Module 2 Study Guide // Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

Sodium Lab Value

Back 1

135-145

Front 2

Potassium Lab Value

Back 2

3.5-5

Front 3

Phosphorus Lab Value

Back 3

2.5-4.5

Front 4

Calcium Lab Value

Back 4

9-11

Front 5

Magnesium Lab Value

Back 5

1.5-2.5

Front 6

Chloride Lab Value

Back 6

95-105

Front 7

Frons

Back 7

Forehead

Front 8

Cranium

Back 8

Skull

Front 9

Facies

Back 9

Face

Front 10

Oris

Back 10

Mouth

Front 11

Mentis

Back 11

Chin

Front 12

Axilla

Back 12

Armpit

Front 13

Brachium

Back 13

Arm

Front 14

Antecubitis

Back 14

Front of Elbow

Front 15

Antebrachium

Back 15

Forearm

Front 16

Carpus

Back 16

Wrist

Front 17

Pollex

Back 17

Thumb

Front 18

Palma

Back 18

Palm

Front 19

Digits

Back 19

Fingers and Toes

Front 20

Patella

Back 20

Kneecap

Front 21

Crus

Back 21

Leg

Front 22

Tarsus

Back 22

Ankle

Front 23

Hallux

Back 23

Big Toe

Front 24

Oculus

Back 24

Eye

Front 25

Bucca

Back 25

Cheek

Front 26

Auris

Back 26

Ear

Front 27

Nasus

Back 27

Nose

Front 28

Cervicis

Back 28

Neck

Front 29

Thorax/Thorcis

Back 29

Chest

Front 30

Mamma

Back 30

Breast

Front 31

Umbillicus

Back 31

Navel

Front 32

Inguen

Back 32

Groin

Front 33

Pubis

Back 33

Pubic

Front 34

Femur

Back 34

Thigh

Front 35

Pes

Back 35

Foot

Front 36

Dorsum

Back 36

Back

Front 37

Olecranon

Back 37

Back of Elbow

Front 38

Lumbus

Back 38

Lower Back

Front 39

Sacram

Back 39

Tail

Front 40

Manus

Back 40

Hand

Front 41

Popliteus

Back 41

Back of Knee

Front 42

Sura

Back 42

Calf

Front 43

Calcaneus

Back 43

Heel of Foot

Front 44

Planta

Back 44

Sole of Foot

Front 45

Cephalon

Back 45

Head

Front 46

Sodium

Back 46

Chief Extracellular Cation

Front 47

Sodium

Back 47

Regulates Extracellular Volume

Front 48

Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

Back 48

Participates in Nerve-Muscle Function

Front 49

Potassium

Back 49

Chief Intracellular Cation

Front 50

Calcium

Back 50

Participates in Muscle Contraction

Front 51

Calcium

Back 51

Helps in Blood Clotting

Front 52

Chloride

Back 52

Chief Extracellular Anion

Front 53

Chloride

Back 53

Involved in Extracellular Volume Control

Front 54

Bicarbonate

Back 54

Part of Bicarbonate Buffer System

Front 55

Phosphate and Calcium

Back 55

Strengthens Bone

Front 56

Bicarbonate and Phosphate

Back 56

Participates in Acid-Base Balance

Front 57

Hyperkalemia

Back 57

Excess Potassium

Front 58

Hypokalemia

Back 58

Not Enough Potassium

Front 59

Hypercalcemia

Back 59

Excess Calcium

Front 60

Hypocalcemia

Back 60

Not Enough Calcium

Front 61

Hypermagnesemia

Back 61

Excess Magnesium

Front 62

Hypomagnesemia

Back 62

Not Enough Magnesium

Front 63

Hyperchloremia

Back 63

Excess Chloride

Front 64

Hypochloremia

Back 64

Not Enough Chloride

Front 65

Normal Range for Blood pH Level

Back 65

7.35-7.45

Front 66

Buffer

Back 66

Chemical substance that prevents large changes in pH

Front 67

Why are buffers important?

Back 67

They add and remove hydrogen atoms from the blood within a very narrow and precise range.

Back 68

Acidosis

Front 69

An increase in Plasma pH above 7.45 is called...

Back 69

Alkalosis

Front 70

Which atom determines blood pH?

Back 70

Hydrogen

Front 71

What type of Acidosis decreases the effectiveness of the respiratory system or causes prolonged Hypoventilation?

Back 71

Respiratory Acidosis

Front 72

The ability of the kidneys to correct Respiratory Acidosis is called...

Back 72

Renal Compensation

Front 73

A decrease in pH caused by nonrespiratory conditions is called...

Back 73

Metabolic Acidosis

Front 74

What develops from Hyperventilation and results in the decrease of Plasma CO2 and Hydrogen?

Back 74

Respiratory Alkalosis

Front 75

An increase in pH caused by NonRespiratory Disorders is called...

Back 75

Metabolic Alkalosis

Front 76

The respiratory response to increased hydrogen is called...

Back 76

Kussmaul Respirations

Front 77

Branch of science that studies the STRUCTURE of the body

Back 77

Anatomy

Front 78

Branch of science that describes how the body FUNCTIONS

Back 78

Physiology

Front 79

Levels of Organization

Back 79

Atom > Molecule > Cells > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism

Front 80

Standing erect, face forward, arms to the side, with toes and palms directed forward describes what?

Back 80

Anatomical Position

Front 81

Sagittal Plane divides the body into...

Back 81

Right and Left portions

Front 82

Frontal Plane divides the body into

...

Back 82

Anterior and Posterior portions

Front 83

Transverse Plane divides the body vertically or horizontally?

Back 83

Horizontally

Front 84

Organs are also called...

Back 84

Viscera

Front 85

The body contains 2 major cavities, which are...

Back 85

Dorsal and Ventral

Front 86

Dorsal cavity contains which 2 cavities?

Back 86

Cranial and Vertebral

Front 87

Ventral Cavity contains which two cavities?

Back 87

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

Front 88

Thoracic cavity is divided into which two compartments?

Back 88

Mediastinum and Pericardial

Front 89

The cavities within the Mediastinum (also contains both lungs) are called...

Back 89

Pleural Cavities

Front 90

The three central regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity are, from top to bottom, called...

Back 90

Epigastric, Umbilical, and Hypogastric

Front 91

The six regions located on either side of the three central regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity are, from top to bottom, called...

Back 91

Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac

Front 92

The four cavities within the head are.

..

Back 92

Oral, Nasal, Orbital, and Middle Ear

Front 93

Superior is above or below?

Back 93

Above

Front 94

Inferior is above or below?

Back 94

Below

Front 95

Anterior refers to front or back surface?

Back 95

Front

Front 96

Posterior refers to front or back surface?

Back 96

Back

Front 97

Another word for Anterior is...

Back 97

Ventral

Front 98

Another word for Posterior is...

Back 98

Dorsal

Front 99

Medial is towards the...

Back 99

Midline of the Body

Front 100

Lateral is away from the...

Back 100

Midline of the Body

Front 101

Proximal means that the structure is _____ to the point of attachment

Back 101

Nearer

Front 102

Distal means that a part is _____ from the point of attachment.

Back 102

Farther Away

Front 103

Superficial means that a part is located ______ the surface of the body.

Back 103

On or Near

Front 104

Deep means that a body part is _____ from the surface of the body.

Back 104

Away

Front 105

Central means that a part is located in the _____

Back 105

Center

Front 106

Peripheral means away from the _____

Back 106

Center

Front 107

The study of tissues is called...

Back 107

Histology

Front 108

Groups of cells that are similar to each other in structure and function are called...

Back 108

Tissues

Front 109

_____ tissue helps form the skin and covers the entire outer surface of the body

Back 109

Epithelial

Front 110

These epithelial tissue cells look like thin and flat fish scales.

Back 110

Squamous

Front 111

These epithelial tissue cells look like cubes or dice.

Back 111

Cuboidal

Front 112

These epithelial tissue cells are tall and narrow like columns.

Back 112

Columnar

Front 113

Simple epithelial tissues share this "underlying" trait...

Back 113

Basement Membrane

Front 114

A single layer of columnar cells are sometimes called...

Back 114

Pseudostratified

Front 115

This type of epithelial tissue is found primarily in organs that need to stretch.

Back 115

Transitional Epithelium

Front 116

This is a primary function of Glandular Epithelium

Back 116

Secretion

Front 117

These glands have ducts

Back 117

Exocrine Glands

Front 118

These glands do not have ducts

Back 118

Endocrine Glands

Front 119

This type of tissue is found in blood, under the skin, in bone, and around many organs

Back 119

Connective Tissue

Front 120

Immature cells are called...

Back 120

Blast Cells

Front 121

Define the 3 types of Loose Connective Tissue

Back 121

Areolar Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Recticular Connective Tissue

Front 122

This type of Loose Connective Tissue is also referred to as Fat

Back 122

Adipose Tissue

Front 123

This type of Loose Connective Tissue is made up of Collagen and Elastic Fibers

Back 123

Areolar Tissue

Front 124

This type of Loose Connective Tissue is characterized by a network of delicately interwoven cells and fine collagen fibers

Back 124

Reticular Tissue

Front 125

These cordlike structures attach muscle to bones

Back 125

Tendons

Front 126

What crosses joints and attaches bones to each other?

Back 126

Ligaments

Front 127

These sheets of tissue cover, support, anchor organs to nearby structures

Back 127

Fascia

Front 128

Define Chrondocyte

Back 128

Cartilage Cells

Front 129

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

Back 129

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

Front 130

Bone tissue is also called...

Back 130

Osseous Tissue

Front 131

These two types of Connective Tissue have a liquid intracellular matrix called plasma

Back 131

Blood and Lymph

Front 132

These nerve cells transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord

Back 132

Neurons

Front 133

These cells support and take care of Neurons

Back 133

Neuroglia

Front 134

Name the 3 types of Muscle Tissue

Back 134

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

Front 135

Name the 2 types of tissue repair

Back 135

Regeneration and Fibrosis

Front 136

This type of tissue repair refers to the replacement of tissue by cells that are identical to the original cells

Back 136

Regeneration

Front 137

This type of tissue repair refers to the replacement of injured tissue by the formation of Fibrous Connective Tissue, also called Scar Tissue

Back 137

Fibrosis

Front 138

Define the 3 Epithelial Membranes

Back 138

Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous

Front 139

This part of the membrane lines the walls of the cavity

Back 139

Parietal Layer

Front 140

This part of the membrane covers the outside of the organ

Back 140

Visceral Layer

Front 141

This membrane is also referred to as Skin

Back 141

Cutaneous Membrane

Front 142

This membrane lines all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body

Back 142

Mucous Membrane

Front 143

This membrane lines the Ventral body cavities that are NOT open to the exterior of the body

Back 143

Serous Membrane

Front 144

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

Back 144

Chronic Lung Disease, Narcotics, Splinting of Chest, and injury to the Medulla Oblongata

Front 145

Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 145

Anxiety and Aspirin Poisoning

Front 146

This fluid contains high concentrations of Sodium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate ions

Back 146

Extracellular Fluid

Front 147

This fluid contains high concentrations of Potassium, Phosphate, Magnesium ions

Back 147

Intracellular Fluid

Front 148

Functions of Sodium

Back 148

Chief Extracellular Cation, Regulates Extracellular Volume, Participates in Nerve-Muscle function

Front 149

Functions of Potassium

Back 149

Chief Intracellular Cation, Participates in Nerve-Muscle function

Front 150

Functions of Calcium

Back 150

Strengthens Bone and Teeth, Participates in Muscle Contraction, Helps in Blood Clotting

Front 151

Functions of Magnesium

Back 151

Strengthens Bone, Participates in Nerve-Muscle function

Front 152

Functions of Chloride

Back 152

Chief Extracellular Anion, Involved in Extracellular Volume Control

Front 153

Functions of Bicarbonate

Back 153

Part of Bicarbonate Buffer System, Participates in Acid-Base Balance

Front 154

Functions of Phosphate

Back 154

Strengthens Bone, Participates in Acid-Base Balance