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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Patellofemoral Joint
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Slides Inferiorly when the knee flexes Slight medial/lateral rotation and tilting is normal in movement Lateral and upwards pull of vastus lateralis and rectus femoris Counteracted by the lowest fibres of the vastus medialis and the prominent lateral femoral condyle |
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Hip Joint (basics)
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Synovial Ball and Socket Femoral head and Acetabulum (deep) For Weight Bearing Mobility (big movement is required before the Acetabular labrum is made contact with by the femoral neck)- Long Femoral neck laterally ofsets the femoral shaft from the pelvis. Neck is narrower than the head. Articular surface in the acetabulum - Horseshoe shaped Tips of the horseshoes are connected by a transverse ligament Whole rim augmented by a fibrocartilagenous labrum Ligamentum Teres |
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Hip Joint (Capsule and Ligaments)
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Capsule Attachments: Proximally - Around the acetabular labrum and the transverse ligament Distally - Neck of the femur. Retinacular Fibres reflected upwards along the femoral neck to the articular margins of the head (support nutrient arteries from the trochlanteric anastamoses - extend along the femoral neck to the femoral head) Anteriorly - Intertrochlanteric line Posteriorly - Halfway along the femoral neck proximal to the trochlanters Ligaments of the Capsule: Iliofemoral - Strongest ligament of the 3, prevents hyperextension Like an inverted Y Stem of the Y from the AIIS & acetabular rim Limbs of the Y to the upper and lower ends of the intertrochlanteric line Ischiofemoral Pubofemoral |
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Hip Joint (Muscles and movements) |
Flexion:
Psoas Major and Iliacus Assisted by Rectus Femoris, Tensor Fasciae Latae, Sartorius and Pectineus Extension: Gluteus Maximus and Hamstrings Abduction: Gluteus Medius and Minimis Adduction: Pectineus, Adductors (Longus, brevis and magnus) and gracilis Medial Rotation: Anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimis Lateral Rotation: Gluteus Maximus Posterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimis, piriformis, obturator externus and internus, gemilli and quadratus femoris - serve to stabilise the hip joint |
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Hip Joint (Blood supply) |
Children - Ligamentum Teres contains a branch of the obturator artery
Femoral Head - Retinacular fibres May result in avascular necrosis |
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Knee Joint (basics) |
Synovial Complex Hinge Joint
Allows flexion and extension with some rotation in flexion Femoral condyles (convex) articulate with the tibial condyles (flat) Tibial surface is made concave by fibrocartilainous menisci (lateral and medial circumferentially attached to the capsule) Popliteus - attached by fibres into the lateral meniscus. Laterally its tendon passes through the capsule into the lateral femoral condyle Patella articulates with the anterior surface of the distal femur Has collateral and cruciate ligaments to provide stability |
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Knee Joint (Capsule and Ligaments) |
Capsule: Anterior - Capsule is deficient so is completed by the quadriceps tendonMedial and lateral - reinforced by retinacular fibres originating from the vastus lateralis and medialis Suprapatellar bursa - Synovial membrane extending superiorly Collateral ligaments: Medial - Femur to tibia Flat and is attached to the capsule and the medial meniscus Fibres run downwards and forwards Lateral - Femur to head of fibula Cord like and is free from the capsule Fibres run downwards and backwards Cruciate Ligaments: Anterior - Anterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of tibia --> posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle Prevents backwards displacement of the femur on the tibia prevents forwards displacement of the tibia on the femur Posterior - Posterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence --> Anterolateral aspect of the femoral condyle Prevents forward displacement of the femur on the tibia Important when weight bearing on a flexed knee (walking down-stairs) |
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Knee Joint (Muscles and Movements)
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Flexion: Initiated by Popliteus Hamstrings There is a degree of rotation in flexion Medial Rotation - Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus Lateral Rotation - Biceps Femoris Extension: Quadriceps Fully extended knee - Physiologically locked (maintains body in an upright position without much effort) Gluteus Maximus and Tensor Fascia Latae (via the Iliotibial tract) helps maintain the extended position Weight of the body passes anterior to centre of the knee and collateral ligaments. Therefore collateral and cruciate ligaments reisit the weight allowing the muscles to relax Unlocking the knee - Popliteus (initiates knee flexion, so rotates the femur laterally on the tibia) |
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Tibiofibular Joint
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Both provide stability for the ankle during weight bearing and locomotion Superior: Small synovial joint - Facet of the lateral tibial condyle and facet on the fibular head Capsule with anterior and posterior ligaments Movement - Small degree of axial rotation of the fibula Inferior: Fibrous joint (Syndesmosis - Immovable) - Opposing rough surfaces of the bones connected by a strong interosseous ligament Augmented by anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments Allows slight distraction of the tibia from the fibula during dorsiflexion (anterior body of the talus comes between them) |
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Ankle Joint
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Synovial Hinge Joint - deep mortise formed by the tibia and fibula for the body of the talus
Stability depends on: ligaments that hold the tibia and fibula together collateral ligaments that keep the talus contained in the mortise Upper aspect of the talus - Tibia Medial surface of the body of the talus - Medial malleolus Lateral surface of the body of the talus - Medial articular surface of the fibula Movements: Plantarflexion - Posterior muscles forming the calcaneal tendon (Soleus, Gastrocnemius and Plantaris) Dorsiflexion - Tibialis Anterior Malleoli prevent inversion or eversion occuring at the ankle joint |
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Subtalar Joint |
Composite of the following joints acting as a single joint:
Posterior talocalcaneal joint - Articulation between bodes Talocalcaneonavicular joint - Convex head of the talus and a concave socket (formed by calcaneus, navicular and ligaments) Allows Inversion and Eversion by ball and socket movements around the head of the talus at the Talocalcaneonavicular joint, with gliding movements in the posterior talocalcaneal joint |
