Anatomy Of Cat - Musculature

Front 1

pectoantebrachialis

Back 1

Origin: manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: Flat tendon into the superficial fascia of the antebrachium above the elbow
Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline

Front 2

pectoralis major

Back 2

Origin: Cranial half of the sternum and midventral raphe
Insertion: Proximal two-thirds of the shaft of the humerus
Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline and turns the manus forward

Front 3

pectoralis minor

Back 3

Origin: From the six sternebrae and sometimes the xiphoid process, resulting in the appearance of several slips that appear to be separate muscles
Insertion: Ventral border of the humerus
Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline

Front 4

xiphihumeralis

Back 4

Origin: Median raphe in the vicinity of the xiphoid process
Insertion: Along the ventral border of the humerus
Action: Synergistic with the pectoralis minor in drawing the forelimb toward the midline

Front 5

external oblique

Back 5

Origin: Lumbodorsal fascia and the last 9 or 10 ribs
Insertion: Median raphe of distal portion of sternum and linea alba from sternum to pubis
Action: Compresses the abdominal region

Front 6

internal oblique

Back 6

Origin: Lumbodorsal fascia in common with the external oblique, and dorsal iliac border
Insertion: Linea alba in common with the external oblique and transversus abdominis
Action: Compresses the abdomen

Front 7

transversus abdominis

Back 7

Origin: From the costal cartilages of the posterior ribs, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and ventral border of the ilium
Insertion: Linea alba in common with the two obliques
Action: Compresses the abdomen

Front 8

rectus abdominis

Back 8

Origin: Pubis
Insertion: First and second costal cartilage and proximal end of sternum
Action: Compresses the abdominal region, pulls sternum and ribs caudally, causing flexion of the trunk

Front 9

serratus ventralis

Back 9

Origin: From the surface of the first 9 or 10 ribs and the transverse processes of the last five cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula
Action: Draws the scapula tooward the thoracic wall and helps to support the scapula

Front 10

scalenes

Back 10

Origin: From the second through the ninth ribs
Insertion: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Action: Bends the neck and pulls ribs caudally

Front 11

transversus costarum

Back 11

Origin: From the side of the sternum
Insertion: First rib and costal cartilage
Action: Pulls the ribs cranially

Front 12

intercostalis externus

Back 12

Origin: From a cranial rib
Insertion: To an adjacent caudal rib
Action: Protracts the ribs

Front 13

intercostalis internus

Back 13

Origin: From a caudal rib
Insertion: To an adjacent cranial rib
Action: Retracts the ribs

Front 14

serratus dorsalis

Back 14

Origin: From the middorsal fascia
Insertion: On the outer surface of the ribs
Action: Anterior portion draws the ribs cranially while the posterior portion draws the ribs caudally

Front 15

clavotrapezius

Back 15

Origin: Lambdoidal ridge, middorsal raphe over spine of the axis
Insertion: Clavicle and raphe between clavotrapezius and clavobrachialis
Acton: protracts the humerus

Front 16

clavobrachialis

Back 16

Origin: Clavicle and raphe between clavotrapezius and clavobrachialis
Insertion: Commonly inserted with the brachialis on the medial surface of the ulna distal
Action: Flexes the forearm

Front 17

acromiotrapezius

Back 17

Origin: Middorsal line from the spine of the axis to the spinous process of the fourth thoracic vertebra
Insertion: Metacromion process and spine of the scapula
Action: Adduct and stabilize the position of the scapulae

Front 18

spinotrapezius

Back 18

Origin: May originate from the spinous processes of most of the thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Fascia of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles on either side of the spine
Action: Pulls the scapula dorsally and caudally

Front 19

latissimus dorsi

Back 19

Origin: Neural spines of the fourth or fifth thoracic to the sixth lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Medial surface of humerus at the proximal end
Action: Pulls forelimb dorsocaudally

Front 20

multifidus spinae

Back 20

Origin: Primarily transverse processes of vertebrae:
Insertion: Neural spines of more anterior vertebrae
Action: When both sides contract simultaneously, extends the vertebral column; when contracted unilaterally, bends the vertebral column toward that side

Front 21

longissimus dorsi

Back 21

Origin: From the ilium and neural spines of the vertebrae in the vertebral column
Insertion: Onto various processes of more anterior vertebrae of the vertebral vertebrae
Action: Extends the vertebral column

Front 22

spinalis dorsi

Back 22

Origin: From the neural spines of more posterior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Transverse processes of more cranial vertebrae
Action: Extends the vertebral column

Front 23

iliocostalis

Back 23

Origin: Lateral surface of the ribs
Insertion: Onto the lateral surface of more cranial ribs
Action: Pulls the ribs together

Front 24

sternomastoid

Back 24

Origin: Cranial end of the manubrium
Insertion: Lambdoidal ridge and mastoid portion of the temporal bone
Action: As a pair - flexion of the head; individually - turns the head

Front 25

cleidomastoid

Back 25

Origin: Mastoid process of the temporal bone
Insertion: Clavicle
Action: When clavicle is stationary - turns the head; when head is stationary - moves the clavicle anteriorly

Front 26

sternohyoid

Back 26

Origin: First costal cartilage
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Action: Retracts the hyoid

Front 27

sternothyroid

Back 27

Origin: First costal cartilage
Insertion: Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Action: Retracts the larynx

Front 28

thyrohyoid

Back 28

Origin: lateral portion of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Action: Protracts the larynx

Front 29

stylohyoid

Back 29

Origin: Sylohyal, a segment of the lesser horn of the hyoid
Insertion: Body of the hyoid
Action: Elevates the hyoid

Front 30

mylohyoid

Back 30

Origin: Medial surface of the mandible
Insertion: Median raphe
Action: Elevates the floor of the mouth

Front 31

geniohyoid

Back 31

Origin: Ventral surface of the mandible
Insertion: Body of the hyoid
Action: Protracts the hyoid

Front 32

genioglossus

Back 32

Origin: Ventral surface of the mandible near the symphysis and dorsal to the geniohyoid
Insertion: Tongue
Action: Draws tip of the tongue backward and the root forward

Front 33

hyoglossus

Back 33

Origin: Body of the hyoid
Insertion: Tongue
Action: Retracts and depresses the tongue

Front 34

styloglossus

Back 34

Origin: Mastoid process
Insertion: Tongue
Action: Retracts and elevates the tongue

Front 35

rhomboideus capitis

Back 35

Origin: Lambdoidal ridge
Insertion: Dorsal border of the scapula
Action: Rotates and pulls scapula cranially

Front 36

rhomboideus cervicis and thoracis

Back 36

Origin: Vertebral spines of the first four thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Vertebral border and outer surface of the scapula
Action: Adducts scapulae

Front 37

splenius

Back 37

Origin: Midorsal line of neck and adjacent fascia
Insertion: Along the lambdoidal ridge of the occipital bone
Action: The joint action of the left and right splenius muscles elevate or extend the head; individually, each muscle flexes the head laterally

Front 38

semispinalis cervicis and capitis

Back 38

Origin: Spinous processes of cervical vertebra 7 and the first three thoracic vertebrae/prezygapophyses of cervical vertebrae 3-7 and first three thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Lambdoidal crest
Action: Elevates the head

Front 39

masseter

Back 39

Origin: From the zygomatic arch
Insertion: Masseteric fossa and adjacent portions of the mandible
Action: Elevation of mandible

Front 40

temporalis

Back 40

Origin: Most fibers originate from the temporal bone and a few from the zygomatic arch
Insertion: Coronoid process of the mandible
Action: Elevates mandible

Front 41

digastric

Back 41

Origin: From the mastoid and jugular processes
Insertion: Medial ventral border of the mandible
Action: Depresses the mandible

Front 42

supraspinatus

Back 42

Origin: From the entire surface of the supraspinous fossa
Insertion: Greater tuberosity of the humerus
Action: Protracts the humerus

Front 43

infraspinatus

Back 43

Origin: From the surface of the infraspinous fossa
Insertion: Lateral surface of the greater tuberosity of the humerus
Action: Rotates the humerus laterally

Front 44

teres major

Back 44

Origin: Cranial border of the scapula
Insertion: Proximal end of the humerus
Action: Flexes and rotates the humerus medially

Front 45

levator scapulae ventralis

Back 45

Origin: By two heads from the ventral surface of the transverse process of the atlas and from the basioccipital near thte tympanic bulla
Insertion: The two heads unite, forming a flat band that inserts onto the ventral border of the metacromion of the scapula and into the infraspinous fossa
Action: Pulls scapula craniad

Front 46

acromiodeltoid

Back 46

Origin: Acromion of the scapula
Insertion: Surface of the spinodeltoid muscle
Action: Flexes the humerus and rotates it laterally

Front 47

spinodeltoid

Back 47

Origin: Spine of the scapula
Insertion: Deltoid ridge of the humerus
Action: Synergistic action with the acromiodeltoid in flexing the humerus and rotating it outward

Front 48

teres minor

Back 48

Origin: Cranial border of the scapula near the glenoid fossa
Insertion: Greater tuberosity of the humerus
Action: Synergistic action with the infraspinatus in rotating the humerus laterally

Front 49

subscapularis

Back 49

Origin: Subscapular fossa
Insertion: Lesser tuberosity of the humerus
Action: Adducts the humerus

Front 50

epitrochlearis

Back 50

Origin: From the lateral border of latissimus dorsi
Insertion: By a thin aponeurosis continuous with the antebrachial fascia onto the olecranon of the ulna
Action: Acts synergistically with the triceps brachii in extending the antebrachium

Front 51

biceps brachii

Back 51

Origin: By a tendon above the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Insertion: By a tendon on the radial tuberosity
Action: Flexes the forearm synergistically with the brachialis; tends to supinate the manus; and stabilizes the shoulder joint

Front 52

triceps brachii

Back 52

Origin: (1) Lateral head-deltoid ridge of proximal end of humerus; (2) Long head-near glenoid fossa of axillary border of scapula; (3) medial head-consists of three parts, all of which originate from the humerus
Insertion: By a common strong tendon onto the surface of the olecranon of the ulna
Action: Extends the forearm

Front 53

sartorius

Back 53

Origin: Crest and ventral border of the ilium
Insertion: Patella, tibia, and fascia of the knee
Action: Adducts and rotates the femur; extends the shank

Front 54

gracilis

Back 54

Origin: Symphysis of the ischium and the pubis
Insertion: A thin aponeurosis on the medial surface of the tibia and continuous with the facia of the shank
Action: Adducts and retracts the leg

Front 55

biceps femoris

Back 55

Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Tibia and patella
Action: Abducts thigh and flexes the shank

Front 56

caudofemoralis

Back 56

Origin: Transverse process of second and third caudal vertebrae
Insertion: Thin tendon along the lateral border of the patella
Action: Abducts the thigh and extends the shank

Front 57

semitendinosus

Back 57

Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Tibia
Action: Flexes the shank

Front 58

semimembranosus

Back 58

Origin: Ischial tuberosity and adjacent area of the ischium
Insertion: Medial epicondyle of the femur and adjacent medial surface of the tibia
Action: Extends the thigh

Front 59

tensor fascia latae

Back 59

Origin: Ilium, fascia of surrounding hip muscles
Insertion: By fascia lata. The fascia lata on the surface of the patella
Action: Helps to extend the shank

Front 60

vastus medialis

Back 60

Origin: Femur
Insertion: Crosses the patella and inserts by means of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends the shank

Front 61

rectus femoris

Back 61

Origin: Ilium near the acetabulum
Insertion: Crosses the patella and inserts by means of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends the shank

Front 62

vastus lateralis

Back 62

Origin: Greater trochanter and adjacent area of the femur
Insertion: Crosses the patella and inserts by means of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends the shank

Front 63

vastus intermedius

Back 63

Origin: Femur
Insertion: Crosses the patella and inserts by means of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends the shank

Front 64

tibialis cranialis

Back 64

Origin: Proximal end of the tibia and the fibula
Insertion: Medial surface of the first metatarsal after passing beneath the extensor retinaculum
Action: Flexes the pes

Front 65

extensor digitorum longus

Back 65

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the femur
Insertion: The tendon, after passing under the extensor retinaculum, inserts on the dorsal surface of the second and third phalanges of digits 2-5
Action: Extends the digits

Front 66

flexor digitorum longus

Back 66

Origin: Fibula and tibia
Insertion: A common, broad tendon dividing into four discrete tendons that insert on the base of the terminal phalanx of each toe
Action: Flexes toes and pes

Front 67

gastrocnemius

Back 67

Origin: (1) Patella, the superficial fascia of the shank, the sesamoid bone located above the lateral epicondyle of the femur, and an aponeurosis from the plantaris and adjacent tibia. (2) The medial head originates from the sesamoid bone above the medial epicondyle and adjacent area of the femur
Insertion: By means of a common powerful tendon, the Achilles tendon, formed by the individual tendons of the gastrocnemius, the soleus, and the plantaris muscles, that inserts on the proximal end of the calcaneus
Action: Extends the pes

Front 68

gluteus maximus

Back 68

Origin: Last sacral and first caudal vertebrae, as well as adjacent fascia
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Abducts the thigh

Front 69

gluteus medius

Back 69

Origin: Crest and lateral surface of the ilium, last sacral and first caudal vertebrae and adjacent fascia
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Abducts the thigh