve volume |
Volume which can be expired beyond a restful expiration |
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Residual volume |
Volume remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration. This volume keeps alveoli inflated |
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Vital capacity |
Maximum volume which can be ventilated in a single breath |
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VC = IRV + TV + ERV |
Vital Capacity Formula |
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Vital capacity |
Gives a device for diagnosis of respiratory disorder and a benchmark for judging effectiveness of treatment |
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Forced Expiratory Volume |
The percentage of VC expelled in the first second. Should be atlwast 75% Reduce obstructive disorder |
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Cardiovascular system |
Is made up of blood vessel that carry blood away and towards the heart |
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Arteries |
Carry blood away fron the heart |
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Veins |
Carry blood back to the heart |
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Cone shaped |
Size of the heart |
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Left sude Rest on diaphragm Level of 5th intercostal space |
Where does the apex of the heart located |
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Right side of the shoulder 2nd rib |
Where does the base of the heart located |
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Right heart is the pulmonary pump |
Right side of the heart to lungs to left side of the heart |
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Left heart is systemic pump |
Left side of the heart to body tissue to right side of the heart |
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Pericardium |
A sac consisting of fibrous and serous pericardia |
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Pericardium |
Outer surface of the heart, lined by visceral pericardium |
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Epicardium |
Visceral pericardium |
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Pericardial cavity |
Found inbetween the visceral and parietal pericardium that is filled with pericardial fluid |
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Coronary sulcus |
Externally eparates the atria from ventricles |
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Interventricular sulci |
Separates right and left ventricles externally |
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Inferior and superior venacava |
Enters the right atrium |
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Pulmonary trunk |
Exuts the right ventricle |
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Aorta |
Exits the left ventricle |
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Left and riggr atria |
Receive blood from the veins and function as reservior |
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Interatrial septum |
Internally separates the atria |
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Ventricles |
Main pumping chambers of the heart |
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Right ventricle |
Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk |
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Left ventricle |
Pumps blood into the aorta |
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Interventricular septum |
Separates the ventricles internally |
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Atria |
Receiving chambers of the heart |
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Ventricles |
Discharging Chambers of the heart |
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Heart valves |
Ensure one way flow of blood |
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Tricuspid valve |
Separates the right atrium and right ventricle |
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Bicuspid valve |
Separates the left atrium and left ventricle |
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AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) |
Prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles are contracting |
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Semilunar valves |
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when heart is relaxing |
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Papillary muscle |
Attach by chordae tendinea to the cusps of the the tricuspid valves and adjust tension on the valves |
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1. Superiori and inferior vena cava 2. Right atrium (tricuspid valve) 3. Right ventricle (pulmonary valve) 4. Pulmonary artery 5. Lungs 6. Left atrium 7. Left ventricle 8. Aorta 9. Rest of the body |
Toute of blood flow through the heart |
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Epicardium |
Outer wall od the heart |
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Myocardium |
Middle wall of the heart |
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Endocardium |
Inner wall of the heart |
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Cardiac muscle |
Striated, depends on ATP for energy and on aerobic metabolism |
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Sinoatrial nodes |
(Pacemaker) generates impulses |
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Atrioventricular node |
Impulse pause |
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Atrioventricular bundle |
Connects the atria to the ventricle |
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Bundle branches |
Conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum |
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Purkinje fibers |
Depolarize the contractile cells of both ventricles |
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Electrocardiogram |
A record of electrical events within the heart |
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P wave |
Atrial depolarization |
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QRS |
Ventricular depolarization |
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T wave |
Ventricular repolarization |
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PQ interval |
Atrial contraction |
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QT interval |
Ventricle contracts and relax |
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Atriole systole begins (atria depolarization) |
Atrial contraction forces blood into ventricles |
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Ventricular systole (first phase) (Ventricular depolarization) |
Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closer |
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Ventricular systole (second phase) (ventricular repolarization) |
Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected |
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Ventricular diastole (early) |
Semilunar valves close and blood flows into the atria |
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Ventricular diastole (late) |
Chambers relax and blood fills ventricles passively |
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Closure od AV valves |
1st heart sound |
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Closure of semilunar valves |
2nd heart sound |
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Aortic Pulmonic Erb's point Tricuspid Mitral |
5 areas for listening to the heart |
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Cardiac output (CO= heart rate x stroke volume) |
Is the total blood volume pumped by ventricles per minute |
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Stroke volume |
Is the blood pumped by the left or right ventricle per beat |
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Preload Contractility Afterload |
3 determinates of stroke volume |
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Systole |
Is the contraction of the cardiac cycle, when ventricles pump stroke volumes |
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Diastole |
Is the resting phase of the cycle, which occurs between heartbeats |
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End diastolic volume |
Is the blood volume in each ventricle at thw end of diastole: 120ml at rest |
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End systolic volume |
The blood volume in each ventricl3 after contraction: 50ml at rest |
