Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 5 Tissues 6Th Edition Thibodeau & Patton

Front 1

Epithelial tissue

Back 1

covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, specializes in moving substances into and out of the body or particular organs (secretion, excretion, and absorption), and forms many glands.

Front 2

Connective tissue

Back 2

is specialized to support the body and its parts, connect and hold them together, transport substances through the body, and protect it from foreign invaders. The cells in connective tissue are often relatively far apart and separated by large quantities of matrix.

Front 3

Muscle tissue

Back 3

produces movement; it moves the body and its parts. Muscle cells are specialized for contractility and produce movement by shortening the contractile units found in cytoplasm.

Front 4

Nervous tissue

Back 4

may be the most complex tissue in the body. It specializes in communication between the various parts of the body and in integration of their activities. This tissue's major function is the generation of complex messages for the coordination of body functions.

Front 5

the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Back 5

Tissues differ in the amount and kind of material between the cells—

Front 6

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Proteins

Structural proteins

Back 6

Collagen—strong, flexible protein fiber
Elastin—elastic fibers
Includes glycoproteins—proteins with a few carbohydrate attachments

Glycoprotein attachments allow local communication within a tissue

Front 7

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Components (cont.)

Proteoglycans

Back 7

Hybrid molecules that are mostly carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone
Ex chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and hyaluronate
Different proteoglycans give different characteristics to ECM, such as thickness, shock absorption

Front 8

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Functions

Back 8

Helps bind tissues together structurally
Allows local communication among ECM and various cells—through connection via integrins in plasma membranes

Front 9

Embryonic Development of Tissues

Primary germ layers

Back 9

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Front 10

Tissue Development

Name 2 types & explain

Back 10

Gastrulation—process of cell movement and differentiation, which results in development of primary germ layers
Histogenesis—the process by which the primary germ layers differentiate into different kinds of tissue

Front 11

Epithelial Tissue
Types and locations
Epithelium is divided into two types:

Back 11

Membranous (covering or lining) epithelium
Glandular epithelium
Locations
Membranous epithelium—covers the body and some of its parts; lines the serous cavities, blood and lymphatic vessels, and respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
Glandular epithelium—secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands

Front 12

Epithelial Tissue
What are their Functions

Back 12

Protection
Sensory functions
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion

Front 13

Epithelial Tissue
Generalizations about epithelial tissue

Back 13

Limited amount of matrix material
Membranous type attached to a basement membrane
Avascular
Cells are in close proximity, with many desmosomes and tight junctions
Capable of reproducing itself

Front 14

Epithelial Tissue
Classification of epithelial tissue

Back 14

Membranous (covering or lining) epithelium 
Classification based on cell shape
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified columnar

Front 15

Epithelial Tissue
Classification of epithelial tissue (cont.)
Classifications based on layers of cells

Simple epithelium

Back 15

Simple squamous epithelium
One-cell layer of flat cells
Permeable to many substances
Examples: endothelium—lines blood vessels; mesothelium—pleura

Front 16

Epithelial Tissue

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 16

One-cell layer of cuboidal cells
Found in many glands and ducts

Front 17

Epithelial Tissue
Simple columnar epithelium

2 cards

Back 17

Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells
Cells often modified for specialized functions—e.g., goblet cells (secretion), cilia (movement), microvilli (absorption)
Often lines hollow visceral structures
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 18

Epithelial Tissue
Simple columnar epithelium

Back 18

Columnar cells of differing heights
All cells rest on basement membrane but may not reach the free surface above
Cell nuclei at odd and irregular levels
Found lining air passages and segments of male reproductive system
Motile cilia and mucus are important modifications

Front 19

Epithelial Tissue
Stratified epithelium

Back 19

Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelium
Multiple layers of flat, squamous cells (Figure 5-9)
Cells filled with keratin
Covers outer skin on body surface
Stratified squamous (nonkeratinized) epithelium
Lines vagina, mouth, and esophagus
Free surface is moist
Primary function is protection

Front 20

Epithelial Tissue
Stratified epithelium (cont.)

Back 20

Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Two or more rows of cells are typical
Basement membrane is indistinct
Located in sweat gland ducts and pharynx
Stratified columnar epithelium
Multiple layers of columnar cells
Only most superficial cells are typical in shape
Rare
Located in segments of male urethra and near anus

Front 21

Epithelial Tissue
Stratified epithelium (cont.)

Back 21

Stratified transitional epithelium (Figure 5-11)
Located in lining of hollow viscera subjected to stress (e.g., urinary bladder)
Often 10 or more layers thick
Protects organ walls from tearing

Front 22

Epithelial Tissue
Glandular epithelium

Back 22

Specialized for secretory activity
Exocrine glands—discharge secretions into ducts
Endocrine glands—“ductless” glands; discharge secretions directly into the blood or interstitial fluid

Front 23

Exocrine Glands
Structural classification of exocrine glands

Back 23

Multicellular exocrine glands are classified by the shape of their ducts and the complexity of their duct system
Shapes include tubular and alveolar
Simple exocrine glands—only one duct leads to the surface
Compound exocrine glands—have two or more ducts

Front 24

Epithelial Tissue
Glandular epithelium (cont.)
Functional classification of exocrine glands

Back 24

Apocrine glands
Secretory products collect near apex of cell and are secreted by pinching off the distended end
Secretion process results in some damage to cell wall and some loss of cytoplasm
Mammary glands are good examples of this secretory type

Front 25

Epithelial Tissue
Glandular epithelium (cont.)
Functional classification of exocrine glands

Back 25

Holocrine glands
Secretion products, when released, cause rupture and death of the cell
Sebaceous glands are holocrine

Front 26

Epithelial Tissue
Glandular epithelium (cont.)
Functional classification of exocrine glands

Back 26

Merocrine glands
Secrete directly through cell membrane
Secretion proceeds with no damage to cell wall and no loss of cytoplasm
Most prevalent gland type

Front 27

Connective Tissue
Functions, characteristics, and types

Back 27

General function—connects, supports, transports, and protects

Front 28

Connective Tissue
Four main types

4 cards

Back 28

Fibrous
Bone
Cartilage
Blood

Front 29

Connective Tissue
Four main types
Fibrous connective tissue
Loose, ordinary (areolar) connective tissue

Back 29

Most widely distributed of all tissues. Consists of collagenous and elastic fibers loosely interwoven & imbedded in soft viscous ground substance. Several kinds of cells present: notably, fibroblasts and macrophages; also mast cells, plasma cells, fat cells,and some white blood cells. Function—stretchy, flexible connection

Front 30

Connective Tissue
Four main types
Adipose tissue

Back 30

Similar to loose connective tissue but contains mainly fat cells
Functions—protection, insulation, support, and food reserve

Front 31

collagen

(KAHL-ah-jen)

Back 31

principal organic constituent of connective tissue

Front 32

connective tissue

(koh-NEK-tiv)

Back 32

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

Front 33

epithelial tissue

(ep-i-THEE-lee-al)

Back 33

covers the body and its parts; lines various parts of the body; forms continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels; classified according to shape and arrangement

Front 34

histogenesis

(hiss-toh-JEN-eh-sis)

Back 34

formation of tissues from primary germ layers of embryo

Front 35

histology

(his-TOL-oh-jee)

Back 35

branch of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues; biology of tissues

Front 36

inflammation

(in-flah-MAY-shun)

Back 36

group of responses to a tissue irritant marked by signs of redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Front 37

Matrix

Back 37

extracellular substance of a tissue; for example, the matrix of bone is calcified, whereas that of blood is liquid; see also extracellular matrix (ECM)

Front 38

Mucous Membrane

Back 38

epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secretes mucus

Front 39

Muscle tissue

Back 39

specialized tissue type that produces movement

Front 40

Nervous Tissue

Back 40

specialized tissue type consisting of neurons and glia that provides rapid communication and control of body function

Front 41

Regeneration

Back 41

process of replacing missing tissue with new tissue by means of cell division

Front 42

Serous Membrane

Back 42

two-layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities and covers surfaces of organs

Front 43

Squamous

Back 43

scalelike

Front 44

Tissue

Back 44

group of similar cells that performs a common function

Front 45

Name the four basic tissue types and give the major function of each.

1

Back 45

Epithelial tissue covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, specializes in moving substances into and out of the body or particular organs (secretion, excretion, and absorption), and forms many glands.

Front 46

Name the four basic tissue types and give the major function of each.
2

Back 46

Connective tissue is specialized to support the body and its parts, connect and hold them together, transport substances through the body, and protect it from foreign invaders. The cells in connective tissue are often relatively far apart and separated by large quantities of matrix.

Front 47

Name the four basic tissue types and give the major function of each.
3

Back 47

Muscle tissue produces movement; it moves the body and its parts. Muscle cells are specialized for contractility and produce movement by shortening the contractile units found in cytoplasm.

Front 48

Name the four basic tissue types and give the major function of each.
4

Back 48

Nervous tissue may be the most complex tissue in the the body. It specializes in communication between the various parts of the body and in integration of their activities. This tissue's major function is the generation of complex messages for the coordination of body functions.

Front 49

What is the ECM? What is it made of?

Back 49

Complex, nonliving material between cells in a tissue.
besides water, made up mostly of proteins and proteoglycans

Front 50

What is a primary germ layer?

Back 50

germ layers called endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Front 51

List at least three functions of epithelial tissue.

Back 51

covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, specializes in moving substances into and out of the body or particular organs (secretion, excretion, and absorption), and forms many glands.

Front 52

What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?

Back 52

squamous,cells r flat & platelike. cuboidal, cube-shaped & have more cytoplasm. columnar higher than they r wide & appear narrow & cylindrical. pseudostratified columnar only 1 layer of oddly shaped columnar cells.

Front 53

Distinguish between a simple epithelial tissue and a stratified epithelial tissue.

Back 53

Simple is 1 layer of cells & stratified are cells layered 1 on another

Front 54

How do exocrine glands secrete their products?

Back 54

discharge their secretion products into ducts.

Front 55

Discuss endocrine glands

Back 55

ductless glands because they discharge their secretion products (hormones) directly into blood or interstitial fluid

Front 56

Name three kinds of fibers that may be present in a connective tissue ECM. Of what are they made?

Back 56

collagenous (or white), reticular, or elastic (or yellow). Fibroblasts and some other cells produce these protein fibers. Collagenous fibers are tough and strong, reticular fibers are delicate, and elastic fibers are extensible and elastic

Front 57

Describe what makes up the fibers in a connective tissue matrix

Back 57

protein fibers, a number of proteoglycans made up of polysaccharide chains often containing glucosamine and bound to a protein core

Front 58

Name four types of fibrous connective tissue and briefly describe each

Back 58

areolar,loose becuz it stretches adipose,contains predominantly fat cells
reticular, a 3 dimentional web dense fibrous packed densely together

Front 59

What makes bone tissue hard?

Back 59

inorganic mineral crystals make up 66% of ECM crystals make it hard

Front 60

What is unique about the matrix of blood tissue?

Back 60

it exists in a liquid state and contains neither ground substance nor fibers

Front 61

Name the two types of involuntary muscle. Where is each found in the body?

Back 61

Smooth muscle tissue, also sometimes called visceral muscle tissue is found in the walls of the viscera (hollow internal organs—e.g., the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels; Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the wall of the heart

Front 62

What are the two principal types of cell in nervous tissue? What is the function of each?

Back 62

several types of neurons (conducting cells) and neuroglia (support cells)Communication between body parts integration/regulation of body functions

Front 63

Which two of the four major tissue types have the greatest capacity to regenerate after an injury?

Back 63

Epithelial and connective

Front 64

Name the four principal types of body membranes. Which are epithelial membranes?

Back 64

Epithelial membranes,

Connective tissue membranes,

Front 65

Which are epithelial membranes?

1

Back 65

cutaneous membrane,covers body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment
serous membranes, lines cavities that are not open to the external environment and covers many of the organs inside these cavities.

Front 66

Which are epithelial membranes?

2

Back 66

mucous membranes line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior